Evaluation of innovative municipal solid waste management through urban symbiosis: a case study of Kawasaki

Industrial symbiosis encourages the establishment of a broad eco-industrial network so that more synergy opportunities can be identified. By linking municipal solid waste management (MSWM) with local industries, i.e., urban symbiosis, new symbiotic opportunities can be generated from the geographic proximity of urban and industrial areas, transferring physical resources from urban refuse directly to industrial applications and improving the overall eco-efficiency of the city as a whole. Using a case study of Kawasaki, this paper simulates and evaluates an innovative waste management initiative in Kawasaki by an scenario simulation model based on the LCA approach. Results show that recycling mixed paper, mixed plastics, and organic wastes and utilizing the recycled materials in industrial production will potentially reduce about 69 kt CO₂(e) emissions and 8 kt incineration ashes to be landfilled in 2015. To achieve these outcomes, the total additional cost compared with the current practice is about 1.2 billion JPY.     

淳安县工业结构发展研究

基于《国民经济行业分类》及环境统计调查数据,淳安县的经济贡献率、污染贡献率、资源消耗贡献率、相对环境绩效及相对资源绩效在各行业之间差异比较明显,且聚集性较强。从产业竞争力来看,根据区位商评价,饮料制造业、纺织业、金属制品业具有较强的竞争力。应用聚类分析方法对淳安县11个行业进行分类,结合当地实际情况得出以下结论:环境绩效水平高且经济贡献率高,及环境绩效水平高且经济贡献率低的行业应作为该县重点鼓励发展的行业,其余两类行业应重点控制或逐步限制其发展。淳安县应进一步运用各种绿色经济政策,充分利用当地的生态优势大力发展生态工业,打造生态工业体系,同时还要加大对中小企业的扶持和服务力度。     

Life cycle assessment of an industrial symbiosis based on energy recovery from dried sludge and used oil

Recovering energy from wastes is a useful strategy for integrated waste and energy management in an eco-industrial park (EIP) and gives promising reduction of wastes, total energy consumption and operation cost. In Jinqiao EIP, Pudong New Area, Shanghai, an industrial symbiosis, based on the energy recovery from municipal sewage sludge and re-refined oil, was proposed in the central heat-supplying company of Jinqiao EIP. It is expected that hot off-gas or part of the steam from the central heat-supplying company could be used for sludge drying and used oil re-refining while the dried sludge and refined oil can be partial substitution for fossil fuel. For the purpose of assessing the environmental performance of this industrial symbiosis, life cycle assessment (LCA) was used and different scenarios were set up in this study to evaluate the Global warming Potential (GWP), Acidification Potential (AP), Eutrophication Potential (EP), Human toxicity air (HTA) and Total Environmental Impact Potential (TEIP) of the system. Results indicate that when the substitute ratio of coal by sludge is 14%, the proposed industrial symbiosis has the least environmental impact. Compared with the current situation (sludge is landfilled), co-combustion of dried sludge and re-refined oil with coal at optimal scale will release less CO₂, CH₄, NO_x, N₂O and CO, but more SO₂, H₂S, NH₃, HCl, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOC) and heavy metals.     

借鉴国际经验助推我国汞污染场地修复

汞污染问题已经成为国内外关注的环境热点问题。我国是汞的生产、使用和排放大国,涉汞行业众多,汞污染场地问题突出。发达国家在汞污染场地治理方面有着丰富的经验。本文通过借鉴美国和英国的相关经验,从完善法规标准、健全管理制度、增强科技支撑和完善投融资政策四个方面为我国未来开展汞污染场地修复工作提出政策建议。     

