垃圾分类中环境意识与环境行为的相关性探究——北京市居民垃圾分类现状及环保意识的调查

公民的环境意识与环境行为之间的关系在理论和实证研究中一直都被大量的探讨。生活垃圾污染作为一项典型的环境问题被政府和社会各界广泛关注,随着垃圾分类试点工作的开展,居民作为污染治理的第一环节直接参与到垃圾分类的环境行动中。因此本论文将以生活垃圾分类为研究背景,采用典型相关分析和逐步回归,研究北京市居民在垃圾分类中的环境意识和环境行为的相关性。分析表明垃圾分类标准了解程度与垃圾分类投放和废品回收相关性较高,明显影响了这两种行为的实施程度,环保体验明显影响了居民的垃圾分类投放行为。总体来说,对垃圾分类标准的了解程度和垃圾分类的必要性体验越高,居民的垃圾分类环境行为表现越好。     

成都市生活垃圾分类支付意愿及影响因素的问卷调查分析

为了为成都市垃圾分类政策制定提供科学依据,文章基于问卷调研,运用条件价值评估法结合二元Logistic回归模型、多元线性回归模型,分析了成都市居民对城市生活垃圾分类的支付意愿(WTP)及其影响因素。调研发现:问卷填报者中95.3%的人支持强制垃圾分类,但仅21.0%人深入掌握垃圾分类知识;造成成都市垃圾分类失效的原因,73.8%的人认为政策不到位,需要采取强制监管措施,67.6%的人认为垃圾分类桶等基础硬件设施建设不到位,69.2%的人认为居民自身环保意识差,需要加强环保宣传教育。成都市居民生活垃圾治理的WTP金额为12.65元/月/户。年龄、有无住房、户口类型和月收入4个因素对支付额度有显著影响。     

城市生活垃圾减量化技术与对策

城市生活垃圾对城市发展以及居民生活环境的不良影响日益严重,”减量化”是我国垃圾管理三大原则之一,能有效解决城市垃圾问题。近年来城市生活垃圾以较快的速度逐年增长,我国大部分城市在垃圾管理方面存在着基础设施不全、处理方式单一、市民环保意识淡薄等一系列问题。本文提出从源头、技术、政策几个层面,采用净菜进城、减少一次性物品使用、垃圾堆肥、垃圾焚烧、垃圾收费、提高公众环保意识等减量化技术和措施来解决垃圾问题,以期为城市的垃圾管理提供科学的依据。     

垃圾处理设施周边居民风险感知与邻避行为倾向研究

风险感知是邻避问题研究的一个重要视角.通过对北京市六里屯和高安屯两个垃圾处理场的实地调查,分析了垃圾处理设施周边173个家庭的风险感知、公平认知、受偿意愿与邻避行为倾向之间的关系.研究表明,多数居民认为垃圾处理场的存在对自己的生活造成了一定的负面影响,超过半数的居民有邻避行为倾向,居民的邻避行为倾向与风险感知有正相关关系,与公平认知和货币受偿意愿有负相关关系.因此,加强宣传和沟通,避免风险认知片面夸大也是化解邻避风险的重要手段.     

Survey and analysis of public environmental awareness and performance in Ningbo, China: a case study on household electrical and electronic equipment

Based upon a survey on household electronic and electrical equipment, this paper provides information on the public's perception of the local environmental quality, environmental awareness and environmental performance, and of their willingness to pay for improving environmental quality and making green purchases. The results indicate that Ningbo residents are not satisfied with the local environmental quality, and they would like very much to share environmental responsibility. About 64% of the respondents are aware of Chinese environmental labeling. Nearly 70% and 80% of the respondents are willing to pay for environmental improvement and to purchase environmentally friendly products, respectively. The amount of household electrical and electronic equipment has increased dramatically and most of them are phased out within their product lifetimes. Of all the respondents, 61% chose to reuse and recycle waste electrical and electronic equipment.     

