Life cycle engineering methodology applied to material selection,a fender case study

Materials selection is a multidisciplinary activity, which integrates a large number of knowledge fields and professional domains. In fact a material selection decision should capture not only the functional performance required for the application but should also consider the economical and environmental impacts originated all along the product life cycle. In this paper a life cycle engineering (LCE) approach is proposed to support material selection, integrating the performance of the material for the specific application in technological, environmental and economical dimensions throughout the duration of the product. The methodology proposed compares a set of candidate materials and, through the aggregation of the three dimensions (technical, economical and environmental), identifies the “best material domains”. These “best material domains” are presented in a ternary diagram, which allows a global comparison of the candidate materials and supports an informed decision as regards the selection of the “best material” according to different business scenarios and corporate strategies. The methodology was applied to a case study aiming the use of new metallic materials (high strength steels and aluminium alloys) for an automobile fender currently made of mild steel and the evaluation of potential benefits as regards the global performance of the material.     

高压气瓶缩口顶镦工艺研究

根据高压气瓶的特殊形状及尺寸 ,通过塑性工艺分析及许多次工艺试验 ,文中提出了一种多次缩口顶镦工艺方法 ,从而解决了实际生产的关键技术问题。     

城市污水的混凝处理及混凝污泥厌氧消化研究

采用聚合氯化铝与有机高分子絮凝剂复合投加的方法,对上海市闵行污水处理厂曝气沉砂池出水进行一级强化处理,研究了其对浊度、COD的去除效果,确定最佳投药量。在确定最佳投药量后,对混凝所产生污泥进行厌氧消化的可行性研究。结果表明:(1)有机絮凝剂与聚合氯化铝复合投加的强化效果明显优于单独投加聚合氯化铝;同时,聚合氯化铝与阳离子型有机絮凝剂复合投加的效果要优于阴离子型,并且可以进一步降低聚合氯化铝的投加量;使用聚合氯化铝与两性型有机絮凝剂复合投加也取得了较为满意的效果,与使用阳离子型有机絮凝剂的效果接近。(2)综合考虑COD、浊度和药剂投加量,当聚合氯化铝投量为30mg/L、阳离子型有机絮凝剂KP1205E投加量为2mg/L时,取得比较理想的效果。(3)被处理水的水质变化对化学一级强化的处理效果有很大影响,被处理水中溶解性的有机物组分越高,处理效果相应越差。(4)采用厌氧消化对混凝污泥进行处理,在投配比为5%时,单位VSS的产气量最大,达到0.76L/g,污泥的可消化性较好。     

提高铝合金压铸模使用寿命的探讨

对影响铝合金压铸模使用寿命的诸多因素 ,如压铸件结构、形状、模具设计、模具材料及加工工艺、模具的正确使用和管理等方面进行了分析和总结 ,阐述了热处理方法对铝合金压铸模使用寿命的重要性 ,探索出了提高模具质量、延长模具使用寿命的途径。     

125型摩托车铝合金车轮的液态挤压成型

分析了125型摩托车铝合金车轮的特点,介绍了车轮液态挤压成型模具的设计及液态挤压成型的整个工艺和生产过程中应注意的问题.     

Technology strategies for sustainable metals production systems: a case study of primary aluminium production in The Netherlands and Norway

Many firms are embracing the environmental challenge by implementing incremental changes in their production systems. Nevertheless, radical innovations are also important for achieving sustainability goals. This paper focuses on the technology strategies leading to radical innovations in aluminium production systems. It conceptualizes the radical nature of innovations, and develops a framework for analysing the technology strategies of two aluminium smelters, Aluminium Delfzijl in The Netherlands and Hydro Aluminium in Norway. From the analysis, policy instruments are proposed for a transition towards sustainable aluminium production.     

An environmental assessment method for cleaner production technologies

An environmental assessment method for cleaner production technologies enabling quantitative analysis of environmental impact is presented.The proposed method is based on material and energy flows and uses a set of profile indices, including raw material, energy, waste, product and packaging profiles that describe all material and energy flows related to the technology under investigation. The indices are used as a basis for determining an integrated index for overall environmental assessment of cleaner production technologies.The presented method can be employed to evaluate environmental nuisance of implemented, modernised and modified technological processes and products as well to perform comparative analyses of alternative technologies.     

Exploring innovation in the automotive industry: new technologies for cleaner cars

The concept of innovation has been used in a wide range of contexts and the theoretical development has proven to be extremely valuable to provide important insights into intra-market competition, strategy and regulatory policy. The automotive industry offers a fertile terrain for progress of the uncompleted theory building process of innovation, especially with the introduction of alternative fuels and alternative powertrain technologies.This paper investigates the concept of innovation in the context of the modern automotive industry, by focusing on the notion of regulatory innovation of alternative fuels and alternative powertrain technologies. For the purpose of analysing this issue, special attention is given to the concepts of radical and incremental innovation, which are applied to existing alternative fuels and alternative powertrain technologies, including hybrids, biofuels and hydrogen power. The article explores these three categories looking at representative case studies: the Brazilian ethanol experience with biofuels, the development of the Toyota hybrid vehicle and the technological development of hydrogen fuel cells. These categories have been selected because they represent the most important advances in cleaner production for the automotive industry.     

