废弃混凝土回收利用公私合作机制设计

大面积的旧城改造和城市更新使得我国建筑废弃物的产量逐年剧增,废弃混凝土作为建筑废弃物中最大的构成部分,促进废弃混凝土回收利用产业的发展是缓解我国建筑业和环境、资源矛盾的重要举措。文章阐述了废弃混凝土回收利用产业的性质和废弃混凝土回收利用公私合作的类型和模式。在此基础上,提出由准入、风险管控、激励、监管和淘汰5个部分组成的废弃混凝土回收利用公私合作机制架构。     

Waste management strategies for concrete

Recycling and reuse of waste such as building rubble, concrete lumps, etc. generated at construction and demolition sites form part of a wider, complex issue, primarily relating to improving supplies of construction material and solving problems of disposal of waste construction material. Within the framework of the sustainable development of the environment, the use of waste materials with minimum environmental impact has received much attention. The conversion of a large amount of demolished waste into an alternative resource will conserve the depleting natural resources of building materials. Demolished waste is mainly used as a non-stabilized base or sub-base in highway construction. The present paper discusses the recycling process and makes an effort to assess a safe and economic use of recycled concrete as a structural grade material for the construction industry. Extensive tests of structural properties such as compressive strength, flexural strength and split tensile strength of recycled concrete were carried out, in which cement and similarly fine aggregate were partially replaced by demolished waste to obtain recycled concrete and recycled aggregate concrete whose properties were compared with results for the conventional concrete.     

从美、德、日3国铅工业的特点看我国发展循环经济的重要性

作为对人体有害的金属铅,其生产、消费和再生受到世界各国,特别是美国、德国和日本等发达国家的重视。从分析世界铅的生产和消费入手,指出含铅废料（主要是电池）回收及铅再生的重要性;着重介绍了美、德、日3国废铅酸蓄电池的回收、铅再生产业的现状和特点;通过分析与研究我国铅工业目前存在的问题,指出我国发展循环经济的重要意义,并对如何发展循环经济提出建议。     

日本城市废弃物处理和综合利用技术简介

应日本新技术促进机构邀请,对日本城市废弃物处理和综合利用技术进行考察。简要介绍日本新技术促进机构以及日本企业对于城市垃圾、废塑料和电子废弃物的处置和再利用技术,为中日再生资源行业深入合作,推动我国再生资源行业技术发展提供借鉴。     

城市烂尾楼建筑废弃物的二次有效利用研究

城市烂尾楼拆除有助于提升城市总体形象,但拆除后的建筑废弃物又会对城市环境造成严重的污染,为此提出一种针对烂尾楼建筑废弃物有效处理及二次利用的方法研究.基于循环经济理论及废弃物破损理论,设计了一种建筑废弃物再生利用工艺方法,利用建筑废弃物再生设备将废弃物破碎后再进行筛分处理,详尽分析了影响废弃物再生的各项工艺因素,提高废弃物再生骨料的性能,实现对烂尾楼建筑废弃物的二次有效利用.结果表明,提出的方法研究性能稳定、可靠、可以降低烂尾楼拆除成本,具有一定的推广价值.     

计算机废弃物的处理与利用

介绍计算机废弃物的来源、组成、污染,重点阐述了计算机废弃物的拆卸技术和塑料、线路板、贵金属的回收利用方法。对计算机废弃物处理有重要的参考借鉴价值。     

建筑与建筑拆除废弃物的回收：基础工具

本文主要讲述了建筑与建筑拆除废弃物回收的基础工具,包括建筑废弃物管理的基本元素、废弃物材料的重新使用、回收的团队管理、回收培训和管理方案、循环材料的运输几个方面的内容。     

日本容器包装废塑料再生利用现状及对我国的启示

介绍了日本“容器包装再生法”的相关规定和实施过程,以及日本容器包装废塑料的回收、再生利用状况,并借鉴其先进经验,结合我国实际情况,指出发展我国废塑料循环利用的重要性,并提出具体建议措施。     

