高温熔渣热资源回收技术发展及探讨

我国高温熔渣年产生量超过6亿t,其热资源价值巨大,但浪费情况严重。对干法粒化、化学法、冷却水余热利用、直接制备产品4种熔渣热能利用技术进行了论述探讨。熔渣热能回收技术的应用离不开熔渣资源利用,综合经济效益最大化是热能利用技术应用的关键因素。对于高温熔渣热回收技术建议如下:针对活性物料含量低的熔渣采用干法粒化、化学法进行热能回收;活性物料含量高的熔渣,在确保熔渣产品活性的条件下进行热能回收技术开发;因地制宜地进行冲渣冷却水余热利用;解决熔渣直接制备产品的关键工艺技术难点,提质降本;加强熔渣液固转变矿物结构变化过程的研究,实现固化渣的矿物组成调控。     

Water conservation through energy management

The objective of this paper is the simultaneous management of two important industrial resources – energy and water. A class of industrial processes where heat transfer is accompanied by mass transfer (water evaporation and condensation) are concerned, and special attention is given to them where the transfer of heat is a limiting stage. These processes are considered not in isolation but in integration with all related processes and subsystems. More specifically, the set of processes and subsystems include cooling systems, systems of contact economizers for flue gas energy recovery, scrubbers, direct steam heaters, driers, related systems of coolers and the heat exchanger networks. The proposed preliminary design procedure is based on concepts and tools related to Pinch technology especially modified for consideration of simultaneous heat and mass transfer. The manipulated parameters include process' latent and sensible heat loads and systems' structural changes with efficiency criteria allowing sacrifice of quantity for quality of performance. Two specific procedures allow targeting of maximum flue gas energy recovery and minimum temperature of cooling water providing guidance to structural design and system operation. The application of the proposed methodology is designed to achieve water conservation through minimization of water evaporation losses. Its significance is demonstrated through three popular industrial applications (a power station, a brewery and a tissue factory).     

大型磷酸－磷铵企业环境风险的防范

运用工程分析，物料衡算，综合判断等方法对大型磷酸－磷铵企业的重点污染风险因子进行筛选只别，根据磷石膏库暴雨满溢时氟化物对地表水环境的污染影响，含氟废气（事故）排放对大气环境及农作物的污染影响，氨贮罐泄漏及燃爆对大气环境及健康影响的风险评价结果，重点研究了磷酸－磷铵企业环境风险的防范措施。针对广西鹿化肥公司及国内同类厂的一般情况，提出了保证库周排洪导流沟渠通畅，建设备用磷石膏库等防止暴雨满溢污染地染地表水，改造磷酸尾气洗涤吸收系统防止含氟废气（事故）排放，加强氨系统的安全管理以杜绝氨泄漏等防范措施。     

采用新工艺处理延迟焦化冷焦水恶臭污染

延迟焦化装置冷焦水处理系统原采用半敞开式循环冷却工艺,焦炭塔顶高温溢流水进入冷焦热水罐及在凉水塔的冷却过程中,污水中含硫化氢的混合性气体加上罐内存有的有害气体逸放进入大气中,散发出强烈恶臭,严重污染周围环境.冷焦水密闭系统通过对冷焦水密闭控制,在冷焦热水罐顶增设胺液脱臭工艺,彻底解决了原来冷焦水恶臭污染环境这一难题.     

磷酸阳极化工艺在航空铝合金胶接领域应用进展

对比介绍了金属胶接常用表面处理工艺的特点及应用情况,着重讨论了PAA的工艺原理,并以国内航空制造企业典型PAA线为例,从装挂方式、碱清洗、脱氧处理、阳极化处理参数、水清洗等方面详细介绍了磷酸阳极化工艺生产线,分析了PAA工艺在实际生产应用过程中的控制重点,以期为航空铝合金表面磷酸阳极化技术的发展提供参考。最后提出实现PAA生产线全生命周期绿色环保节能的要求是国内学术界和产业界需共同攻关的难题。     

