水体中汞的转化与毒性

本文分析了自然水体中汞的存在形式，揭示了不同水体中pH、CI^-和腐殖酸浓度的变化对汞存在形式的影响。定量分析了甘贡、氢氧化汞、腐殖酸汞的毒性，提出了综合评价水体中汞化合物毒性的计算方法和分析方法。     

纳米CuO在水体环境中的转化行为及其对大型溞的毒性效应

为探究纳米CuO颗粒(CuO NP)在水体中的环境暴露风险,考察了腐殖酸(SRHA)和酸根离子对CuO NP转化行为的影响,探讨了CuO NP在不同条件下转化对大型溞的毒性效应差异.结果表明,与单独水体中CuO NP的转化行为相比,H₂PO^-₄显著促进了CuO NP释放Cu²⁺,Cl^-、NO^-₃、SO₄^2-对CuO NP的转化行为没有显著影响,而CO₃^2-、HCO^-₃、PO₄^3-、HPO₄^2-抑制了CuO NP中Cu²⁺的释放;SRHA显著促进了CuO NP释放Cu²⁺,但HCO^-₃、PO₄^3-     

汞和农药安绿宝对四膜虫的毒性

采用梨形四膜虫为实验生物评价了汞离子和安绿宝农药的毒性。结果表明,随着H~(2+)和安绿宝浓度的增高,梨形四膜虫细胞的增长繁殖明显降低。24b最低影响浓度Hg~(2+)为0.001mg/L,安绿宝为0.01mg/L,48h最低影响浓度同24h。在高浓度下,四膜虫的毒性效应为细胞变形,缩小和运动异常,甚至仑部致死。用个体计数法和透光度法判断Hg~(2+)和女绿宝的毒性结果一致。梨形四膜虫是一种非常好的实验生物。     

水体中形态汞的分析

分析了天然水体中汞的存在形态,介绍了汞的分离富集技术,评述了汞的各种测定方法。     

不同腐殖酸物质对土壤中汞的固定作用及植物吸收的影响

通过盆栽试验研究了不同腐殖酸物质对土壤有机结合态汞、全汞含量及土壤汞生物有效性的影响.结果表明,不同供试腐殖酸物质可以显著增加土壤中有机结合态汞和残留在土壤中汞的含量,降低土壤中汞的挥发量,从而有效降低土壤汞的生物有效性.与加入HgCl2但不施加腐殖酸物质的对照CK2相比,添加腐殖酸钠、提纯后的煤基腐殖酸、土壤腐殖酸、氨化风化煤、风化煤、褐煤、泥炭的处理中油菜对土壤中汞的吸收量分别降低了73.62%、71.11%、63.39%、40.05%、33.61%、22.26%、5.66%.     

汞、镉对水螅细胞重聚体的毒性及其分析

应用HgCl_2、CdCl_2对水螅细胞重聚体进行了毒性作用的研究。结果表明,Hg~(2+)、Cd~(2+)使其重聚体细胞解离的起始浓度为0.2ppm、5ppm。重聚体解离的时间与Hg~(2+)、Cd~(2+)的浓度密切相关。因此,有可能根据水螅细胞重聚体的变化应用于水生毒理学的检测和评估。     

大气汞在土壤中转化及其与土壤汞富集的相关性

通过现场调查与模拟试验相结合的方法，研究了大气汞对土壤汞富集的影响及其进入土壤后的形态转化。     

汞在腐殖酸上的吸附与解吸特征

采用间歇法研究了汞在腐殖酸两组分（富里酸FA、胡敏酸HA）上的吸附－解吸量和动力学特征以及介质pH的影响，结果表明,腐殖酸对汞的吸附容量以FA＞HA，吸附强度以HA＞FA，从而使得解吸量以FA－Hg＞HA－Hg，腐殖酸与汞的吸附和解吸动力学，用Evolich方程描述最佳，且FA对汞的吸附速率和解吸速率都高于HA，在pH15．5以下，介质pH的升高利于腐殖酸更快地吸附更大量的汞，咀更难以解吸。     

电化学反应器对水中离子去除转化的试验研究

为了开发一种设备简单,操作容易,功能多,成本低的水和废水处理工艺,利用以铁板为电极,按混合联结的电化学反应器处理废水。结果表明,对pH值为3～6的水可中和至7,硬度可降低45.5％左右,水中阴离子SO^2－₄及Cl_－的去除率分别达48.6％和17.8％,重金属总Cr、Hg、Zn、Pb、Cd的去除率分别达25.7％,59.5％,57.4％,79.8％和100％。该电化学反应器特别适用于乡镇企业或其它小水量用户。     

饮用水含氮与含碳消毒副产物的生成潜能及其毒性

消毒副产物生成潜能测试常用于表征水中消毒副产物的前体物含量.不同于三氯甲烷等含碳消毒副产物,二卤代乙腈(DHANs)与二卤代乙酰胺(DHAcAms)等含氮消毒副产物在氯消毒的余氯存在下易分解,并且在氯胺消毒过程中可由氯胺提供氮源生成,因此常用于含碳消毒副产物的生成潜能测试方法(如Krasner提出的测试法)可能无法有效...     