我国环境政策中生态工业园内涵误区的分析

作为一种新的工业可持续发展方式,生态工业园已经在世界范围内得到广泛应用。在我国,随着近几年生态工业园建设的蓬勃开展,出现了一些认识和实践中的误区,这些误区可能会影响我国循环经济下一步实践的顺利开展。文章以生态工业园概念的内涵为主线,通过系统梳理和分析相关的国内外文献和我国的法规政策,首先总结了生态工业园的广义和狭义内涵,提炼了工业共生的目标要素、主体要素和行为要素;其次分析了工业共生与循环经济、清洁生产之间的相互关系;在此基础上,提出了目前生态工业园实践中出现的"循环经济式、污染控制式、产业发展式"三种内涵误区,并进一步剖析了我国政策制定过程中的两个深层问题,即生态工业园实践内容的简单组合化和生态工业园目标与内容的脱节。     

Industrial symbiosis and the policy instruments of sustainable consumption and production

Industrial symbioses (ISs) and eco-industrial parks (EIPs) are key concepts of industrial ecology (IE). The aim of ISs and EIPs is to minimise inefficient material and energy use by utilising local by-product and energy flows. Industrial symbioses tend to develop through spontaneous action of economic actors, for gaining of economic benefit, but these systems can be designed and promoted via policy instruments as well. A literature review showed that national programmes for eco-industrial parks can be found in different parts of the world. In the action programmes and other sustainable consumption and production (SCP) policy documents of the EU, on the other hand, industrial symbioses gain less recognition as a path to enhanced sustainable production. In this article, we consider this and also analyse how the evolution and environmental performance of an industrial symbiosis system centred on a Finnish pulp and paper mill have been affected by SCP policy instruments. With regard to the system forming the subject of the case study, and Finnish industrial systems in general, policy instruments have succeeded in reducing emissions but not in systematically encouraging operators toward symbiosis-like activities. All in all, few studies exist on the overall impact of policy instruments promoting design of eco-industrial parks. It is not self-evident that symbiosis-like production systems would be sustainable in every case, as the background assumptions for political promotion of EIPs suggest. We concluded that industrial symbioses should be analysed and developed on a life cycle basis, with documentation of the real environmental benefits due to efficient resource use and decreased emissions in comparison to standalone production. ISs can then bring eco-competitiveness to companies in relation to SCP tools, such as environmental permits, ecolabels, and future product regulation based on the Ecodesign Directive in Europe. Indirect encouragement of symbiosis through land-use regulation and planning, in such a way that material fluxes between companies are possible both in operations and in financial terms, may prove effective. The same holds for waste policies that encourage increased reuse of a company’s waste by other enterprises.     

铅锌冶炼行业工业共生模式实例研究

在探讨企业发展循环经济模式的基础上,提出企业构建工业共生模式是发展循环经济的有效途径;根据铅锌冶炼行业发展现状,指出铅锌冶炼行业构建工业共生模式的必要性,并以某企业为例进行了案例分析,剖析了工业共生模式的共生关系,产业链关系及经济、环境效益.结果表明:构建工业共生模式,可以提高企业的资源利用效率,减少污染物排放,降低企业生产成本,获得经济效益和环境效益的统一;同时也应注意工业共生关系构建中新的环境污染.      

发酵生物制氢反应器研究进展

发酵法生物制氢受到广泛关注。在发酵细菌制氢过程中,反应器的设计和运行模式对产氢量和产氢速率具有重要影响。暗发酵生物制氢反应器主要包括序批式制氢反应器和连续流制氢反应器,其中序批式制氢反应器操作简单和容易控制,主要用于实验室研究;从经济性和实用性的角度考虑,连续流制氢反应器是实现工程应用的关键。文章综述了影响发酵制氢的影响因素:菌种准备、环境条件、营养条件和一些其他因素等。并分析了几种常用连续流发酵制氢反应器类型及其应用状况。     

中国铝工业的产业共生模式分类及其特征

随着产业经济的高速增长以及循环经济的发展,我国铝工业的产业共生模式渐趋多样化. 在概述了我国铝工业发展情况的基础上,首先梳理出4种典型的铝工业产业共生模式,即单核心依托型、双核心共栖型、同质集群型和全谱系型.归纳总结了3个铝工业产业共生模式特征:①全谱系铝工业产业共生体系具有明显的圈层性,主体产业具有明显的轴向性;②主产业链共生依赖度逐级递减,共生圈层越到外圈层关系越松散;③第3圈层属于铝工业辅材供应厂或废物处理资源再生企业,具有明显的技术依赖性和市场依赖性,属于铝工业拓展的新方向. 最后探讨了技术进步、经济和环境管制等因素对于我国铝工业产业共生模式的影响.      

