典型海水淡化系统的水足迹评价

海水淡化是缓解我国水资源匮乏的有效方式之一。目前国内外主要关注海水淡化技术的成本和水质,缺乏对海水淡化水资源效益的量化评价。根据ISO水足迹理论,划定海水淡化量化边界,进行典型海水淡化工艺生产阶段清单分析,建立了海水淡化水足迹量化及评价方法。结果表明:低温多效蒸馏水稀缺足迹比反渗透水稀缺足迹高出3~4倍,2种工艺的海水淡化水稀缺足迹的关键影响因素均为电耗;反渗透工艺的水劣化足迹均低于低温多效蒸馏工艺海水淡化。因此,在样本范围内,反渗透工艺的水资源效益整体优于低温多效蒸馏工艺。水足迹评价研究结果揭示,海水淡化生产阶段的水资源消耗和水质影响,有助于引导海水淡化技术向提高水资源效益和降低能耗、消除水污染的方向发展,以期为海水资源科学开发利用提供技术支撑。     

淮南矿区高矿化度矿井水淡化工艺实例

为充分利用水资源,提高矿井水回用率,淮南矿区谢桥煤矿对高矿化度矿井水进行淡化处理。根据现场运行数据、现场试验,简述了高矿化度矿井水应用反渗透(RO)工艺过程和淡化技术要领。工程运行结果表明:反渗透工艺在煤矿高矿化度矿井水淡化处理中产生了良好的经济、社会和环境效益。     

中国高矿化度矿井水脱盐技术应用现状研究

详细介绍了中国主要的水处理脱盐技术,包括化学药剂法、离子交换法、蒸馏法、电渗析法、反渗透法,并列举了各技术在高矿化度矿井水处理中的应用实例。实际经验表明化学药剂法、离子交换法和蒸馏法在高矿化度矿井水处理中均具有一定的局限性,电渗析技术脱盐效率高,适用于处理含盐量在500 mg/L~4 000mg/L的矿井水,反渗透技术脱盐效率高,应用范围广,既能够处理含盐量4 000 mg/L以下的矿井水,也能够处理含盐量10 000 mg/L的矿井水,是现阶段中国高矿化度矿井水脱盐的主要技术。     

剩余污泥焚烧灰分磷回收及其技术进展

焚烧渐渐成为剩余污泥终极处理、处置方式,而焚烧产生的污泥灰分中又包括了污水中绝大部分（>90%）的磷.因此,从焚烧灰分中回收磷也为污水磷回收提供了最佳位点.从污泥灰分中回收磷已存在一些适用技术,但灰分中重金属含量对工艺选择有重要影响,这可能会限制灰分直接用作农作物肥料的可行性与价值.因此,磷提取并纯化是灰分磷回收的重要技术步骤,同时也需兼顾工艺经济成本与环境影响.为此,本文从磷提取与磷纯化角度总结了目前灰分磷回收技术的国际研发进展,涵盖生物法、湿式化学法和热化学法;分析比较了不同方法在技术经济、环境影响及适用灰分方面的差别.生物法行之有效、环境影响小,但完成磷回收时间漫长;湿式化学法研发、应用最为广泛,但对环境影响较大;与污泥焚烧统筹合建可使热化学法更具经济性.然而,3类不同技术工艺并不具有相互替代性,需根据灰分成分进行合理选择.此外,前端污水处理以及中端污泥前处理也应与末端灰分磷回收相结合,尽量避免过多化学药剂投加带来的污泥灰分金属含量增加.污泥单独焚烧亦是决定灰分磷回收效率的关键.欧洲政策已明显支持污泥焚烧并从灰分中回收磷,政策和做法值得我国借鉴、学习.     

