生物活性炭去除水中挥发性苯系物的基础研究

采用连续流生物活性炭(BAC)工艺处理水中挥发性苯系物(BTEX,包括苯、甲苯、乙苯、二甲苯),评价进水负荷、活性炭炭型等因素对于BAC处理性能的影响.研究表明,在40d的处理时间内,除苯之外,其余BTEX的BAC出水中均未检出苯系物(进水为6mg/L).为了检验BAC在高BTEX负荷情况时的处理效果,将进水浓度设定为19~32mg/L左右,在EBCT为1.2min条件下同样只有苯的出水浓度上升至10mg/L(C/Cin为0.45),然后略有下降,最终保持在5~10mg/L(C/Cin为0.3以下),其余苯系物出水浓度均一直保持小于5mg/L.这表明BAC可以有效地处理高负荷BTEX(8.68~12.9kgTOC/(m3·d))的进水.生物活性炭对于活性炭吸附容量的恢复有比较明显的作用,煤质炭和椰壳炭的生物再生效率分别为53.6%和26.6%,煤质炭再生效率高的原因可能是其具备更多的大型中孔和大孔.     

新型石墨材料对水中油性物质脱除的实验研究

讨论了膨胀石墨吸附材料对各种油类及各种水面漂浮油的吸附实验结果,同时讨论了对乳化状低含量含油废水的吸附处理结果和对设备清洗废水的过滤处理结果,并将部分结果与棉花和活性炭对油性物质吸附的数据进行了比较。结果显示,膨胀石墨无论对各种单纯油类、水面浮油以及乳化状液中的油和低含油废水中的油都有极好的吸附脱除能力。     

两种生物除磷系统活性污泥中除磷菌的甄别——淀粉-缺氧/好氧交替与乙酸盐-厌氧/好氧交替系统

为了直接识别出污泥中的聚磷细菌和其种属,本研究采用4',6-二脒基-2-苯基吲哚(DAPI)染色和流式细胞荧光分选技术(FACS)对以淀粉为唯一碳源的缺氧/好氧序批式活性污泥(SBR)系统(R1)的缺氧末期和好氧末期以及以乙酸盐为唯一碳源的厌氧/好氧SBR系统(R2)的好氧末期污泥的聚磷细菌进行了原位分选,并通过16S rRNA高通量测序技术鉴定了分选后细菌的种属.结果表明,在R1中,缺氧期和好氧期均进行生物除磷,且缺氧期吸磷量大于好氧期. R2中发生着厌氧期释磷、好氧期大量吸磷的传统生物除磷.利用FACS在R1和R2污泥中均分选得到10⁶个相对纯度为85%的具有聚磷颗粒的细菌.测序结果表明,在R1系统中,缺氧段优势的聚磷菌属为Halomonas(37.75%)、unclassified Brucellaceae(14.15%)、Pseudomonas(6.49%)、unclassified Chlamydiales(0.027%)和Sphingopyxis(0.007%);好氧段优势聚磷菌属为Halomonas(19.72%)、unclassified Brucellaceae(14.62%)、Pseudomonas(14.28%)、unclassified Comamonadaceae(0.046%)、unclassified Acidobacteria Gp3(0.036%)和Ferruginibacter(0.026%).R1系统中unclassified Chlamydiales和Sphingopyxis仅仅在缺氧条件下具有聚磷功能,而unclassified Comamonadaceae、unclassified Acidobacteria Gp3和Ferruginibacter仅在好氧条件下才具有聚磷功能.在R2系统中,优势聚磷菌群为Dechloromonas(11.06%)、unclassified Anaerolineaceae(9.29%)、unclassified Bacteroidetes(7.44%)、unclassified Gammaproteobacteria(7.34%)以及Acinetobacter(0.31%).这意味着在新型的除磷系统(R1)中,参与除磷过程的细菌包括好氧,缺氧和兼性缺氧聚磷细菌,而在传统的除磷系统(R2)中,参与除磷过程的细菌仅为好氧聚磷细菌.     

A new strategy for obtaining highly concentrated phosphorus recovery solution in biofilm phosphorus recovery process

Recovery of phosphorus（P） from wastewater is of great significance for alleviating the shortage of P resources. At present, the P recovery process is faced with the problem of excessive organic carbon consumption when obtaining a P-concentrated recovery solution. This study proposed a new strategy to obtain a more highly concentrated P recovery solution with minimal carbon consumption by strengthening the P storage capacity of the biofilm. A biofilm sequencing batch reactor（BSBR） process was mod...     

