垃圾焚烧余热发电的环境保护措施

在某垃圾焚烧余热发电厂的设计过程中，发现垃圾电厂对环境的污染影响比一般的火力发电厂要复杂。针对这一情况，介绍了该类电厂的工艺特点及其运行过程中的三废排放、治理措施，希望从多角度关注此类电厂的环境保护问题。     

综合评选FGD技术专家系统的研制

运用模糊决策方法和推理机原理，研制了电厂选择合适的烟气脱硫技术的专家系统，并实现了系统的软件化。用该系统对几个电厂的烟气脱硫技术选择过程进行了模拟测试，测试结果与实际情况较为吻合，初步证明了本系统的可用性和适用性。     

燃煤电厂灰场环评技术评估中存在的问题与建议

在比较我国一般工业固体废物贮存处置场、生活垃圾填埋、危险废物贮存和危险废物填埋污染控制标准的基础上,结合欧共体和德国对固体废物的分类和填埋要求、德国灰场的防渗实例和我国燃煤电厂实际运行灰场对地下水的环境影响,分析了《一般工业固体废物贮存、处置场污染控制标准》(GB 18599-2001)存在的问题,并建议在干灰场环评技术评估中,燃煤电厂的灰渣和脱硫石膏除非按GB 5086规定方法进行浸出试验获得的浸出液中第一类污染物超过GB 8978最高允许排放浓度外,均应按第I类一般工业固体废物处理;同时对燃煤电厂的干灰场场址选择等方面的环保要求提出了建议.     

燃煤电厂炉内喷钙烟气脱硫高温测试技术的研究及探讨

在盐城电厂125机组8号炉上，进行炉内温度场测试，为南京下关电厂125MW改建工程装设炉内喷钙增湿脱硫装置提供选择喷粉位置数据，以及探索炉内温度场的测试与计算方法。     

电厂水务一体化模式在热电厂设计中的应用

通过对白城热电厂电厂化学优化设计方案进行经济技术比较，分析了电厂水务一体化设计模式在电厂设计中的优势，并对优化方案中北方寒冷地区热电厂设计中的生水加热器的选择问题进行了一些探讨。     

国外用活性炭清洁烟气的新发展

长期以来用于处理废水的活性炭不久可能在电厂广泛用作烟气处理的清洁剂。因为焦炭来源于煤,所以在燃煤电厂中会发展成终端闭环技术。欧洲有许多烧垃圾的动力厂(WTE)用活性炭减少气相汞、气相或附于细粒上的     

苏州市生活垃圾分类实践及思考

介绍了苏州市生活垃圾"近期大分流、远期细分类"的分类模式,以及垃圾分类的政策法规体系、收运体系和终端处置体系,提出关于垃圾分类对垃圾减量的贡献、厨余垃圾分类的必要性和可行性、垃圾分类的主要推动力及垃圾分类模式选择的思考和建议。     

不同场景下社区垃圾分类计量技术的选择

通过对社区垃圾投放环节和运输中转环节的可用计量器具进行梳理,总结出不同场景下适宜的垃圾分类计量方式,为垃圾分类称重计量技术的选择提供参考。     

西藏拉萨市区生活垃圾分类现状及建议

生活垃圾合理有效地处理处置是城镇健康持续发展的前提。由于垃圾是"放错地方的资源",在目前垃圾末端处理处置压力之大的背景下,垃圾分类成为实现城镇垃圾最大限度资源化和减量化的首要途径和最佳选择。通过文献查阅、实地调研、咨询访谈等方法,分析了拉萨市区生活垃圾分类现状和存在的主要问题,并借鉴国内外生活垃圾分类成功经验和启示,结合拉萨市区实际,提出垃圾分类实施对策建议,为拉萨市区乃至西藏其他城镇实施生活垃圾分类工作提供决策参考。     

基于二手书交易平台校园纸质垃圾回收利用研究

随着当代经济的快速发展,纸质垃圾分类在生活中也愈发重要。在大学校园内,多数可回收纸质垃圾未能实现重复利用。针对此类现状,选择在校园内放置纸质垃圾回收箱,并创建关于二手书交易的公众号平台,以线上线下的方式普及纸质垃圾分类的相关知识。完备的线下回收体系和公众号的运营相辅相成,促进了校园纸质垃圾的高效回收和利用。     

Life cycle assessment of solid refuse fuel production from MSW in Korea

Solid refuse fuel (SRF) produced from waste materials is a promising fuel that can be utilized for energy recovery in industries. This study considered both characterization and weighting modeling as life cycle assessment (LCA) results. This study aimed to analyze the flows of materials and energy and to evaluate the environmental impact of SRF plants using LCA and compared them with an incineration plant. Based on the results of material and energy flow analysis, SRF products had various energy potentials depending on the treatment method of municipal solid waste (MSW) and replaced the current fossil fuels by SRF combustion. Global impacts were mainly influenced by energy consumption, especially drying methods in the production of SRF, and affected the results of the weighting analysis. The SRF plant with a bio-drying option was evaluated as the best effective practice in the weighting analysis. The LCA results in this study indicated 0.021–9.88 points according to drying methods for SRF production and 1.38 points for incineration. In the sensitivity analysis, the environmental impact of SRF production was found to be significantly affected by the drying methods for MSW and the utilization of fossil energy. Thus, improvement of the drying options could significantly reduce the environmental impact.     