杭州市推行环境污染第三方治理典型案例分析研究

杭州市推行环境污染第三方治理涌现了不少典型案例.这些案例包括:解决环境基础设施增量和存量的PPP模式及TOT模式,激发社会资本进入第三方市场的国企改革试点创新模式,保障农村治水成效的农村污水设施第三方运维模式,咨询领域的政府购买服务模式,工业园区第三方治理模式,破解城市难题的专业化规范化的运维模式,以及企业第三方治理模式等.这八个典型案例适用于不同的领域和对象,在借鉴和推广时应当根据不同责任主体、不同领域与行业特点,开展差异性、竞争性的第三方治理.     

水泥-电力行业的产业共生网络构建及区域案例研究

水泥工业作为工业生态系统的汇,能够多样化地利用其他行业的副产物,这种典型的产业共生模式可以通过减少资源和能源的消耗带来显著的CO₂减排效果.由于产业共生在水泥行业具有一定的普遍性及巨大的CO₂减排潜力,所以对水泥工业产业共生现状的了解与分析就显得尤为重要;而通过对产业共生现状的全面了解,才能对现有水泥行业产业共生的程度进行分析,并以此为参照,对未来不同政策与情景下的CO₂减排潜力进行量化与评估.为实现对产业共生实际情况的模拟,以水泥-电力行业的产业共生为例,采用最优化的方法,提出了一套基于一般统计数据来模拟产业共生实际情况的系统方法,将技术、经济与政策3类不同的决策变量影响纳入模型,以模拟出最接近真实情景的产业共生情况.为验证模型的有效性,对新乡市水泥-电力行业实际的产业共生情况进行分析.结果表明:新乡市水泥-电力行业间存在普遍的产业共生现象,实地调查中有77.8%（21家）的水泥制造企业利用粉煤灰作为水泥制造的原材料.将一般统计数据与实地调查数据对比发现,一般统计数据能较好地反映企业实际物质投入产出情况;利用一般统计数据,模型对新乡市产业共生网络结构模拟的准确率高达92.6%,显示该模型能较为有效地对产业共生的实际情况进行模拟.      

Technology-based industrial environmental management: a case study of electroplating in Shenzhen,China

Severe industrial pollution has largely hindered the sustainable development of China. Taking Shenzhen’s electroplating industry as a case, this article investigates the current status of the industry and proposes a specialized policy framework to push its environmental innovation. There is a relatively complete environmental management system in Shenzhen’s government, but it does not work well when dealing with the electroplating industry, mainly because it lacks regulation aiming at production technology, which is the underlying decisive factor of the environmental performance of the industry. So, we first develop an evaluation criterion, which incorporates a technological index about whether enterprises engage identified obsolete technologies. With this evaluation criterion, enterprises are classified into “advanced” and “obsolete”. Then, we propose specific policy suggestions for different types of enterprises, including command and control mixed with economic tools, voluntary agreements, establishing electroplating parks, and improving current management system. Finally, we assess the impact of the policy proposal and prove it to be conducive to the sustainable development of the industry and conclude it from a more general perspective.     

Cluster analysis for studying industrial sustainability: an empirical study in Shanghai

Compared with the extensive research on industrial sustainability in cities of the developed world, similar empirical work in developing countries is rare. This article examines industrial sustainability of the manufacturing sector in one of the central districts in Shanghai, PR China, using hierarchy cluster analysis, based on selected variables that reflect the industrial advantages, social contributions, environmental management and economic performance of the manufacturing sector. The variables represent the competition capability, proportion of employees in the relevant sector to the total number of employees in the manufacturing industry, the coefficient of environmental protection and market shares. Twenty-five manufacturing sectors are grouped into four clusters in the district. According to the characteristics of the various clusters, suggestions are proposed for improving their industrial sustainability.     