基于黄磷生产工艺的磷物质流分析及磷污染减排对策

黄磷是我国重要的基础工业原料,而黄磷生产行业是高污染、高耗能行业。采用物质流分析方法研究我国黄磷生产工艺的磷污染减排,汇总生产过程各含磷环节数据,绘制黄磷生产工艺磷走向图,并建立磷平衡图。结果表明:磷在生产过程中共有4类输出单元,其中产品和副产品(黄磷、斜板槽回收磷、转锅精制磷、磷铁等)占比为87.62%;固体废物(转锅炉灰、磷渣),占比为9.38%;黄磷尾气占比为0.37%;冲渣水占比为2.56%。结合实际调研及磷物质流分析情况,提出黄磷生产企业面临的主要磷污染问题环节,并提出进行无组织废气的收集、生产厂区污水基础设施防渗处理、含磷尾气的深度净化以及泥磷的综合利用等措施建议。     

一种新型改性吸附剂对水中痕量磷的吸附特征

采用碱液-超声波对小麦秸秆预处理后,在高温下用环氧氯丙烷和铝盐进行化学改性,制备了改性秸秆吸附剂.分别对改性前后秸秆的性质表征和吸附性能研究,探讨了改性和吸附机理.表征分析结果表明,改性后秸秆的有序度和结晶度都得到明显提高,并且成功引入了铝离子.改性秸秆吸附水体磷的主要机理包括:因改性而获得的凹凸有致状结构的物理吸附;表面羟基产生的氢键作用以及对磷酸根离子具有配位络合作用;带正电荷表面电位的改性秸秆,可与带负电荷的磷酸根离子之间产生静电吸附作用;改性秸秆对水体磷的空间网捕作用,生成混合磷酸盐晶体.     

某电镀厂污泥酸浸除杂提磷试验

探讨了武汉某工业园电镀厂污泥酸浸、除杂提磷的工艺及条件。当H2SO4（浓度为72％）用量为4mL/g污泥,在液固比为5：1,常温搅拌浸出时间为1h,用碱液调节浸出液pH为4后沉淀1h,过滤,磷的浸出率为86％,铁的沉淀率达到94．2％,除铁后的浸出液进一步用NH4HCO3净化,并制取磷铵产品,总养分（N＋P2O5）为52％。产品达到国家合格品的标准。     

Quantifying potential profit from material recycling: a case study in brick manufacturing

Efforts to increase the use of waste materials as substitutes for virgin primary materials in industry are considered an important step toward sustainable industrial development. Some industries, however, have struggled to increase the recycling of materials for a variety of reasons. This study proposes a new approach to searching for recycling across industry boundaries. By focusing on an entire industry, the locations where economic and environmental benefit exists can be identified. This research identifies brick manufacturing facilities in the United States that are most likely to gain substantial economic benefit from the recycling of waste products. The results of this case study indicate that an industry-based approach can provide economically feasible pathways towards sustainable industrial development, especially for data rich manufacturing nations like the United States.     

Managing agricultural phosphorus for water quality: Lessons from the USA and China

The accelerated eutrophication of freshwaters and to a lesser extent some coastal waters is primarily driven by phosphorus （P） inputs. While efforts to identify and limit point source inputs of P to surface waters have seen some success, nonpoint sources remain difficult to identify, target, and remediate. As further improvements in wastewater treatment technologies becomes increasingly costly, attention has focused more on nonpoint source reduction, particularly the role of agriculture. This attention was heightened over the last 10 to 20 years by a number of highly visible cases of nutrient-related water quality degradation; including the Lake Taihu, Baltic Sea, Chesapeake Bay, and Gulf of Mexico. Thus, there has been a shift to targeted management of critical sources of P loss. In both the U.S. and China, there has been an intensification of agricultural production systems in certain areas concentrate large amounts of nutrients in excess of local crop and forage needs, which has increased the potential for P loss from these areas. To address this, innovative technologies are emerging that recycle water P back to land as fertilizer. For example, in the watershed of Lake Taihu, China one of the largest surface fresh waters for drinking water supply in China, local governments have encouraged innovation and various technical trials to harvest harmful algal blooms and use them for bio-gas, agricultural fertilizers, and biofuel production. In any country, however, the economics of remediation will remain a key limitation to substantial changes in agricultural production.     

A case study on raw material blending for the recycling of ferrous wastes in a blast furnace

The utilisation of ferrous wastes in a blast furnace is a well established recycling process to cope with the enormous amounts of ferrous residues in the iron and steel industry. The further input flows of this process, that is especially coke and fluxes, as well as its output flows, that is pig iron and by-products, are highly dependent on the blending of the ferrous wastes while they differ highly in the revenues gained for the treatment and their chemical composition. So far, no planning approach exists for the blending of the residues on the operational planning level that models the dependency of the costs and revenues on the raw material blend and the thermodynamic reactions in the recycling processes adequately. Therefore we present an approach for this operational production planning problem focusing on an integration of such a sufficiently detailed modelling of the underlying metallurgical processes into the planning model. The basis of our approach is a thermodynamic simulation of the processes. From this simulation we derive linear input-output functions for the relevant material and energy flows by using multiple linear regression. These input–output functions form the core of our blending model developed for the planning task. The model is implemented as an integrated decision support system. Exemplary application results are given. These results validate the approach and show that ecological the economic optimisation leads also to results which are advantageous in terms of resource efficiency and emission reduction. Though developed for a specific recycling process, the methodology can be transferred to other metallurgical (recycling) processes, as well as other parts of the process industries, and is therefore of high relevance.     