秦淮河流域沿岸居民环境责任意识研究调查

环境意识作为一种社会意识和价值观念,引导着人类在生产生活中对待环境的态度和行为。本文对秦淮河流域沿岸居民关于环境意识的调查,运用SPSS软件分析,结果表明:居民环境责任意识与利益关注对环境态度和环境保护行为显著正向影响,居民环境态度对环境行为显著正向影响;居民的环境意识与环境行为存在明显不一致性;居民在日常生活上是浅层次的环境保护型环境意识,环保行为上为政府依赖型,居民对环境问题认识的基本驱动力是利益关系;人口统计特征变量在不同假设路径中均存在显著性差异。     

选择试验模型法在澳门固体废弃物管理中的应用

环境物品或环境服务的经济价值评估是环境经济学研究的前沿领域.选择试验模型法是目前国际上用于评估环境物品经济价值的一种新方法.本文以澳门的固体废弃物管理为例,探讨选择试验模型法在澳门进行环境物品经济价值评估实践的可行性.在专家咨询和小组讨论的基础上,确定垃圾分选和回收、垃圾收集频率、减小垃圾收集过程中产生的噪音和垃圾处理费为澳门固体废弃物管理的4个属性.在对澳门6个堂260名居民进行随机抽样调查的基础上,分析了澳门固体废弃物管理不同属性的价值以及固体废弃物管理不同替代方案的相对价值.结果表明,实行垃圾分选和回收利用以及减小垃圾收集过程中产生的噪声是澳门今后固体废弃物管理的合理选择.     

城市生活垃圾分类回收治理激励监督机制研究

考虑政府政策激励监督对城市生活垃圾分类回收治理的影响,构建政府监管-企业处理-居民参与的演化博弈模型,借助演化博弈理论分析4种不同情境下城市生活垃圾分类回收治理的演化稳定策略,并借助数值仿真分析了政府激励监督对各方策略选择的影响.研究发现：居民进行垃圾分类获得的收益大于参与分类的成本两倍及以上时,才会主动参与垃圾分类,否则不会主动参与分类,同时居民对政府正向激励补贴的变化比企业更为敏感.政府实施较高的负向激励力度时可有效约束企业行为,但过高的监管成本会造成垃圾回收治理的管理困境.     

基于潜在分类模型的湿地生态系统服务公众生态偏好异质性研究

在生态系统服务价值评估研究中,把握公众的生态偏好是当前研究的重要内容。论文以三江平原湿地为研究对象,应用选择实验法获取公众的生态偏好和支付意愿,构建潜在分类模型,探究公众对湿地各项生态系统服务的偏好异质性。研究结果显示：公众对各项湿地生态系统服务存在显著的偏好异质性,资源偏好型的受访者所占比例最大（68.78%）,景观偏好型的受访者对自然景观的支付意愿显著较高,而价格敏感型受访者的支付意愿明显低于其他两类。分析各潜在类别可知,公众的社会经济特征及环境意识对其偏好具有显著影响。教育水平越高的受访者越偏好于资源保护,高收入和到景区旅游次数多的受访者更偏好于景观保护,而价格敏感型受访者的环境意识相对较低。研究不仅为湿地生态系统服务偏好异质性的研究提供新途径,也为相关环境政策的制定提供参考。     

上海部分地区市民环境意识调查分析

根据上海市曹杨街道垃圾分类收集的问卷调查结果，分析了社区市民的环境与环境行为的现状和特点。从中发现67％的人了解垃圾分类收集的方法；89％的人认识到垃圾分类收集的必要性；市民通过不同的媒体获得环保信息来提高环境意识。分析表明市民的文化程度、收入、职业等背景并不会从根本上影响他们的环境行为，但人们的环境意识对他们的环境行为起着相当大的作用。因此环境教育和环保宣传应作为提高公众环境意识的主要途径之一。     

城市生活垃圾收费制度在天津市市民中的认知度分析

通过对天津市六个小区居民关于天津市城市生活垃圾处理收费制度的认知度调查结果分析，得知天津市有44.1％的居民知道垃圾处理费收费制度，有39.8％的居民对收取垃圾处理费持赞成态度。分析结果认为，天津市应该加大力度进行环境教育，向居民宣传垃圾收费政策及其意义，并应着手进行垃圾定量收费的研究和试点工作，努力实现将生活垃圾资源化、减量化，减少垃圾的排放量，促进城市生态环境的可持续发展。     