苦咸水淡化处理方法探讨

针对苦成水的淡化水处理方法,分别介绍了不同方法的原理、试用性和优缺点。通过对各种方法的对比,采用反渗透膜法对不同古盐量的苦成水进行脱盐淡化处理,具有较强的适应性。膜分离技术中的反渗透法是较其他方法更为合理、有效的苦咸水淡化技术。     

印染废水反渗透脱盐系统运行性能及膜污堵特性

反渗透(RO)脱盐工艺对实现印染废水再生利用具有重要的意义.膜污堵却制约了RO工艺应用.对广东省某工业园区印染废水RO脱盐系统运行性能及膜污堵特性进行了研究.结果表明,印染废水生化处理出水经臭氧氧化-砂滤-超滤(UF)预处理后,RO进水COD平均浓度为12.4 mg·L~(-1),浊度1 NTU.RO系统脱盐率稳定在98%,RO产水高锰酸盐指数约为0.7 mg·L~(-1),浊度约为0.12 NTU.但RO系统运行3 a后,跨膜压差高达0.6 MPa,产水量下降至120 m~3·h~(-1),且不能通过化学清洗恢复,在RO膜面沉积了不可逆的污堵物.RO膜面的有机物占总污堵物干重的(53.5±0.2)%,无机物占(46.5±0.2)%,RO膜面有机污堵与无机污堵贡献相近.Si、Al与Ca是RO膜面主要的无机元素.碱液(Na OH溶液)对沉积在RO膜面的Si与Al及有机物提取效果较好.     

部分排水法快速评价阻垢剂的CaSO_4阻垢性能

反渗透膜结垢现象是脱盐过程中一个很严重的问题。目前,实验室研究没有可靠的方法用来评价结垢极限和阻垢剂效果。本实验将反渗透渗透液以部分排放的方式,通过测量过程中渗透液流量随回收率的变化建立了一个快速评价阻垢剂的方法。硫酸钙开始结垢时,饱和度、浊度、渗透系数等参数会发生突变,突降点可以用来确定回收率上限。文章通过这种方法评价了三种阻垢剂对硫酸钙的阻垢效果,并描述了膜表面的结垢过程。     

Life cycle cost (LCC) as a tool for improving sustainability in the Norwegian fishing fleet

Systems engineering principles in fisheries management may structure and improve the decision-making process. Sustainability in the fishing fleet is comprised of economic, environmental, and social dimensions. Even though the total system value may be constituted by economic factors and technical factors, non-market issues, such as environmental and social issues, have an increasingly important impact on the economic performance of a system or company. Life cycle cost (LCC) is related to the systems engineering process, because economic considerations are very important in the process of creating systems. LCC involves evaluation of all future costs related to the life cycle of a system. The main objective of this article is to discuss the usefulness of LCC as a method to enhance sustainable designs of fishing vessels for ship owners, and to improve the decision-bases for fisheries management.     

非常规天然气采出水处理现状及建议

介绍了非常规天然气采出水水质特点与回用要求,分析了预处理、二级处理、脱盐处理等单元的技术研究进展与潜在问题。分析认为:非常规天然气采出水水质复杂,呈现高COD、高TDS、高硬度、高氯化物等水质特征;针对有机物脱除难题,需进一步开发耐盐催化氧化技术、耐盐生化技术和高效抗污染膜浓缩新工艺;脱盐处理等单元应通过高级氧化工艺进一步降低有机物含量,促进浓缩结晶系统的稳定运行和结晶盐的资源化。     

Predictors of local support for a seawater desalination plant in a small coastal community

Seawater desalination is increasingly being pursued to address freshwater shortages. In California, multiple coastal seawater desalination facilities have been proposed to diversify water portfolios and to increase reliability of water supply. This paper explores local residents support for a newly constructed desalination plant in Carlsbad, a small coastal community in Southern California. The plant is the first high-capacity desalination facility in California and started operation in December 2015. We found strong support for the desalination plant as 71.9% of residents reported support for the plant. Only 15.5% of respondents were undecided indicating that residents had a clear opinion on the plant. Perceptions about local water resources were significant predictors of support. Attitudes may change over time if the state of water resources and perceptions thereof change. Expected outcomes of the plant also predicted support. An increase in available drinking water was a positive predictor, while environmental and social impacts were negative predictors. Economic impacts in terms of an increase in the price of water did not influence local support. Ethnicity and age were the only socio-demographic variables that had an effect on support suggesting that the socio-demographic profile of a community may not be a good predictor of community support or rejection of this water supply technology.     