航空铝型材一次折斜角成形试验方法的研究

型材一次折斜角成形是制造飞机承力结构零件的成形方法之一 ,通过试验的方法获得某种型材一次折斜角成形极限角度参数对飞机零件的生产有着重要的指导作用。简要地介绍了航空铝型材一次折斜角试验的 3种方法 ,并进行了分析和比较 ,为评价角型材开斜角或闭斜角成形时的工艺性能提供了有效的手段     

电解铝清洁生产评价及其管理系统的开发研究

通过研究电解铝清洁生产评价指标体系及其评价方法,分析了电解铝清洁生产评价工作的特点和存在的问题,开发了电解铝清洁生产评价管理系统.系统的功能结构主要包括系统管理、清洁生产评价指标管理、参评企业信息管理、清洁生产评价四个部分.通过实际运行,本系统可以对电解铝清洁生产评价指标的信息进行查询、修改和更新,能够对企业进行清洁生产评价,是有关部门和电解铝生产企业开展清洁生产评价的有效工具,能有力推动电解铝行业清洁生产的发展.     

面向工业园区废水臭氧氧化深度处理性能评价的模型污染物选择与评估

臭氧氧化近年来逐渐成为废水深度处理主要工艺之一.在臭氧氧化深度水处理技术创新的过程中,研发人员需要对大量臭氧氧化新技术、新装置和新材料等进行废水深度处理性能评价,然而常为选择何种模型污染物能够预估其深度处理实际废水时化学需氧量(COD)/总有机碳(TOC)削减方面的性能而困扰.现有研究选用的众多模型污染物能够在何种程度上代表实际废水深度处理时COD/TOC削减方面的特性尚不明确.面向废水深度处理的模型污染物选择与评估对臭氧氧化深度水处理技术标准体系的构建具有意义.对19种模型污染物溶液(无缓冲水溶液和碳酸氢盐缓冲溶液)和4种工业园区废水的二级出水进行臭氧氧化处理,对其有机物总量削减的相似性通过聚类分析等方法进行评估.结果表明,模型污染物溶液经过臭氧氧化处理的有机物总量削减率的差异性大于4种实际废水间的差异,从而为筛选模型污染物用于臭氧氧化深度水处理技术性能评价提供了可能.采用酮基布洛芬、 2,4-二氯苯氧乙酸和磺胺二甲基嘧啶的无缓冲水溶液,以及非那西汀、磺胺二甲基嘧啶和三氯蔗糖的碳酸氢盐缓冲溶液预测3种工业园区二沉池出水臭氧处理60 min COD削减率的误差不超过9%以及5%.模型污...     

Genitalic autogrooming: a self-filling trash collection system in crickets

Insects groom almost all parts of the body surface with their legs and mouth parts. However, some body regions are difficult to reach and keep clean. One is the genital chamber located in the last abdominal segment in males which houses the phallic complex for copulation and production of the spermatophore. In the male cricket, foreign substances can enter the genital chamber when it is opened during copulation and spermatophore formation. Moreover, the dorsal pouch and ventral lobes of the phallic complex, which mould the attachment plate, tube, and ampulla of the spermatophore, are inevitably soiled as a result of spermatophore production. We found a unique cleaning system in which foreign substances accumulated during copulation and spermatophore debris left in the dorsal pouch after copulation are quickly removed and collected in special pockets in the genital chamber. This trash is collected by undulation of the genital chamber’s membranous floor which is entirely covered by small scales (∼10 μm) similar to those in the ovipositor of female crickets. This self-filling trash collecting system may be used in some other insects which produce the spermatophore in a similar manner to that of crickets.     

