燃煤锅炉脱汞技术研究进展

燃煤锅炉是主要的烟气汞排放源,汞大多存在于亚微米级颗粒中,其对环境和人类造成的影响不容忽视。综述了现阶段燃煤锅炉汞排放控制技术的研究进展,并对各项技术的脱汞效率、影响因素、投资成本、优缺点及应用可行性进行了分析比较。分析表明,利用现有污染物控制设备(除尘装置、脱硝装置、脱硫装置)协同脱汞比较经济有效,也是当前研究的重点;洗煤技术、燃烧方式的改进和添加燃烧附加物可作为辅助措施使用。     

燃煤烟气中多种污染物干法同时脱除研究进展

干法烟气同时脱除技术优于联合脱除技术和湿法烟气脱除技术。将国内外现有的干法烟气同时脱除技术按分离剂分为3类,即多种污染物的吸附剂脱除技术、催化剂脱除技术和光催化剂脱除技术。其中,吸附剂脱除技术主要采用炭基材料;该技术可脱除多种污染物,但脱除效率一般,吸附剂消耗量大,且吸附剂的再生困难。催化剂脱除技术主要集中于以CO、NH3、CH4等催化还原同时脱硫脱硝和SCR同时脱硝除汞;该技术脱除效率高,但存在催化剂中毒问题。光催化剂脱除技术主要采用TiO2光催化剂,该技术操作温度低,但对浓度高的废气处理效率较低,以及光催化剂对一般光源利用率低等,使其在工业应用中受到很大制约。最后,对干法烟气同时脱除技术进行了展望。     

CuCl2改性材料脱除燃煤烟气中的Hg0

烟气的脱汞治理已迫在眉睫。本研究以电厂燃煤锅炉废弃物飞灰和石灰为原料,丙酮溶液为分散剂制备了CuCl2改性材料（CuCl2-FS）,并在固定床吸附评价装置上考察了CuCl2改性对材料在模拟烟气中对Hg0的脱除效果的影响。结果表明,经CuCl2改性后对汞的脱除效率明显提高,并且温度的升高有利于提高其对烟气中Hg0的吸附性能。     

CuO-CeO_2/AC吸附燃煤烟气中元素汞的实验研究

通过活性炭负载CuO和CeO2来制备吸附剂,采用固定床吸附方式,在不同反应条件下对吸附剂的吸附性能进行测试,筛选出去除效率最好的吸附剂,并通过BET和XRD对吸附剂的理化性质进行分析。结果表明,CuO和CeO2的加入大大改变了原活性炭的比表面积和孔结构,改善了活性炭的吸附性能。CuO-CeO2/AC中CuO和CeO2质量比不同,对汞的去除效率也不同,在1∶2时去除效率最好;CuO-CeO2/AC中所负载的CuO和CeO的总量为5%时,能大大促进汞的吸附效率,增长有效吸附时间;CuO-CeO2/AC对汞的吸附性能随反应温度的增加呈先增加后减小的趋势,在80℃时达到最大值。     

CuO-CeO2/AC吸附燃煤烟气中元素汞的实验研究

通过活性炭负载CuO和CeO2来制备吸附剂,采用固定床吸附方式,在不同反应条件下对吸附剂的吸附性能进行测试,筛选出去除效率最好的吸附剂,并通过BET和XRD对吸附剂的理化性质进行分析。结果表明,CuO和CeO2的加入大大改变了原活性炭的比表面积和孔结构,改善了活性炭的吸附性能。CuO-CeO2/AC中CuO和CeO2质量比不同,对汞的去除效率也不同,在1∶2时去除效率最好;CuO-CeO2/AC中所负载的CuO和CeO的总量为5%时,能大大促进汞的吸附效率,增长有效吸附时间;CuO-CeO2/AC对汞的吸附性能随反应温度的增加呈先增加后减小的趋势,在80℃时达到最大值。     

燃煤锅炉烟气NOx污染等离子体治理技术

燃煤锅炉烟气NOx污染治理技术种类较多。本文综合评述了各种烟气NOx污染等离子体治理技术，重点介绍了电晕放电脱除烟气中NOx的最新研究成果。对燃煤锅炉烟气NOx污染治理技术的研究和开发具有实用价值。     

利用污泥脱除燃煤电厂烟气中的汞

以废弃煤矿废水治理产生的污泥（AMD污泥）为原料,制备了烟气脱汞吸附剂,在模拟烟气-固定床平台对其吸附性能进行了研究。结果表明,AMD污泥对烟气中的单质汞（Hg0）有吸附氧化作用,吸附能力为175.6 μg·g-1,氧化率为60%~75%左右。为了进一步探索AMD污泥与烟气中汞的反应机理,将实验室合成的针铁矿作为对比试样进行研究。结果表明,AMD污泥具有结构疏松、比表面积大、晶粒尺寸为纳米级别的特点,具有很好的吸附基础;污泥表面形成的晶体缺陷有利于Hg0的催化氧化反应。     