Recycling of FRP composites: reusing fine GFRP waste in concrete mixtures

Fibre reinforced polymer (FRP) materials are being increasingly used in several applications, but especially in the construction and transportation industries. The composites industry is now producing a wide range of FRP products that include strengthening strips and sheets, reinforcing bars, structural profiles, sandwich panels, moulded planks and piping. The waste management of FRP materials, in particular those made with thermosetting resins, is a critical issue for the composites industry because these materials cannot be reprocessed. Therefore, most thermosetting FRP waste is presently sent to landfill, in spite of the significant environmental impact caused by disposing of it in this way. Because more and more waste is being produced throughout the life cycle of FRPs, innovative solutions are needed to manage it. This paper first presents a state-of-the-art review of the present alternatives available to manage FRP waste. It then describes an experimental study conducted on the technical feasibility of incorporating the fine waste generated during the manufacturing of glass fibre reinforced polymer (GFRP) composites in concrete mixtures. Tests were carried out to evaluate the fresh-state and hardened-state properties of concrete mixes in which between 0% and 20% of sand was replaced by GFRP fine waste. Although the incorporation of high proportions of GFRP waste was found to worsen concrete performance in terms of both mechanical and durability-related properties, it seems feasible to incorporate low proportions and reuse GFRP fine waste in concrete, particularly in non-structural applications such as architectural concrete or pavement slabs, where good mechanical properties are less important.     

我国工业危险废物产生特性研究

工业生产是危险废物的主要来源,工业危险废物是世界各国固体废物管理的重要方面.以我国历年环境统计数据为基础,全面分析了我国工业危险废物产生现状和特点.研究了工业危险废物产生量、利用量和处置量、工业危险废物区域和行业分布特点、工业危险废物与工业固体废物的关系、工业危险废物产生量与工业产值的关系及工业危险废物产生的变化趋势等.提出今后我国既要重视对传统的石油化工、化学工业和冶金工业等行业产生的危险废物管理,又要重视对高新技术产业和西部资源省份产生工业危险废物的管理.     

日本循环型社会的现状与展望

日本在世界上是第一个建成循环型社会的国家。全面阐述了日本循环型社会的建设历程与现状,基本做法与2010年的资源流通目标,成功原因分析;重点介绍了日本建设循环型社会的“废弃物处理法”,“容器包装循环利用法”2部法律内容。日本政府认为,展望未来,构建国际循环型社会是必要的、可能的。     

绿色导向下的光伏产业环境污染控制进展研究

光伏发电技术具有环保和节约能源的特点,在光伏组件废弃后和太阳能电池的原料生产环节,会产生一定程度的环境污染.对太阳能电池废弃物进行资源化回收处理,积极研发新型电池和新材料,可以有效控制污染.目前对光伏废弃物进行资源化的方法主要有:热解法,无机酸溶解法,有机溶剂溶解法,化学蚀刻等;薄膜型光伏电池和聚合物光伏新材料的研究也取得了相应进展,拥有较好的发展前景.     

Decontamination of granular wastes by mining separation techniques

Contaminated by heavy metals, organics and other compounds, granular wastes such as construction and demolition waste (CDW) and municipal solid waste incinerator (MSWI) bottom ash have negative effects on the environment. On the other hand, stony components in these waste streams have similar physical properties and chemical compositions as natural raw building materials. Therefore, such materials have potential application as secondary raw building material but for recycling to occur in an environmentally sound manner, decontamination using mining separation techniques is essential. In order to remove or reduce contaminants to acceptable levels, the selection of appropriate strategies is important. Based on the information about mining separation techniques, as well as contaminants properties, the general guidelines followed to select treatment techniques and processes are described in this paper.     

Towards a sustainable society: United Nations University's Zero Emissions Approach

The Zero Emissions approach comprises a research and action-based program, launched at the Tokyo-based headquarters of United Nations University (UNU) in 1994 and actively supported, among others. by the Japanese government as part of its security policy. Through the Zero Emissions lens, material cycles from intake to emissions should be managed as a holistic system. Thus, the primary focus is the intake of natural resources within renewable limits and final emissions within acceptable limits. This implies the optimisation through an integrated system of processes and consequently the mimicry of the hierarchy of natural ecosystems in the anthropogenic sphere. A network of industries through clustering builds integrated systems in which everything has its use. The Zero Emissions concept requires industries to re-engineer their manufacturing processes in order to fully utilise the resources within the systems—the set target of Zero Emissions. Other concepts such as cleaner production emphasise the minimisation of emissions and wastes through recycling, reuse and reduction, but mainly concentrate on the “end of pipe”.In the anticipated “Zero Emissions society”, consumers would preferentially purchase functions instead of material goods and thus, be actively involved in the creation of a new service economy where all materials are automatically sent back to the producers after they lose their function. Additionally, the design of goods should lead to eradication of the concept of waste.The UNU Zero Emissions Forum—through networking with academia, industry and governmental policy-makers—promotes international multidisciplinary research and development efforts to analyse trends in society and technology and pave paths for concrete pilot projects. Thus, the Forum has gathered concrete experience through a number of case studies all over the world.     