中国煤炭环境成本内部化的经济影响分析

对煤炭开采、运输和使用各个环节的环境污染和生态破坏外部成本进行核算的基础上,运用GREAT-E模型对煤炭环境成本内部化政策给GDP、居民收入、产业结构和贸易竞争力等带来的影响进行了定量分析.分析结果表明,煤炭开采、运输和使用各环节分别进行的环境成本内部化对中国宏观经济的影响较为有限,GDP的下降在可承受的范围之内,即使是全生命周期的煤炭环境成本完全内部化也只导致GDP出现0.15%左右的轻微下降.煤炭环境成本内部化将促进劳动力和资本等要素从高耗能行业向低耗能特别是技术密集型和现代服务业部门转移,进而推动产业结构优化转型升级.在煤炭生产、运输和消费环节通过征收环境相关税费能够更直接地刺激生产部门的环境行为调整,降低煤炭的生产和消费量,进而减少环境污染和生态破坏.     

清洁生产的无费和低费方案评述

无／低费方案着重于企业内部生产管理和小的工艺改进，具有投资少、见效快和易操作的特性。从目前的情况来说，清洁生产方案中大约有60％以上为无／低费方案，而其实施比例均在80％以上，由此可见，无／低费方案的重要性。通过3则实例证明了无／低费方案良好的环境效益和经济效益。     

A method to improve the international comparability of emission data from industrial installations

Emissions from industrial installations are regulated under several international conventions and directives to prevent harmful impacts on environment and human health. Stricter limitations often exist in national legislations, or due to regional and local conditions, than in the international conventions. The international comparability of emission data from industrial installations is currently poor. Comparability is an essential element when the environmental performance of different installations or techniques is studied, as well as in reviewing data presented in emission registers. The availability of reliable and comparable data is an important requirement for the emissions trading market. Comparable emission data ought to be used when reviewing compliance with the national emission reduction targets established under international conventions, as well as in reviewing the compliance of industrial installations with the requirements set in the environmental permit conditions. There are currently no internationally agreed principles or a comprehensive strategy for production of emission data at the level of an industrial installation.The data production chain principle presented in this paper provides a tool for identifying elements that are essential in comparing emission data correctly and that need to be taken into consideration to ensure emission data reliability. The method was originally developed and applied in Finland for emission and impact monitoring of wastewaters from industrial installations and fisheries. Due to the implementation of the Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control (IPPC) directive the methodology was reconstructed for integrated emissions monitoring purposes. The data production principle was introduced for European use when preparing the BREF document on monitoring of emissions. It will also be relevant when the industrial installations report their emissions data to the Pollutant Release and Transfer Registers (PRTRs).     

中国资源的进出口与产出率：演化、挑战及对策

资源可持续利用是实现中国可持续发展和生态文明的重要保障,然而过去30多年经济的快速发展带来了严重的资源短缺和环境污染。为了揭示1949年以来尤其是改革开放以来中国资源利用与经济发展之间的关系,论文系统梳理中国资源供给状况,总结中国资源进出口及资源产出率演化特点、面临的挑战及相应的对策。研究发现：中国近年来进口以金属矿产、石油、部分固体废弃产品构成的自然矿产和城市矿产资源为主,主要出口以工业产品、水海产品等为代表的资源类型,进出口的结构类型随年份变化不大,但进口量呈现快速增长的态势;中国资源产出率逐步增长,达到1.6元/kg,但仍与发达国家有较大差距。为了应对面临的挑战,未来中国应着力提升在全球价值链的地位,同时国内应大力发展循环经济,提高资源产出率。     