某市供水藻类污染及其毒性研究

藻类是反映水体富营养化最常用的生物监测指标.为弄清某城市供水水体的藻类污染状况,对该市主要供水水源的藻类进行了为期1年6次监测,并提取冷冻干藻细胞中的毒素成份进行生物学检测.结果发现,该市水源均受到藻类不同程度的污染,主要检测到4类藻.干藻细胞提取物经小鼠腹腔注射,发现具有肝毒性,其半数致死剂量为68.39-114.02mg干藻细胞/kg体重.建议今后将藻类作为水质监测的一个常规指标,为合理选择水源提供依据.     

Fish forewarning of comprehensive toxicity in water environment based on Bayesian sequential method

Environmental impact of pollutants can be analyzed effectively by acquiring fish behavioral signals in water with biological behavior sensors. However, a variety of factors, such as the complexity of biological organisms themselves, the device error and the environmental noise, may compromise the accuracy and timeliness of model predictions. The current methods lack prior knowledge about the fish behavioral signals corresponding to characteristic pollutants, and in the event of a pollutant invasion, the fish behavioral signals are poorly discriminated. Therefore, we propose a novel method based on Bayesian sequential, which utilizes multi-channel prior knowledge to calculate the outlier sequence based on wavelet feature followed by calculating the anomaly probability of observed values. Furthermore, the relationship between the anomaly probability and toxicity is analyzed in order to achieve forewarning effectively. At last, our algorithm for fish toxicity detection is verified by integrating the data on laboratory acceptance of characteristic pollutants. The results show that only one false positive occurred in the six experiments, the present algorithm is effective in suppressing false positives and negatives, which increases the reliability of toxicity detections, and thereby has certain applicability and universality in engineering applications.     

利用主动和被动采样技术和发光菌毒性测试评价水中有机污染物的毒性

提出利用能够模拟生物吸收过程的半渗透膜采样技术(SPMD)富集疏水性有机污染物,然后进行生物毒性测试．这一方法在原理上不同于传统主动富集．生物毒性测试技术体系,能够模拟生物富集和产生毒性的过程．用三油酸脂半渗透膜采样技术对洋河和北京市高碑店污水处理厂水样进行富集,并采用海洋发光菌P．phosphoreum T3和青海弧菌V．qinghainesis Q67发光菌对原水样和经过富集的水中有机污染物进行毒性测试．研究结果表明,洋河水中存在导致急性毒性的有机物,主要来自宣化工业区,以取代苯类化合物(如：硝基芳烃)为主,相比于此类物质,持久性有机污染物对急性毒性的贡献不大．对高碑店污水厂进行的实验表明,用发光菌方法直接测定污水,很难解释急性毒性变化规律．而采用SPMD技术富集水中有机污染物后进行毒性测试,结果和化学分析数据相当吻合．结合SPMD的优点,推荐用该方法作为环境有机有毒污染物毒性监测和生态风险评价的样品前处理手段．     

Formation and control of disinfection byproducts and toxicity during reclaimed water chlorination: A review

Chlorination is essential to the safety of reclaimed water; however, this process leads to concern regarding the formation of disinfection byproducts (DBPs) and toxicity. This study reviewed the formation and control strategies for DBPs and toxicity in reclaimed water during chlorination. Both regulated and emerging DBPs have been frequently detected in reclaimed water during chlorination at a higher level than those in drinking water, indicating they pose a greater risk to humans. Luminescent bacteria and Daphnia magna acute toxicity, anti-estrogenic activity and cytotoxicity generally increased after chlorination because of the formation of DBPs. Genotoxicity by umu-test and estrogenic activity were decreased after chlorination because of destruction of toxic chemicals. During chlorination, water quality significantly impacted changes in toxicity. Ammonium tended to attenuate toxicity changes by reacting with chlorine to form chloramine, while bromide tended to aggravate toxicity changes by forming hypobromous acid. During pretreatment by ozonation and coagulation, disinfection byproduct formation potential (DBPFP) and toxicity formation potential (TFP) occasionally increase, which is accompanied by DOC removal; thus, the decrease of DOC was limited to indicate the decrease of DBPFP and TFP. It is more important to eliminate the key fraction of precursors such as hydrophobic acid and hydrophilic neutrals. During chlorination, toxicities can increase with the increasing chlorine dose and contact time. To control the excessive toxicity formation, a relatively low chlorine dose and short contact time were required. Quenching chlorine residual with reductive reagents also effectively abated the formation of toxic compounds.     