基于多属性决策方法的太原市冬季街道尘土中潜在有害元素关键来源解析

为解析太原市冬季街道尘土中潜在有害元素(PHEs)的关键污染来源,采集了40个街道尘土样本,使用电感耦合等离子体质谱和原子荧光光谱仪测定了尘土中As、 Cd、 Pb、 Ni、 Cr、 Cu和Zn这7种元素的含量.使用内梅罗综合危害指数法(NIRI)、美国环境保护署推荐的健康风险评估模型分别评价了尘土中PHEs造成的生态和居民健康风险;使用正定矩阵因子分解模型结合主成分分析法分析了尘土中PHEs的来源,并基于此计算了不同来源对尘土PHEs的总含量和PHEs造成风险的贡献程度;使用多属性决策方法(MADM)识别了街道尘土中PHEs的关键来源.结果表明：(1)太原市冬季尘土中ω(As)、ω(Cd)、ω(Pb)、ω(Ni)、ω(Cr)、ω(Cu)和ω(Zn)的平均值分别为17.92、0.32、69.10、30.06、107.74、73.37和268.49 mg·kg^-1,均超过了太原市土壤中相应元素的背景值,说明尘土中PHEs已经出现富集现象,尘土中PHEs的NIRI平均值为63.86,属于中度风险,处在可控状态;(2)尘土中PHEs造成的致癌和非致癌风险均低于阈值,表明...     

火电厂冷却池热污染治理初探

通过系统的模型试验,以色水为示踪剂模拟热水,探讨排、取水口分列式布置的三维时间连续点源如何采用工程设施转换成无限长二维面源,以利用水面热交换解决火电厂冷却池热污染的治理问题。给出了出流近区流速分布及流量沿程变化的近似计算式。此研究成果对挖掘冷却池散热潜力,增加电厂装机容量具有实用推广价值     

Integration studies on a two-stage fermentation process for the production of biohydrogen

Fermentation of biomass residues and second generation biomasses is potentially a way to enable a sustainable production of hydrogen. Simulation models which calculate mass and energy balances, developed with Aspen Plus^®, are used to integrate the process steps necessary to produce pure hydrogen from biomass in a 2-stage fermentation process. Process and heat integration are introduced to reduce the high water and heat demand of the process, connected to the low substrate concentrations in the involved process streams. The results show that the recirculation of process effluents, together with the use of properly designed heat exchangers, can reduce the water and heat demand up to 90% from a non-integrated process, but is also subject to restrictions due to an increase in osmolality in the system.     

两种柠檬酸生产工艺的清洁生产评价

以江苏某柠檬酸厂的实际生产为基础,对传统钙盐法和连续色谱法两种柠檬酸生产工艺进行了系统的清洁生产评价。结果表明:色谱法比钙盐法消耗的原材料少,排放的污染物也少。以此为基础,为柠檬酸行业的清洁生产提出了建议。     

吸附法处理有机物-金属复合污染体系的研究进展

严重的水体污染是我们急需解决的问题,而单一污染现象往往很少,更多的是复合污染。金属-有机物复合体系就是一种典型的复合污染现象。介绍了三种常见的有机物-金属复合污染现象,详细阐述了利用活性炭、天然材料以及高分子聚合物等材料吸附处理有机物-金属复合污染体系的研究进展。表明吸附法在净化微污染饮用水源水以及废水回用领域有着广泛的应用前景,既符合清洁生产、循环经济的理念,又能实现环境效益与经济效益的双赢。     

辽河水体有机污染来源判别

为探讨掌握辽河水体中有机物污染及污染水平,并通过典型有机物作为标志,进行污染来源判别。本研究采用气相色谱(GC-FID,GC-ECD)、气相色谱-质谱联机(GC-MS)技术对西辽河到红庙子12个点位的水样进行了四大类有机物分析。结果表明:辽宁省内河水石油烃类污染是非常明显且普遍的。辽河水污染是混合型的,工业含油废水排放,交通运输石油滴漏,城镇市政废水排放,工农业生产和家庭生活用煤作能源,热源等是主要污染来源。     