生活垃圾资源化有效利用性分析

本文对生活垃圾资源化处理进行分析,垃圾中重金属的存在直接影响其有效利用,不断强化人们的环保意识,将分拣垃圾落实到实际行动中,生活垃圾能够变废为宝。     

宁波市居民生活垃圾适宜分类方法研究

采用随机问卷方式,调查了宁波市居民对现行垃圾分类方法的态度、可能的分类方法、实行垃圾分类后的行为方式等。结合我国生活垃圾分类行业标准及居民在实际垃圾分类过程中的行为方式,提出了适合宁波市的生活垃圾分类收集方案。其特点是,居民只需区分食物垃圾与非食物垃圾,而非食物垃圾集中运往分拣中心按行业标准进行分类或按回收企业要求进行进一步细分类。     

Urban garbage disposal and management in China

This paper, probing into the present situation of urban domestic garbage by analyzing its growing trend, compositional change and regional difference, reveals the problems existing in its disposul and management in China. Meanwhile, a questionnaire was conducted in five big cities around China for surveying urban residents‘ attitudes towards garbage disposal and management policies and measures. Results showed the outlmt of urban domestic garbage in Chinese cities is ever increasing, and the recoverable materials and energy in garbage composition are also increasing. The population growth, economic development, and increase of residents‘ expenditure level are the main factors influencing the growing output and changing composition of the garbage. Information acquired from the questionnaire showed that majority of the urban residentsare in favor d the garbage reduction policies and managerial measures and are willing to collaborate with municipal government in battling against gadbage. Based on the analysis and questionnaire, some policymaking-oriented suggestions such as operating the garbage disposal from a social welfare service to a sector of profit-gaining enterprises, transferring the garbage management from passive end control to active source control,promoting the classified garbage collection in cities around China, and charging garbage fees for its cleanup and disposal, have also been put forward in the paper.     

Gaps in provincial decision-maker’s perception and knowledge of climate change adaptation in China

The perspectives and knowledge of decision makers, especially those at the provincial level, have great impact on the progress of climate change adaptation in China. Therefore, identifying knowledge gaps and enhancing climate adaptation awareness of decision makers at that level is very important. Based on this aim, we conducted a survey of climate change adaptation awareness among 85 administrative and management personnel from governmental departments responsible for climate change adaptation planning in five provinces. Study findings revealed that over half of respondents have knowledge of climate change adaptation measures, but the extent of understanding varied across different adaptation aspects and regions. Among the different aspects, understanding of measures related to human health protection was the lowest. A large majority of respondents indicated an eagerness to obtain knowledge and information about climate change adaptation, but the main barrier is a lack of training and learning material. When making adaptation plans or policies, the greatest obstacle expressed was a funding shortage. Information generated from this study can provide direction and guidance for training and educating provincial decision makers in order to improve the levels of adaptation planning and policy making.     

Survey of willingness of residents to participate in electronic waste recycling in Nigeria – A case study of mobile phone recycling

Presently, large quantities of waste mobile phones are being generated in Nigeria with a significant proportion in storage. This paper investigated the behavior of consumers in Nigeria towards this waste stream and their willingness to participate in waste mobile phones recycling. This study also assessed the willingness of consumer's to pay for a more ‘environment friendlier’ phone – the so-called ‘green phone’. We performed a principal component analysis with varimax rotation in order to condense some of our questions into a smaller set of factors. We developed a model to estimate and explain the willingness to pay (WTP) a premium for ‘green’ cell phones. The model showed that the significant predictors of willingness to pay extra for green electronics include awareness and concern about the deteriorating environment, age, and the general attitude towards the environment. About 65% of the respondents are either ‘willing’ or ‘very willing’ to drop-off no-longer-in-use electronics at a nearby recycling facility. Majority of the respondents are also very willing to pay a premium for a green phone. Considering the increasing waste generation by this sector, it has become expedient that a recycling program be introduced for these potentially harmful waste materials.     

Non-market values of forest biodiversity and the impact of informing the general public: Insights from generalized multinomial logit estimations

Apart from the ethical argument around trade-off that individuals have to make between monetary and non-monetary value, application of stated preference method was exposed to another criticism related to the complexity of biodiversity issue and the capacity of the general public to provide accurate responses to willingness to pay elicitation survey. This paper tests how providing information about the ecological processes underlying forest management scenarios affects public preferences and their valuation of biodiversity in publicly owned forest land in France. The generalized multinomial logit models applied to choice experiment data suggests that all respondents adopt the same heuristics based on easily visible aspects of forest landscape, to reveal their use and nonuse values of biodiversity. However, when they receive additional ecological information, only those who are familiar with the biodiversity concept, have awareness of issues at stake, and have a regular use of forest tend to attach higher values to less known biodiversity component (fallen deadwood in this case). The paper concludes that “mass media campaign” has to be completed by environmental literacy programs, to improve people’s awareness and understanding of what biodiversity means from ecological functioning, then making economic valuation a useful tool from a conservation perspective.     