300MW燃煤机组烟气控制装置对气态汞去除效果

利用美国EPA OH法对烟气中不同形态汞的气态汞进行测试,研究300 MW锅炉的袋式除尘、静电除尘和湿法烟气脱硫对气态汞的去除效果。研究结果表明,静电除尘器对气态汞的去除效率仅为32.50%,对颗粒态汞的去除效率达76.88%,而使用袋式除尘器对气态汞的去除效率可达44.33%,可脱除99.92%以上的颗粒态汞;应用湿法烟气脱硫对二价汞的去除率可达49.03%。通过对粉煤灰、炉渣和脱硫石膏等燃煤副产物汞含量分析发现,脱硫石膏中汞的含量最高达0.77 mg/kg,汞及其环境毒性是燃煤副产物安全利用时需要注意一个主要问题。     

电厂燃煤过程中汞的迁移转化及控制技术研究

讨论了近年来国内外电厂煤燃烧过程中汞的形态分布以及迁移转化规律研究的最新成果，并在此基础上评价了现有电站污染控制系统的脱汞性能，考虑到汞的排放控制，提出了对现有设备的可能优化措施。在分析中，注意到汞的易挥发性，认为汞排放控制应该充分考虑烟气中汞形态的迁移转化。由于氧化态汞在汞控制中有着重要作用，其研究将是控制电厂汞排放的关键。先进的汞排放控制技术的开发应以增强汞的氧化态为优先发展方向。     

锰掺杂SnO2复合材料对烟气零价汞的去除研究

燃煤电厂烟气是中国最重要的人为汞排放源之一,如何控制燃煤烟气汞排放关系着中国履行《关于汞的水俣公约》的成效。通过共沉淀法制备了锡-锰二元金属氧化物(MnO_x-SnO_2)复合材料,对其结构进行了表征,并考察了其对烟气零价汞(Hg~0)的吸附性能。结果表明,在200℃时Hg~0的去除率最高,能达到86.0%;烟气中的O_2能促进Hg~0的去除,而SO_2则抑制Hg~0的去除。MnO_x-SnO_2去除Hg~0的机理是烟气Hg~0首先被吸附在复合材料表面,被MnO_x催化氧化成Hg~(2+),一部分被表面的吸附氧捕捉从而形成HgO,一部分与锡结合形成锡汞齐。     

Mercury policy and regulations for coal-fired power plants

Introduction  

Mercury is a high-priority regulatory concern because of its persistence and bioaccumulation in the environment and evidence of its having serious adverse effects on the neurological development of children.     

Mercury distribution in seawater discharged from a coal-fired power plant equipped with a seawater flue gas desulfurization system

Background and purpose  

More and more coal-fired power plants equipped with seawater flue gas desulfurization systems have been built in coastal areas. They release large amount of mercury (Hg)-containing waste seawater into the adjacent seas. However, very limited impact studies have been carried out. Our research targeted the distribution of Hg in the seawater, sediment, biota, and atmosphere, and its environmental transportation.     

负载V2O5-WO3／TiO2掺炭纤维脱除烟气中Hg^0

通过固定床实验系统研究烟气脱除零价汞的实验,首先研究了滤袋常用的聚苯硫醚（polyphenylene sulfide,PPS）以及活性炭纤维（activated carbon fiber,ACF）在不同温度、不同气体组分下负载V2O5-WO3／TiO2催化剂,对模拟燃煤烟气中零价汞（Hg^0）的脱除效果。然后对比研究了活性炭纤维协同滤袋常用纤维负载催化剂后,对模拟燃煤烟气中Hg^0的脱除性能。结果表明,在汞蒸气人口浓度为50μg／m^3,纯N2气氛下,当温度为25℃时,两者脱除率均能达到99％,当温度为200℃,负载催化剂的活性炭纤维脱除率在30％左右,PPS纤维仅为10％左右。在200℃情况下,模拟烟气的组分为N2＋O2时,2种纤维的Hg^0脱除率提高了10％～20％,当在混合气体中添加0．01％。后,负载催化剂的PPS纤维Hg^0脱除率能达到80％,活性炭纤维Hg^0脱除率能达到98％。当温度为200℃,模拟烟气的组分为N2＋O2＋HCl时,不同性能掺炭纤维负载催化剂后Hg^0脱除率在69％～95％范围之间变化,其中PPS掺炭纤维对Hg^0脱除效率最高达到95％,因此,负载V2O5-WO3／TiO2催化剂的PPS掺炭纤维能在高温烟气中保持较高的Hg^0脱除率。     

一种新型烟气脱硫技术在燃煤锅炉上的扩大试验

介绍了用硫化碱加TFS添加剂进行燃煤锅炉煤气脱硫并副产硫代硫酸钠的中试成果。     

燃煤锅炉烟气NOx污染等离子体治理技术

燃煤锅炉烟气NOx污染治理技术种类较多.本文综合评述了各种烟气NOx污染等离子体治理技术,重点介绍了电晕放电脱除烟气中NOx的最新研究成果.对燃煤锅炉烟气NOx污染治理技术的研究和开发具有实用价值.     