Material flows and environmental impacts of manufacturing systems via aggregated input–output models

Manufacturing processes may be viewed as operational units in the overall manufacturing/production system. Changes in technology, production patterns, and process settings are typically made at the process (unit) level. Very often, environmental problems are apparent when the manufacturing/production system is viewed as a whole (many units joined together). However, with the units aggregated to form a system, it is often difficult to identify the source of an environmental problem or judge the singular effect of changes to a process unit; the changes become lost in the complexity of the system as a whole. Recent efforts have employed input–output modeling to describe the flow of materials and the environmental consequences associated with manufacturing processes. A method is introduced for aggregating process-level material input–output models to form a combined material input–output model for a manufacturing system. The resulting model serves as a bridge between unit-level changes and broader system behaviors. The model form permits identification of opportunities for reducing environmental impacts at the process level (e.g., reduction of emissions, waste generation, and material use) and driving the system toward zero emissions based on an examination of the aggregated manufacturing system level model. Case studies are used to illustrate the application of the aggregated material input–output model to minimize waste and resource consumptions.     

水溶液性质与水污染控制工艺相互作用的重要性

从自然演化、人类活动、科学发展角度分析污废水的产生机制及其对天然水体溶液性质的影响,发现人类迁徙的城镇化以及工农业生产的效率约束导致污废水与天然径流之间的矛盾,使生态水体呈现出由地表纯净水向水质污染方向的功能转化,扰动了元素/化合物在地球表面或水体界面的离心与向心迁移的平衡,明确了水体界面或水圈作为物质地球循环中转站/转运站的原理机制。隐藏在各种水处理工艺原理中的物理、化学、物化、生化等丰富功能能够解决中转站中所积累的矛盾,所以,集合溶液性质与污废水处理工艺原理之间的对应关系及其技术应用将构成更加完备和潜在的水工业,所提出的水溶液性质概念同样适用于给水与纯净水的生产与管理。针对有毒/难降解的工业有机废水,如煤化工行业焦化废水,在前端工艺清洁生产的基础上,需要把产品资源回收、性质互补利用、水量循环机制作为共性目标,把低能耗与物耗、关键污染物去除以及明确环境风险归趋作为污染控制工艺选择的依据,同时要求全过程产生低的二次污染如碳排放等。基于水溶液性质的改变及其过程演变的探究将拓宽水污染控制的工艺理论与技术边界。水污染控制与水环境保护相结合的水工业全过程追求技术、经济与社会目标的一致,争取得到绿色、低碳、循环等生态目标的响应,即生活、生产、生态"三位一体"的协调发展。     

连铸钢坯二冷段喷嘴性能的实验研究

根据非稳态传热学原理,通过对大试样进行单侧加热,另一侧喷水的实验方法,对连铸二冷段喷嘴的热态性能进行了实验研究。根据实际生产条件,对不同喷水压力和不同喷水距离下,喷嘴传热系数关系进行了研究;实验结果表明:相同实验条件下,水喷嘴的传热系数高于气水喷嘴,而在均匀冷却方面,气水喷嘴更具有优势;无论哪一种喷嘴,随着喷水压力的增加,总体趋势传热系数都在增大,而随着喷水距离的增加,传热系数都在降低;同时,相同实验条件下,双喷嘴的冷却效果优于单喷嘴的冷却效果。     

Major environmental and ecotoxicological processes of heavy metals in Lean River polluted by discharges from mining activities

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Technological options for waste minimisation in the mining industry

Just as the application of technology in mining processes can cause pollution, it can also be harnessed to minimise, and sometimes eliminate, mine-related contaminants. Waste minimisation can be achieved through decreased waste production, waste collection, waste recycling, and the neutralisation of pollutants into detoxified forms. This article reviews examples of how technology can be used to minimise air, water, land and noise pollution in the mining industry.     