构建中国快递行业包装废弃物产业链对环境影响重要性研究

互联网和电子商务的快速发展带动了快递行业的飞速发展,使社会对快递包装物的需求增加.庞大的快递废弃物给环境造成了严重的破坏.然而由于相关法律不健全、回收体系不完整、企业不积极以及回收渠道少等原因导致了中国的快递包装废弃物回收率非常低.构建快递包装废弃物回收产业链,并降低快递包装废弃物对环境造成的影响就成了社会经济发展的一个迫切需要.为此推广环保材料和环保产品以及提高消费者环保意识入手,构建快递包装废弃物回收产业链势在必行.     

建筑废弃物的回收原理与方法研究

由于社会和经济因素的要求,当今的建筑生命周期要最大程度地完成圆形的循环过程,即重新使用拆建物料制造新产品。循环经济的大背景下,承建商通过坚实的理论基础,采用分层次的方法来进行建筑废弃物的管理。文中总结了两种方法的优点和缺点,进行了混合回收与源头分离两种方法的比较研究。最值得注意的是两个不同的意向方案：绿色星球计划和ICC—ESSAVE^TM方案。突出的可持续认证和设计方案及绿色星球计划侧重的能源效率模型时常被繁重调试系统的LEED所青睐。一旦被国际编码理事会所批准,这些文件可以在LEED的评分系统下或绿色星球计划中,帮助其寻找资格评分。文章最后分析了建筑废弃物的回收流程,并得出结论：高达95％的建筑和拆迁建筑废弃物都可以回收;回收相比垃圾填埋更节省资金;源头分离较混合回收需要更多的管理和劳动力,但能获得更大的经济利益;承建商应该组织和管理现场的回收工作。     

中国乘用车塑料的动态物质流分析

结合行业信息并基于动态物质流模型,本文对1950~2050年间中国乘用车塑料流量与存量进行了历史测算与情景分析.历史测算表明：1950~2018年国内乘用车行业累计消耗了以聚丙烯（PP）、聚氨酯（PU）等为主的塑料3278万t,产生了337万t塑料废弃物;报废汽车拆解后的车用废塑料仅28%得到回收利用.针对未来情况,本文设计了乘用车保有量、单车塑料使用量两大关键因素下的不同情景组合.结果显示车用塑料存量及废塑料产生量将大幅增长,到2050年存量将达到0.7~2.7亿t,废塑料产生量将达到500~1600万t,汽车拆解和塑料再生等相关行业对此应充分关注.到2050年车用废塑料回收率若能提升至80%,将减少376万t/a的车用废塑料填埋或焚烧,显著减少环境风险.     

钢铁企业固体废弃物资源化利用浅析

固体废物做到资源化即通过综合利用,使有利用价值的固体废物变废为宝,实现资源的再循环利用,是固体废物污染控制一直努力方向。钢铁联合企业生产过程中产生的固体废弃物量大、面广,如对其进行资源化利用不仅可获得好的效益,同时也解决了环保难题。通过借鉴国内外钢铁企业固体废弃物资源化利用成功技术,使我们在开展环境影响评价工作中对钢铁企业固废的资源化利用提出一些切实可行的控制措施。     

Assessing the recycling potential of glass fibre reinforced plastic waste in concrete and cement composites

At present glass fibre reinforced plastic (GRP) waste recycling worldwide is very limited due to its intrinsic thermoset properties, lack of characterisation data and non availability of viable recycling and recovery routes. In the present study, efforts were made to recycle GRP waste powder and fibre in concrete and cement composites and assess its quality to comply with the British standards for use in construction applications. Results revealed that the mean compressive strength of concrete composites using 5%–50% GRP waste powder under water curing varied from 37 N/mm² to 19 N/mm². Increase in the concentration of GRP waste decreased the compressive strength. However, increase in curing duration (14–180 days) resulted in improving the compressive strength of concrete with 5% GRP application to 45.75 N/mm². Moreover, the density of concrete with 50% GRP waste was reduced by about 12% as compared to the control sample. The bending strength in terms of modules of rupture (MOR) of 12 mm thickness cement composites developed using 5% GRP waste fibre attained 16.5 N/mm². The findings of this work pave the way for further GRP waste recycling in precast construction products for use in various applications.     

浅析循环经济在固体废物治理中的应用

介绍了我国固体废物污染防治现状及对固体废物循环利用的对策,针对固体废物循环利用中产生的具体问题提出了建议。