焦化循环冷却排污水回用的中试研究

针对武钢焦化厂的循环冷却排污水,采用超滤-反渗透双膜工艺处理。经现场中试试验检验连续运行的可行性,并取得其运行参数和条件。试验结果表明,超滤出水的SDI<1.4,出水浊度在0.3 NTU以下,出水的水质均能满足反渗透进水要求。废水经双膜工艺处理后,系统脱盐率达98.0%以上,出水水质达到了循环冷却补充水的要求,实现废水的回用,减少了环境污染。     

Modelling scenarios towards a sustainable use of natural resources in Europe

Issues related to the unsustainable use of natural resources are currently high on the policy agenda both in Europe and in other world regions. A large number of studies assessed past developments of material use and resource productivities. However, little effort has so far been devoted to forecasting future patterns of natural resource use and to provide ex-ante assessments of environmental and economic effects of different resource policies. This paper presents results from the international research project “MOSUS” (Modelling opportunities and limits for restructuring Europe towards sustainability), which was designed to fill some of these research gaps. In this project, a global economy–energy model system was extended by a worldwide database on material inputs, in order to run three scenarios for European development up to the year 2020: a baseline scenario without additional policy intervention and two so-called “sustainability scenarios”, simulating the implementation of six packages of policy measures geared towards decoupling economic activity from material and energy throughput. These measures included, amongst others, taxes on CO₂ emissions and transport, measures to increase metal recycling rates, and a consulting programme to raise material productivity of industrial production. This paper presents the evaluation of the three scenarios with regard to the extraction of natural resources on the European and global level. In the baseline scenario, used domestic extraction within the EU remains roughly constant until 2020, while unused domestic extraction decreases (particularly overburden from mining activities). The stabilisation of domestic extraction, however, is accompanied by growing imports of material intensive products. This indicates that the material requirements of the European economy will increasingly be met through imports from other world regions, causing shifts of environmental pressures related to material extraction and processing away from Europe towards resource-rich countries. The implementation of the six sustainability policy measures applied in the sustainability scenarios results in a slight absolute reduction of domestic extraction in all European countries and significantly increased resource productivities. The results suggest that policy instruments aimed at raising eco-efficiency on the micro level can be conducive to economic growth. To limit rebound effects on the macro level, these instruments must, however, be accompanied by other policies influencing the prices of energy and materials. With regard to global resource use trends, the baseline scenario forecasts a significant growth of resource extraction, particularly in developing countries, reflecting the growing demand for natural resources of emerging economies such as China and India.     

海水淡化超滤-反渗透工艺沿程溴代消毒副产物变化规律

研究了海水淡化超滤-反渗透(UF-RO)工艺沿程有机物和溴代消毒副产物(Br-DBPs)变化特征.该海水中含有较高浓度的Br-(45.6~50.9 mg·L-1)和较多的芳香类化合物[比紫外吸收值SUVA为3.6~6.0 L·(mg·m)-1];色氨酸类芳香族蛋白质、富里酸类有机物和溶解性微生物代谢产物是海水中主要的荧光特征有机物.UF-RO工艺进水海水经Na Cl O消毒后,DBPs的种类和浓度显著增加,且增加的主要为Br-DBPs,其中三溴甲烷(CHBr3)占总三卤甲烷(THMs)的70.48%~91.50%,二溴乙酸(Br2CHCO2H)占总卤乙酸(HAAs)的81.14%~100%,二溴乙腈(C2HBr2N)占总卤乙腈(HANs)的83.77%~87.45%.UF膜对THMs、HAAs和HANs的去除率分别为36.63%~40.39%、73.83%~95.38%和100%.RO膜可以完全去除HAAs,但是对THMs不能完全去除.进水海水的抗雌激素活性为0.35~0.44 mg·L-1,氯消毒后增加了32%~69%.海水淡化UF-RO系统生成的DBPs和其他生物毒性物质最终被截留到了UF浓水和RO浓水中.     