双SBR脱氮除磷工艺的数学模型分析

应用ASM2和Delft代谢模型,结合双SBR(A2-SBR)脱氮除磷系统的特点,建立了数学模拟器,并将其运用于双SBR脱氮除磷系统运行特性的动力学分析.主要探讨了不同泥龄、碳氮比、碳磷比对系统的影响,并从模型的角度进行了分析.结果表明,利用ASM2和Delft代谢模型结合所建立的数学模拟器可以对双SBR(A2-SBR)脱氮除磷系统进行模拟.双SBR中具有脱氮除磷功能的A2-SBR的运行参数是关键因素,最佳污泥龄为9～12d时,碳氮比为3.75左右,碳磷比大于15条件下,双SBR运行正常,能得到较好的处理效果.当系统在泥龄大于12d条件下运行时,由于PAO储存了大量的聚合态磷(XPP/XPAO接近0.5)造成除磷效率降低.同样的原因也导致了碳磷比值低于15时,PAO的聚磷反应变慢或停止.     

硝化液回流比对A2/O-BCO工艺反硝化除磷特性的影响

以低C/N城市生活污水为处理对象,重点考察了硝化液回流比对A2/O - BCO(生物接触氧化)工艺脱氮除磷特性的影响.在A2/O反应池水力停留时间(HRT)为8h,污泥回流比为100% 条件下,将硝化液回流比分别设定为100%、200%、300%和400%进行试验.结果表明, 系统在A2/O中实现了反硝化除磷,具有很好的同步氮磷的去除效果,出水COD浓度均在50mg/L以下.上述不同硝化液回流比下总氮(TN)去除率分别为48.8%、66.5%、75.6%和62.5%,总磷(TP)去除率分别为86.0%、90.3%、91.0%和95.0%.在硝化液回流比为300%时,系统平均出水TN和TP浓度分别为14.96mg/L和0.49mg/L.系统反硝化除磷量随着硝化液回流比的增大略有增加,在硝化液回流比为400%时,反硝化除磷量高达磷总去除量的98%.     

Scenario analysis for reduction of pollutant load discharged from a watershed by recycling of treated water for irrigation

A model in which a river model was layered on a distributed model (double-layered model) was developed to analyse the transport of water and pollutants (nitrogen,phosphorus,and BOD as organic matter) in watersheds and rivers.The model was applied to the watershed of Abragafuchi Lake,Japan,where serious water pollution has occurred over three decades,and the applicability of the model was demonstrated.Scenarios of recycling of sewage treated-water into agriculture to reduce pollutant load discharged into the lake were analysed.The results showed that irrigating paddy fields with the sewage-treated water could contribute to conserving water and reducing pollutant load,with reduction rate in BOD,nitrogen,and phosphorus ranging from 6%–36%,16%–46%,and 18%–51%,respectively.Particularly,the results indicated that,irrigating paddy fields with the treated water during non-cropping periods and the accompanying reduction in withdrawn water from the river were more effective in reducing pollutant loads discharged into the lake.Further study is required on the effect of recycled water on crop cultivation and soil conditions for safe implementation.     

新型净水材料的吸附特性研究

采用高效液相色谱分析微污染水原水、新型材料吸附后出水及活性炭吸附后出水的特征，对比新型材料及活性炭对微污染水中不同分子量的有机物的吸附效果，以此间接反映两种材料的孔径分布特点，分析两种材料的不同吸附特性，并讨论新型净水材料的吸附机理。     

江蓠对对虾排出氮磷的吸收

通过研究来自斑节对虾养殖水和人工配方2种不同来源的氮、磷对细基江蓠繁枝变种的生长及生化成分的影响,以及不同温度下斑节对虾氮磷排出率与细基江蓠繁枝变种对氮、磷吸收率这2种代谢率之间的关系,探讨江蓠对对虾排出氮、磷的利用和水质净化时江蓠与对虾的定量关系.在不同营养来源的生长实验中,细基江蓠繁枝变种的日生长率随氮浓度的升高而增大,其粗蛋白含量也随氮浓度的升高而增加.但在相同可溶性无机氮、磷浓度下,不同营养盐来源间细基江蓠繁枝变种的日生长率及藻体的成分组成没有差异(p>0 05).这表明,对虾养殖水中影响细基江蓠繁枝变种生长的主要营养盐形式是可溶性无机氮、磷.而对虾排出氮磷与藻吸收的实验结果显示,随着温度的升高,虾的氮排泄速率升高,而细基江蓠繁枝变种对氮的吸收速率在20～28℃内变化不大,在32℃时明显比其它温度下的小(p<0 05).在20,24℃时斑节对虾的磷排泄速率小于细基江蓠繁枝变种对磷吸收速率,在28,32℃时则相反.吸收1g虾排出的氮所需的细基江蓠繁枝变种的量由20℃时的1 93g上升到32℃时的13 17g;吸收1g虾排出的磷所需的细基江蓠繁枝变种的量由20℃时的0 55g上升到32℃时的1 17g.因此,采用该藻处理养殖水时,参考水中氮、磷动态来确定藻投放量是提高净化效果的关键之一.     