Life cycle assessment of a packaging waste recycling system in Portugal

Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) has been used to assess the environmental impacts associated with an activity or product life cycle. It has also been applied to assess the environmental performance related to waste management activities. This study analyses the packaging waste management system of a local public authority in Portugal. The operations of selective and refuse collection, sorting, recycling, landfilling and incineration of packaging waste were considered. The packaging waste management system in operation in 2010, which we called “Baseline” scenario, was compared with two hypothetical scenarios where all the packaging waste that was selectively collected in 2010 would undergo the refuse collection system and would be sent directly to incineration (called “Incineration” scenario) or to landfill (“Landfill” scenario). Overall, the results show that the “Baseline” scenario is more environmentally sound than the hypothetical scenarios.     

Life cycle assessment of sewage sludge co-incineration in a coal-based power station

A life cycle assessment was conducted to evaluate the environmental and economic effects of sewage sludge co-incineration in a coal-fired power plant. The general approach employed by a coal-fired power plant was also assessed as control. Sewage sludge co-incineration technology causes greater environmental burden than does coal-based energy production technology because of the additional electricity consumption and wastewater treatment required for the pretreatment of sewage sludge, direct emissions from sludge incineration, and incinerated ash disposal processes. However, sewage sludge co-incineration presents higher economic benefits because of electricity subsidies and the income generating potential of sludge. Environmental assessment results indicate that sewage sludge co-incineration is unsuitable for mitigating the increasing pressure brought on by sewage sludge pollution. Reducing the overall environmental effect of sludge co-incineration power stations necessitates increasing net coal consumption efficiency, incinerated ash reuse rate, dedust system efficiency, and sludge water content rate.     

Life cycle assessment of bagasse waste management options

Bagasse is mostly utilized for steam and power production for domestic sugar mills. There have been a number of alternatives that could well be applied to manage bagasse, such as pulp production, conversion to biogas and electricity production. The selection of proper alternatives depends significantly on the appropriateness of the technology both from the technical and the environmental points of view. This work proposes a simple model based on the application of life cycle assessment (LCA) to evaluate the environmental impacts of various alternatives for dealing with bagasse waste. The environmental aspects of concern included global warming potential, acidification potential, eutrophication potential and photochemical oxidant creation. Four waste management scenarios for bagasse were evaluated: landfilling with utilization of landfill gas, anaerobic digestion with biogas production, incineration for power generation, and pulp production. In landfills, environmental impacts depended significantly on the biogas collection efficiency, whereas incineration of bagasse to electricity in the power plant showed better environmental performance than that of conventional low biogas collection efficiency landfills. Anaerobic digestion of bagasse in a control biogas reactor was superior to the other two energy generation options in all environmental aspects. Although the use of bagasse in pulp mills created relatively high environmental burdens, the results from the LCA revealed that other stages of the life cycle produced relatively small impacts and that this option might be the most environmentally benign alternative.     

利用垃圾焚烧发电技术与环境污染防控措施

大连利用生活垃圾焚烧发电,在消除污染的同时发展新能源,促进循环经济发展,具有较好的社会、环境和经济效益。简要介绍垃圾焚烧原理、工艺流程和技术特点,二恶英类污染物预防控制措施,以及焚烧灰渣无害化处理处置措施等,与国内同行交流、借鉴。     

Economic assessment and energy model scenarios of municipal solid waste incineration and gas turbine hybrid dual-fueled cycles in Thailand

Finding environmentally benign methods related to sound municipal solid waste (MSW) management is of highest priority in Southeast Asia. It is very important to study new approaches which can reduce waste generation and simultaneously enhance energy recovery. One concrete example of particular significance is the concept of hybrid dual-fuel power plants featuring MSW and another high-quality fuel like natural gas. The hybrid dual-fuel cycles provide significantly higher electrical efficiencies than a composite of separate single-fuel power plant (standalone gas turbine combined cycle and MSW incineration). Although hybrid versions are of great importance for energy conversion from MSW, an economic assessment of these systems must be addressed for a realistic appraisal of these technologies. This paper aims to further examine an economic assessment and energy model analysis of different conversion technologies. Energy models are developed to further refine the expected potential of MSW incineration with regards to energy recovery and environmental issues. Results show that MSW incineration can play role for greenhouse gas reduction, energy recovery and waste management. In Bangkok, the electric power production via conventional incineration and hybrid power plants can cover 2.5% and 8% of total electricity consumption, respectively. The hybrid power plants have a relative short payback period (5 years) and can further reduce the CO₂ levels by 3% in comparison with current thermal power plants.     