Engineering and economic evaluation of gas recovery and utilization technologies at selected US mines

Methane liberated in underground coal mines is a severe safety hazard to miners. It is also a major contributor to the build-up of greenhouse gases in the global atmosphere. This report presents an engineering and economic evaluation of several methane recovery and end-use technologies which can remove, purify, and utilize methane from coal seams. The methane recovery technologies evaluated are widely applicable to US underground mines, and include conventional systems such as vertical extraction wells, gob area wells, horizontal boreholes, and cross-measure boreholes. More advanced and developmental technologies, such as the nitrogen injection process, have also been examined. Methane utilization technologies examined include the use of gas turbines for the generation of on-site power, compression and transport systems needed to sell the gas to a national distributor, and the generation of electrical power for off-site sale. The applicability and performance of each technology were assessed at nine representative coal mine sites, and the economic and emissions reduction performance between existing and alternative recovery operations were examined.     

污水再生处理反渗透系统进水膜污堵潜势评价方法及指标体系

由于污水中的有机物含量显著高于海水,因此污水再生处理反渗透（RO）系统面临比海水淡化RO系统更加严重的污堵问题。为了有效预测和控制RO膜的污堵,需要对RO系统进水污堵潜势进行全面评价。从颗粒物/胶体污堵、无机结垢、有机污堵和生物污堵4个方面,分析了目前RO系统理论研究和工程实践中常用的进水污堵潜势评价方法和指标体系的特点。针对颗粒物/胶体污堵和无机结垢,实际工程中的潜势评价与控制方法已经相对成熟。然而,目前污水再生处理RO系统的工程设计中尚无针对有机污堵和生物污堵的指标。现有研究表明,在污水再生处理RO系统中,当进水ρ（DOC）<4 mg/L时,RO膜的污堵速率显著降低,可将该数值作为RO系统进水水质设计的参考。除有机物总量外,还应综合考虑有机物分子量和亲疏水性-酸碱性等组分特性,大分子、疏水中性和酸性物质更容易沉积于RO膜面导致污堵。在生物污堵方面,现有的针对进水生物量和生物膜生长速率（BFR）的指标均不能有效反映进水的生物污堵潜势,因此,生物污堵的预防和控制,仍是未来RO系统污堵防控领域的研究重点。     

Environmental management accounting in Lithuania: exploratory study of current practices,opportunities and strategic intents