润滑油对蒙古裸腹溞的急慢性毒性效应

为了解石油烃污染对水生生物生长、繁殖和发育的影响,采用实验生态学方法研究了润滑油对蒙古裸腹溞Moina mongolica的急性毒性和慢性毒性。结果表明:润滑油对蒙古裸腹溞的24 h LC₅₀、48 h LC₅₀、72 h LC₅₀和96 h LC₅₀分别为7.98 mg/L、5.81 mg/L、4.99 mg/L和3.04 mg/L,安全浓度为0.92 mg/L。润滑油浓度18 mg/L时,蒙古裸腹溞的存活时间最短、存活率最低,但在其他试验浓度下没有明显的变化规律,其种群增长参数也没有体现出明显的变化规律,说明润滑油对蒙古裸腹溞毒性相对较弱。     

Photo-Fenton法降解水中新型污染物双氯芬酸及降解产物的毒性评价

研究了photo-Fenton反应对非甾体抗炎药双氯芬酸的降解和矿化.同时,探讨了H2O2、Fe2+初始浓度、pH值等因素对photo-Fenton反应的影响,确定了最佳操作条件,并进行了各种氧化法的比较.结果表明,对于UV/H2O2/Fe2+反应系统下双氯芬酸的降解,其降解速率受到反应条件的强烈影响.双氯芬酸初始浓度为20mg·L-1时,适宜操作条件是pH值为5,初始FeSO4浓度为5mg·L-1,初始H2O2浓度为200mg·L-1.在最佳条件下,各种氧化法的降解能力趋势为UV/Fenton>UV/H2O2>Fenton>UV.由于反应中有中间产物的生成,双氯芬酸的矿化过程要长于降解过程,其生物毒性也是随着反应的进行先增大而后减小.     

The impact of iodinated X-ray contrast agents on formation and toxicity of disinfection by-products in drinking water

The presence of iodinated X-ray contrast media (ICM) in source waters is of high concern to public health because of their potential to generate highly toxic disinfection by-products (DBPs). The objective of this study was to determine the impact of ICM in source waters and the type of disinfectant on the overall toxicity of DBP mixtures and to determine which ICM and reaction conditions give rise to toxic by-products. Source waters collected from Akron, OH were treated with five different ICMs, including iopamidol, iopromide, iohexol, diatrizoate and iomeprol, with or without chlorine or chloramine disinfection. The reaction product mixtures were concentrated with XAD resins and the mammalian cell cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of the reaction mixture concentrates was measured. Water containing iopamidol generated an enhanced level of mammalian cell cytotoxicity and genotoxicity after disinfection. While chlorine disinfection with iopamidol resulted in the highest cytotoxicity overall, the relative iopamidol-mediated increase in toxicity was greater when chloramine was used as the disinfectant compared with chlorine. Four other ICMs (iopromide, iohexol, diatrizoate, and iomeprol) expressed some cytotoxicity over the control without any disinfection, and induced higher cytotoxicity when chlorinated. Only iohexol enhanced genotoxicity compared to the chlorinated source water.     

Estimating the combined toxicity of flufenacet and imazaquin to sorghum with pore water herbicide concentration

Combined toxicity of herbicides to non-target crops is usually resulted from their successive application. The present study was conducted to assess the combined toxicity of flufenacet (FLU) and imazaquin (IMA) to sorghum with their concentration in soil pore water. The concentrations that inhibited growth by 50% (IC50) of FLU and IMA individually and their combination estimated from the herbicide concentrations in soil pore water notably differed from those based on the amended concentrations, due to the decline in bioavailability resulting from adsorption of the herbicides onto soil. According to the amended concentrations, the combined effect of FLU and IMA in soil on sorghum growth was identified as additive action. Based on the concentration in soil pore water, however, it was determined to be antagonism, which was identical to that observed in a test using culture solution. The results revealed that pore water herbicide concentration might be an effective tool to assess the combined toxicity of herbicides in soil to rotational crops.