地下水除铁除锰水厂设计实例

本文通过地下水除铁除锰实例介绍,说明新研制的ZB-DCT型地下水除铁除锰设备的性能优势和运行特点.     

适合我国的电子废物回收模式

随着经济发展,我国电子废物产生量已开始步入高峰期。电子废物含有重金属、有毒有机物等有害物质,如不妥善回收处理,将会严重危害环境和人体健康。国内外对于回收电子废物的处理技术方法研究比较广泛,形成比较成熟的工艺方法,可以达到资源化和无害化。而电子废弃物如何有效地回收至电子废物处理厂,避免不正规处理带来的环境污染,成为电子废物污染防治工作的瓶颈。在借鉴国外电子废物回收经验的基础上,结合我国国情,提出适合我国的电子废物回收模式。     

铁改性蓝藻生物炭去除水中四环素效能及机理

以蓝藻为原料制备生物炭,通过考察不同温度制备的蓝藻生物炭对四环素的吸附效能,筛选最优制备温度。采用液相还原法制备不同铁炭比的铁改性蓝藻生物炭,研究其对四环素的去除效能、影响因素及去除机理。结果表明：在700 ℃、铁炭质量比为1∶1条件下制备的铁改性蓝藻生物炭对四环素具有高效去除能力,60 min去除率可达87.2%,为改性前的1.2倍,吸附类型符合伪二级动力学方程（R²>0.99）。通过傅里叶红外光谱、扫描电镜、X射线光电子能谱、X射线衍射探讨铁改性蓝藻生物炭去除四环素性能与其结构的关系。结果表明,铁改性蓝藻生物炭对四环素的去除机理主要为吸附和化学降解作用,零价铁作为电子供体促进氧化还原反应的发生,含氧官能团作为电子转移桥梁在吸附降解过程中起着重要作用。影响因素试验结果表明,阴离子对铁改性蓝藻生物炭去除水中四环素效能的影响程度为SO₄ ²⁻>Cl⁻,阳离子影响程度为Ca²⁺>Na⁺,有机质黄腐酸相对于离子强度影响程度较弱。铁改性蓝藻生物炭对四环素类抗生素具有良好的去除能力,可为蓝藻资源化提供思路。

     

改性镁铝水滑石对黑臭水体中磷的去除效果研究

通过采样和调研江苏省盐城市、扬州市不同程度治理的黑臭水体,分析其水质及磷赋存特征,选用对磷酸盐高效吸附的镁铝水滑石,开展了改性水滑石对黑臭水体中磷的吸附行为研究.结果表明：①调研的黑臭水体中44%水样磷浓度超过《地表水环境质量标准》Ⅴ类水标准限值,易发生水华等次生灾害,控磷减磷措施十分必要;②在黑臭水体pH值范围内,pH值对改性水滑石吸附磷的影响较小,改性水滑石的磷吸附量随初始溶液中磷的浓度升高而增大,其吸附动力学过程更符合准二级动力学方程;③在黑臭水体采集水样中,改性水滑石依然表现出较好的磷吸附能力,磷酸盐去除率达到了94.4%,可以有效削减黑臭水体中磷污染程度.     

SMT法插标分析沉积物中磷的地球化学形态

SMT法是一种较为通用的沉积物磷地球化学形态分析方法,但分析结果的准确性和重现性成为制约其进一步应用的关键.本研究以我国沉积物标准样品GSD-12为标样,在详细研究该标样的SMT法提取的磷的各个地球化学形态含量的基础上,提出了插标法控制沉积物中磷地球化学形态的准确性和可比性.在对比了手工分析,Skalar仪器分析及ICP-MS仪器分析的结果之后,针对SMT法操作中存在的问题进行了探讨,提出了操作过程中的注意事项,提出了GSD-12中总磷(TP)、无机磷(IP)、有机磷(OP)、盐酸提取磷(HCl-P)和氢氧化钠提取磷(NaOH-P)等含量分别为(156±5),(77±2),(39±3),(41±2),(42±2)mg/kg,并将该标样用于太湖沉积物中磷形态测定的质量控制,取得了较为满意的结果.