生活垃圾分类实践效果、问题与对策分析:以湖州市织里镇为例

为探究城镇生活垃圾分类的实践现状和存在问题,以浙江省湖州市织里镇为例,采用实地调研的方式开展研究。自2019年7月以来,织里镇采取"二定四分"的收集模式(其中,"二定"指定时和定点,"四分"指可回收垃圾、有害垃圾、易腐垃圾和其他垃圾)。2020年,织里镇易腐垃圾收集量达到22219.98 t,相比2018年增加了67.5%;其他垃圾的收集量为116493.92 t,比2018年减少了22%。生活垃圾分类行为使得织里镇易腐垃圾与其他垃圾的收集量呈负相关,干湿分类效果显著。织里镇针对特色服装行业所产生的废旧布条采取"因地制宜"的垃圾管理模式,实现固体废物的"分类投放、分类收集、分类运输、分类处置"。2020年分类收集废旧布条41100.07 t。然而在垃圾分类过程中发现干湿分离率不高、资源回收利用不足、有害垃圾的商业化运作有待提高等问题。结合当前现状,给出以下3点建议:1)提高公众垃圾干湿分类的责任意识;2)全面建立垃圾资源化标准体系;3)推行生产者责任制度,促进有害垃圾的商业化运作。     

基于干湿分类优化的城市生活垃圾收运处理系统研究

为解决"垃圾围城"困境,在充分考量我国城市生活垃圾特点、居民生活垃圾分类能力以及垃圾处理可行方案的前提下,提出以干湿分类为基础,并对干垃圾进行二次分类的城市生活垃圾分类体系。基于此分类体系,对既有生活垃圾收运处理系统的优化调整进行了探讨,提出优化调整原则。最后,以郑州市为例,给出了城市生活垃圾收运处理系统优化调整的具体方案,并证明了新的城市生活垃圾分类体系,以及对城市生活垃圾收运处理系统的优化调整,在提高垃圾资源化率和减少填埋量方面的有效性。     

Consumer response to integrated pest management and certification

This study investigated consumer awareness of integrated pest management (IPM) and the effects of two marketing strategies. Specific objectives were to find whether eastern Massachusetts farmstand and farmers' market customers purchasing sweet corn care how their food is grown, whether they are aware of IPM, whether they would prefer to buy IPM-certified sweet corn and why, and whether the marketing methods presently available to IPM-certified growers can enhance awareness of IPM. In 1993, the Massachusetts Department of Food and Agriculture in collaboration with the IPM Program at the University of Massachusetts began a pilot IPM certification program for sweet corn and strawberries, designated ‘Partners with Nature’ (PWN). This study compared a ‘passive’ and ‘active’ PWN marketing strategy with a control that did not have any PWN publicity. The passive strategy was simply display of a PWN certificate and poster. The active strategy also included newspaper advertisements, clear labeling of corn as IPM-certified at the point of selection, a PWN sticker placed on bags of corn at payment, personally thanking customers for ‘buying our IPM-certified sweet corn’, and IPM brochures available to customers. Thirty purchasers of IPM-grown corn were interviewed at each of six farmstands and six farmers' markets.The dominant reason why customers patronize farmstands and farmers' markets was convenience. As found by other northeastern surveys, awareness of IPM was low: only 19% had heard of IPM before the survey, and only 38% of these could mention a specific method used in IPM. Although 45% of the respondents initially said that they did not care how their food is grown, 85% said that they would prefer to buy IPM-certified sweet corn after hearing a short definition. The definition gave only environmental benefits, but 74% of the customers preferring IPM-certified corn said they would buy it because it is safer or healthier. Most of the respondents claimed that they would be willing to pay 10% more for IPM-certified corn. Simply displaying an IPM poster had no significant results on consumer preference for IPM-grown produce, but active marketing significantly raised awareness of IPM and the PWN program.This study demonstrated the willingness of customers to support IPM because they believe it will have positive consequences for human health and environmental quality. It is concluded that sweet corn marketing based on IPM certification positively influenced consumer reactions to IPM; and a more extensive, diverse marketing strategy would enhance consumer awareness and support.