There is a growing consensus among the Lithuanian policy makers, practitioners and industrialists that environmental policy must move from a reactive stance to a more proactive, sustainable development approach. As a result, many companies are increasingly interested in the application of economic incentives at least as supplements or reinforcements of environmental standards.The Institute of Environmental Engineering (EU Centre of Excellence in Sustainable Industrial Development (APINI – SID)) in 1992–2003 has been involved in introduction and implementation of preventive environmental strategy in industry in Lithuania and in other countries. In Lithuania, these efforts resulted in the implementation of more than 200 cleaner production innovations in more than 150 Lithuanian companies. It should be stressed that effective plant maintenance is becoming a higher priority to plant managers. It is important to ensure cost-savings, at all levels, that include maximizing productivity and implementing energy-saving approaches. Effective and efficient maintenance are not just desirable, but fundamental to profitable business operations. Therefore, central to the environmental view of sustainable development is the concept that economic and social systems are sub-systems of the global environment.APINI's experience shows that decision-makers at the company level often fail to recognize the economic values of natural resources as assets as well as the business and financial value of good environmental performance. Therefore, there is a need to upgrade the business decision-making process by including information on material flows and related costs to account for efforts of sustainable development [Staniskis JK, Stasiskiene Z. Promotion of cleaner production investments: international experience. Journal of Cleaner Production 2002;11(6):619–28. ISSN: 0959-6526, Elsevier Science]. Decisions are increasingly affected by environmental costs. Application of environmental management accounting (EMA), which integrates two of the main principles of sustainable development – environment and economics, can help to significantly improve corporate decision-making.EMA is becoming increasingly important not only for environmental management decisions and development of environmental management systems (EMS), but also for all types of routine management activities, such as product and process design, cost allocation and control, capital budgeting, purchasing, product pricing and performance evaluation.Companies, which use EMA as a part of integrated management system, are provided with accurate and comprehensive information for the measurement and reporting of environmental performance.This paper investigates the current state of EMA practices in Lithuanian SMEs that have already been or are being implementing EMS and which have implemented CP innovations. In this case, EMA is analysed as an innovative assessment and evaluation method of EMS and CP innovation's environmental impacts and economic benefits. It should be stressed, that there are obvious differences in case studies from different industries. However, review of the results shows that there are many similarities in what improvements can be suggested for environmentally concerned companies both in terms of environmentally sound operation and for reporting of environmental management accounting information.     

利用藻类去除与回收工业废水中的金属

藻类对金属离子具有较强的富集能力，可作为生物吸附应用于工业污水中有毒、放射性金属的去除及稀有，贵重金属的回收，高效，经济、简便、选择性好，尤其适用于低浓度及一般方法不易去除的金属，是一种极有应用价值的传统方法的替代或辅助手段，藻类主要是通过生物吸附的途径去除及回收金属，多采用知细胞与固定化细胞两种富集体系。目前人类环境中金属污染仍相当严重，利用藻类富集这一生物工程技术处理含金属的工业污水，无论对于     

基于生命周期评价的页岩气开采返排-产出水处理技术选择

为探究页岩气开采废水(即返排-产出水)处理技术对环境生态的影响,针对页岩气开采废水的处理后内部回用以及达标排放两种管理模式,结合生命周期评价的理念,运用Simapro分析工具,创建LCA模型,对典型处理技术进行清单分析,评估处理技术中的资源、能源消耗和环境负荷,量化分析其对人群健康、生态环境质量和资源方面的影响,建立一种页岩气开采返排-产出水处理技术选择的评价方法.同时,以国内某页岩气田产出水处理工程为例,评估所选用处理技术的潜在环境影响.结果表明,内部回用模式下选用的混凝-絮凝处理技术对环境生态影响最小;达标排放模式下针对有机物去除,选用铁电极的电絮凝技术或曝气生物滤池对环境生态的影响较小.对于较低含盐量的开采废水的脱盐,选用的脱盐技术正渗透对环境的影响比反渗透小,但反渗透的脱盐效果更好.对于较高含盐量开采废水的脱盐,选用的多效蒸发-机械蒸汽再压缩技术对环境生态的影响较小.     

中小型反渗透系统处理高硬度水操作参数的优化

中小规模反渗透(RO)系统处理高硬度水时往往采用投加阻垢剂、降低回收率来减少碳酸钙在膜上结垢的风险,该系统操作参数主要是阻垢剂投加量和系统回收率。目前许多反渗透系统是凭借经验或生产厂家的建议来确定这2个参数,缺少科学、快速的求解方法。就这2个参数的确定提出了便捷办法。     

萃取法由废催化剂制取钼酸铵

用季胺盐作萃取剂，采用一级萃取回收废催化剂中的钼，其钼回收率可达９０％，反萃液可直接得到四钼酸铵，工艺简单，操作方便，具有显著的经济效益和一定的环境效益。