Energy recovery from municipal waste: a case study for a middle-sized Italian district

This paper reports the main outcome of research to compare and assess the merits of alternative strategies for energy recovery from municipal solid waste downstream of material recovery for an Italian province. Strategies analysed are based on well-established combustion technologies available at the commercial scale in the Italian market in comparison with an innovative but not yet proven option of refuse derived fuel gasification and subsequent co-combustion of syngas in a combined cycle power plant. The comparison is made using mass and energy balances, environmental assessment and economic analysis. From an energetic point of view, the best strategy is the one based on the refuse derived fuel gasification, which, on the contrary, does not show interesting environmental results. In this perspective, the best results are from strategies based on a dedicated plant, particularly when unsorted residual waste collected downstream of material recovery is used. Finally, from an economic point of view, the strategy with gasification allows the highest revenues from the sale of energy.     

发达国家垃圾焚烧发电经验及借鉴

介绍了发达国家垃圾焚烧发电技术,其具有较好的社会、环境和经济效益,提出我国应借鉴发达国家经验,从技术、管理、政策方面加强垃圾焚烧发电工作。     

Evaluation of environmental impacts from municipal solid waste management in the municipality of Aarhus, Denmark (EASEWASTE).

A new computer based life cycle assessment model (EASEWASTE) was used to evaluate a municipal solid waste system with the purpose of identifying environmental benefits and disadvantages by anaerobic digestion of source-separated household waste and incineration. The most important processes that were included in the study are optical sorting and pre-treatment, anaerobic digestion with heat and power recovery, incineration with heat and power recovery, use of digested biomass on arable soils and finally, an estimated surplus consumption of plastic in order to achieve a higher quality and quantity of organic waste to the biogas plant. Results showed that there were no significant differences in most of the assessed environmental impacts for the two scenarios. However, the use of digested biomass may cause a potential toxicity impact on human health due to the heavy metal content of the organic waste. A sensitivity analysis showed that the results are sensitive to the energy recovery efficiencies, to the extra plastic consumption for waste bags and to the content of heavy metals in the waste. A model such as EASEWASTE is very suitable for evaluating the overall environmental consequences of different waste management strategies and technologies, and can be used for most waste material fractions existing in household waste.     

Co-gasification of solid waste and lignite - a case study for Western Macedonia

Co-gasification of solid waste and coal is a very attractive and efficient way of generating power, but also an alternative way, apart from conventional technologies such as incineration and landfill, of treating waste materials. The technology of co-gasification can result in very clean power plants using a wide range of solid fuels but there are considerable economic and environmental challenges. The aim of this study is to present the available existing co-gasification techniques and projects for coal and solid wastes and to investigate the techno-economic feasibility, concerning the installation and operation of a 30MW(e) co-gasification power plant based on integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) technology, using lignite and refuse derived fuel (RDF), in the region of Western Macedonia prefecture (WMP), Greece. The gasification block was based on the British Gas-Lurgi (BGL) gasifier, while the gas clean-up block was based on cold gas purification. The competitive advantages of co-gasification systems can be defined both by the fuel feedstock and production flexibility but also by their environmentally sound operation. It also offers the benefit of commercial application of the process by-products, gasification slag and elemental sulphur. Co-gasification of coal and waste can be performed through parallel or direct gasification. Direct gasification constitutes a viable choice for installations with capacities of more than 350MW(e). Parallel gasification, without extensive treatment of produced gas, is recommended for gasifiers of small to medium size installed in regions where coal-fired power plants operate. The preliminary cost estimation indicated that the establishment of an IGCC RDF/lignite plant in the region of WMP is not profitable, due to high specific capital investment and in spite of the lower fuel supply cost. The technology of co-gasification is not mature enough and therefore high capital requirements are needed in order to set up a direct co-gasification plant. The cost of electricity estimated was not competitive, compared to the prices dominating the Greek electricity market and thus further economic evaluation is required. The project would be acceptable if modular construction of the unit was first adopted near operating power plants, based on parallel co-gasification, and gradually incorporating the remaining process steps (gas purification, power generation) with the aim of eventually establishing a true direct co-gasification plant.