我国工业污染源产排污核算系数法发展历程及研究进展

污染源排放量及其变化趋势是重要的环境管理基础信息,是国家和地方准确预判生态环境形势、高效开展生态环境管理决策和实施产业结构优化调整等的重要依据.工业污染源产排污系数作为我国工业源污染物排放量核算的主要方法之一,过去30年来为工业领域污染减排和环境监管等提供了重要支撑.本文综述了国内外产排污系数研究和应用现状,梳理了我国3次较大规模的产排污系数制修订历程,并从制定方法、覆盖度、核算方法等多个维度进行了比对分析.结果表明:随着对工业生产认识的不断深入以及环境保护要求的不断变化,我国3次制修订的产排污系数也在同步变化和升级,在产排污系数的覆盖度、适用性等方面不断提升.对工业污染源产排污系数现状及其存在问题的分析结果表明,我国产排污系数广泛应用于环境管理制度与技术支撑、节能减排与产业结构调整以及环境科学相关研究等方面,为上述工作提供了重要的支撑.但由于我国产排污系数仍存在缺乏动态更新机制等原因,导致其时效性不足,适用性有待持续提升,亟需将系数制定的方法标准化,制定过程中的定量化方法也有待进一步拓展研究.针对上述问题提出如下建议:研究提出工业污染源产排污系数后评估方法,有计划开展系数后评估;建立工业污染源产排污系数标准体系框架,实现核算体系标准化;完善工业污染源产排污系数核算技术体系,开展系数的动态更新;加强工业污染源产排污系数在环境管理中的应用研究,为排污许可、环境统计、污染源普查等多套工业污染源数据统一和融合提供基础.      

外商投资与国际贸易对中国沿海地区资源环境的影响

论文从定性描述和定量描述的角度,分别对外商投资和国际贸易对沿海地区的资源环境影响进行分析。通过研究发现,尽管在产值总量上,外商投资和国际贸易对沿海地区的资源压力和环境污染做出“贡献”,但是从弹性系数角度,外商投资和国际贸易对地区资源压力和环境污染的影响在逐渐减缓,表明外商投资和国际贸易并不是导致我国沿海地区资源环境压力加大的“罪魁祸首”,反而是减缓这种压力的主要贡献力量。但是,不可否认,在我国接受经济全球化影响的早期阶段,由于部分地区急于吸引外资,以及我国环境管理体系的不完善,的确在某些方面,外资和外贸对沿海地区的资源和环境造成了负面影响。     

Influences, practices and opportunities for environmental supply chain management in Nova Scotia SMEs

Executives are increasingly paying attention to the importance of supply chain management [Lambert DM, Cooper MC. Issues in supply chain management. Industrial Marketing Management 2000;29(1):65–83; Hagelaar GJLF, van der Vorst JGAJ. Environmental supply chain management: using life cycle assessment to structure supply chains. International Food and Agribusiness Management Review 2002;4:399–412]. The management of the supply chain can be a central aspect of a company's competitive advantage [Preuss L. Rhetoric and reality of corporate greening: a view from the supply chain management function. Business Strategy and the Environment 2005;14:123–139]. SCM also offers considerable opportunities to reduce a company's environmental impact. The supply chains of three small and medium enterprises (SMEs) operating in the Burnside Industrial Park in Nova Scotia, Canada were investigated to explore the opportunities to improve environmental performance of SMEs linked in supply chains. This study confirmed that time and, to a lesser degree, financial resources to address solid waste and energy issues are the greatest limiting factors. Small suppliers, and even to a certain degree medium-sized enterprises, have difficulties in allocating resources to initiatives that are not viewed as directly related to their core function, namely manufacturing the product or providing the service. This study clearly demonstrated that opportunities exist to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and solid waste. Although, the benefits that would be gained from the implementation of any of the individual actions in the supply chains explored in this study are individually small, the cumulative benefits that could be achieved among supply chains and within industrial parks are substantial, given the number of small- and medium-sized enterprises.