地沟油脱胶工艺条件优化

研究地沟油的脱胶工艺,比较了磷酸脱胶、水脱胶和磷酸-水联合脱胶3种方法的脱胶效果,考察了脱胶温度、磷酸用量、酸化时间、水用量和水化时间对磷酸-水联合脱胶效果的影响,并通过正交试验对其脱胶条件进行了优化。结果表明,磷酸脱胶、水脱胶和磷酸-水联合脱胶的脱胶率分别为8.78%、68.18%和79.32%;磷酸-水联合脱胶的最优脱胶条件为:脱胶温度60℃,磷酸用量0.1%,酸化时间40 min,水用量3%,水化时间30 min,在此条件下,脱胶率为96.70%。因此,磷酸-水联合脱胶可除去地沟油中的胶体,达到生物柴油原料的要求。     

Synthesis of batch water network for a brewery plant

This paper presents an industrial application of mixed-integer nonlinear programming (MINLP) models for the optimisation of a water network, which was initiated by an integral need for cleaner production within a brewery. Several mathematical models were developed in order to reduce the use of freshwater, whilst considering the specific requirements of each particular production section. These models are based on the design method developed by Kim and Smith [1]. The original formulation is modified to enable efficient integration of discontinuous and semi-continuous water-using processes in the packaging area. Semi-continuous processes are treated as water sources of limited capacity. The option of installing storage tanks for semi-continuous water streams is included in the model, in order to re-use these streams during the shutdown periods of semi-continuous operations. The original model is additionally extended with the option of installing local (on-site) wastewater treatment units operating either in batch or semi-continuous modes. This enables the analysing of opportunities for regeneration re-use within the production area, i.e. the brewhouse with a cellar, because of high contaminant concentrations at these sites. The scheduling of batch wastewater treatment units is performed simultaneously in order to adjust the treatment schedule to a fixed schedule of batch processes.     

层次分析-灰色关联分析法评价黄姜皂素生产工艺

运用层次分析-灰色关联分析法评价了6种黄姜皂素生产工艺. 用层次分析法确定了12项指标〔酸耗系数、水耗系数、能耗系数、单位产品废水COD_Cr产生量、废气产生量、固体废物产生量、污染物处理效果、环保成本(年环境代价/产品年产量)、环境系数(年环境代价/年产值)、成本投资、运行费用和资源综合利用收益)〕的权重,其中水耗系数、废水COD_Cr产生量、酸耗系数的权重分别为0.216、0.189、0.167,排在前三位,对评价结果影响较大. 通过专家打分、构造决策矩阵等步骤计算不同工艺指标列与最优指标集数据列的关联度,得到6种生产工艺的综合排序. 微波破壁-甲醇提取法的关联度为0.879,为最优工艺;直接分离法、直接分离-板框压滤法、糖化-膜分离回收-酸水解法的关联度分别为0.874、0.803、0.701,依次位列微波破壁-甲醇提取法之后. 直接酸水解法、自然发酵-酸水解法的关联度分别为0.530、0.410,排在最后,建议淘汰. 评价结果可望为黄姜皂素行业的健康发展、水污染防治等方面提供一定依据.      

地表水源环保型太阳能吸收式空调系统

文章提出了一种新型环保型太阳能吸收式制冷空调系统。首次提出把太阳能制冷机的集热器安装在河流上,把冷凝器、吸收器浸泡在河水中;利用水的自然对流,与冷凝盘管中的制冷剂发生对流换热;节能又节约了水资源。应用制冷理论,对集热面积为180m2的空调系统进行了性能分析及环境效益评价,结果表明:空调系统比电压缩式空调系统可节约运行费用13595.6元/a;寿命期减少CO2总排放量275.4t,对环境空气温度无影响,缓减了城市热岛效应,节省了引发热岛效应的附加能耗约29%,节能及环境效应显著;性能系数比冷却水塔式太阳能吸收式空调系统高6.1%。