Al(Ⅲ)－磷酸盐溶液的水解－沉淀特性研究─—热力学模型

依据碱滴定实验结果和磷酸根对Al(Ⅲ)水解－沉淀过程作用机理,建立了磷酸根存在下Al(Ⅲ)水解－沉淀过程的简单理想热力学模型。按此模型计算出的pH－B曲线与滴定pH－B曲线能较好地吻合,模型在一定程度上揭示了Al(Ⅲ)－磷酸盐溶液体系中Al(Ⅲ)水解－沉淀的特性,并为研究聚磷氯化铝奠定了理论基础。      

Assessing the environmental impact of metal production processes

Evaluating both new and existing processes for primary metal production to assess their environmental impacts is often difficult due to the many inputs and outputs involved. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is a methodology that can be used for such purposes to identify those parts of the metal production life cycle that have significant environmental impacts. LCA has been used by CSIRO Minerals to assess the “cradle-to-gate” environmental impacts of a number of metal production processes practised either currently or potentially in Australia. The metals considered included copper, nickel, aluminium, lead, zinc, steel, stainless steel and titanium, by both pyrometallurgical and hydrometallurgical routes in some instances. The environmental profile included greenhouse and acid rain gas emissions, solid waste emissions and gross energy consumption. The results for various metals are compared in this paper. New process technologies for primary metal production can be expected to reduce the environmental impacts of metal production, and estimates of likely reductions for technologies involving stainless steel, titanium and aluminium are also presented in this paper.     

Multi-regime dynamics in the analysis of sectoral transformation potentials: evidence from German utility sectors

Network-bound infrastructure systems as electricity, gas, water and telecommunications are currently undergoing transformations on various levels and dimensions. Liberalization, technological innovations and socio-cultural dynamics are part of this. For analyzing these ongoing transformation dynamics as well as exploring future developments of utility systems, a theoretical concept is necessary which spans production, consumption and governance, different levels, and also different sectors. This paper argues that the multi-level perspective is a fruitful starting point allowing the identification of interrelated transformation dynamics in production, consumption and governance, but that multi-regime dynamics need more emphasis, particularly in a future oriented analysis.     

序批式生物膜法对味精废水的提标处理研究

在序批式活性污泥反应器(SBR)中加入不同类型填料,形成序批式生物膜反应器(SBBR)并进行平行比选试验,考察通过投加生物填料对河南某味精生产企业原有SBR工艺进行升级改造的技术可行性.试验周期为38 d,期间对3组反应器内的SVI,pH,COD,氨氮及总氮浓度进行监测.试验结果表明:投加了悬浮球的SBBR反应器内的生...     

Growth and metal uptake of energy sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) in different metal mine tailings with soil amendments

A pot experiment was conducted to investigate the feasibility of growing energy sugarcane(Saccharum spp.) in three different metal mine tailings(Cu, Sn and Pb/Zn tailings) amended with uncontaminated soil at different mixing ratios. The results indicated that sugarcane was highly tolerant to tailing environments. Amendments of 20% soil to Sn tailings and 30% soil to Cu tailings could increase the biomass of cane-stem for use as the raw material for bioethanol production. Heavy metals were mostly retained in roots, which indicated that sugarcane was useful for the stabilization of the tailings. Bagasse and juice, as the most valuable parts to produce bioethanol, only accounted for 0.6%– 3% and 0.6%–7% of the total metal content. Our study supported the potential use of sugarcane for tailing phytostabilization and bioenergy production.     

用于工业废水处理工艺流程选择的专家系统

ＥＳＯＷＴ专家系统用于选择工业废水处理工艺流程，ＥＳＯＷＴ由主控模块，Ｉ／Ｏ模块和专家系统骨架三个主要部分组成，知识表达采用框架式结构，该系统可在ＩＢＭ ＰＣ及共兼容机上运行，ＥＳＯＷＴ主要用于帮助确定某种工业废水的最佳处理工艺流程，并给出相应的基建投资、运行及电耗等投资预算。     

A Comparison of Pin Actuation Schemes for Large-Scale Discrete Dies

Reconfigurable discrete die tooling is attractive for reducing the lead time, initial costs, and recurring costs associated with stretch forming of sheet metal parts such as aircraft body panels and wing skins as well as automotive and marine components. Current tooling for the stretch forming process requires substantial lead time for fabrication and is inflexible and expensive. To develop discrete die tooling for stretch forming, three different discrete die designs have been proposed, and small-scale prototypes of each have been built. In this paper, the three designs are compared to each other in terms of performance criteria, including pin positioning accuracy and repeatability, setting speed, suitability for a production environment, fabrication costs, manufacturability and maintainability, and maximum forming load capacity. The advantages and disadvantages of each design are also discussed.     

城镇污水处理厂清洁生产等级评价二元语义模型与方法

为解决城镇污水处理厂清洁生产等级评价问题,采用定性分析与定量计算相结合的方法,着重构建了城镇污水处理厂清洁生产等级评价指标体系及其权重确定方法;利用线性加权综合评价方法、模糊数学和二元语义概念,建立了城镇污水处理厂清洁生产等级评价模糊综合模型,并据此提出级别特征值概念,进而建立城镇污水处理厂清洁生产等级评价的二元语义模型与方法.实例计算分析说明,文中建立的清洁生产等级评价二元语义模型与方法可操作性强,等级评定结果比采用隶属度最大原则更直观、更便于解释,具有很好的应用与推广价值.