Mercury emission from coal-fired power plants in Poland

The paper reviews the current state of knowledge regarding sources of mercury emission in Poland. Due to the large quantities of coal burned at present, as well as taking into account existing reserves, coal remains the main energy source of energy in Poland. The data on coal consumption in Poland in the past, at present and in the future are discussed in the paper. Information on the content of mercury in Polish coals is presented.Coal combustion processes for electricity and heat production are the main source of anthropogenic mercury emission in Poland. It is expected that the current emissions will decrease in the future due to implementation of efficient control measures. These measures for emission reduction are described in the paper. Results of estimated mercury emission from coal-fired power station situated in the Upper Silesia Region, Poland are investigated. A relationship between mercury emission to the air and the mercury content in the consumed coal in power station equipped with the electrostatic precipitators (ESPs) is discussed.     

Mixotrophic cultivation of microalgae using industrial flue gases for biodiesel production

In the present study, an attempt has been made to grow microalgae Scenedesmus quadricauda, Chlorella vulgaris and Botryococcus braunii in mixotropic cultivation mode using two different substrates, i.e. sewage and glucose as organic carbon sources along with flue gas inputs as inorganic carbon source. The experiments were carried out in 500 ml flasks with sewage and glucose-enriched media along with flue gas inputs. The composition of the flue gas was 7 % CO₂, 210 ppm of NO _x and 120 ppm of SO _x . The results showed that S. quadricauda grown in glucose-enriched medium yielded higher biomass, lipid and fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) (biodiesel) yields of 2.6, 0.63 and 0.3 g/L, respectively. Whereas with sewage, the biomass, lipid and FAME yields of S. quadricauda were 1.9, 0.46, and 0.21 g/L, respectively. The other two species showed closer results as well. The glucose utilization was measured in terms of Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) reduction, which was up to 93.75 % by S. quadricauda in the glucose-flue gas medium. In the sewage-flue gas medium, the COD removal was achieved up to 92 % by S. quadricauda. The other nutrients and pollutants from the sewage were removed up to 75 % on an average by the same. Concerning the flue gas treatment studies, S. quadricauda could remove CO₂ up to 85 % from the flue gas when grown in glucose medium and 81 % when grown in sewage. The SO _x and NO _x concentrations were reduced up to 50 and 62 %, respectively, by S. quadricauda in glucose-flue gas medium. Whereas, in the sewage-flue gas medium, the SO _x and NO _x concentrations were reduced up to 45 and 50 %, respectively, by the same. The other two species were equally efficient however with little less significant yields and removal percentages. This study laid emphasis on comparing the feasibility in utilization of readily available carbon sources like glucose and inexpensive leftover carbon sources like sewage by microalgae to generate energy coupled with economical remediation of waste. Therefore on an industrial scale, the sewage is more preferable. Because the results obtained in the laboratory demonstrated both sewage and glucose-enriched nutrient medium are equally efficient for algae cultivation with just a slight difference. Essentially, the sewage is cost effective and easily available in large quantities compared to glucose.     

Active methods of mercury removal from flue gases

Due to its adverse impact on health, as well as its global distribution, long atmospheric lifetime and propensity for deposition in the aquatic environment and in living tissue, the US Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) has classified mercury and its compounds as a severe air quality threat. Such widespread presence of mercury in the environment originates from both natural and anthropogenic sources. Global anthropogenic emission of mercury is evaluated at 2000 Mg year⁻¹. According to the National Centre for Emissions Management (Pol. KOBiZE) report for 2014, Polish annual mercury emissions amount to approximately 10 Mg. Over 90% of mercury emissions in Poland originate from combustion of coal.

The purpose of this paper was to understand mercury behaviour during sub-bituminous coal and lignite combustion for flue gas purification in terms of reduction of emissions by active methods. The average mercury content in Polish sub-bituminous coal and lignite was 103.7 and 443.5 μg kg⁻¹. The concentration of mercury in flue gases emitted into the atmosphere was 5.3 μg m⁻³ for sub-bituminous coal and 17.5 μg m⁻³ for lignite. The study analysed six low-cost sorbents with the average achieved efficiency of mercury removal from 30.6 to 92.9% for sub-bituminous coal and 22.8 to 80.3% for lignite combustion. Also, the effect of coke dust grain size was examined for mercury sorptive properties. The fine fraction of coke dust (CD) adsorbed within 243–277 μg Hg kg⁻¹, while the largest fraction at only 95 μg Hg kg⁻¹. The CD fraction < 0.063 mm removed almost 92% of mercury during coal combustion, so the concentration of mercury in flue gas decreased from 5.3 to 0.4 μg Hg m⁻³. The same fraction of CD had removed 93% of mercury from lignite flue gas by reducing the concentration of mercury in the flow from 17.6 to 1.2 μg Hg m⁻³. The publication also presents the impact of photochemical oxidation of mercury on the effectiveness of Hg vapour removal during combustion of lignite. After physical oxidation of Hg in the flue gas, its effectiveness has increased twofold.

     

钙基半干法燃煤烟气脱硫技术的影响因素

半干法烟气脱硫技术因具有耗水量少、产物易处理等特点而备受关注。基于固定床反应器研究了反应温度、脱硫剂Ca(OH)₂颗粒粒径、反应空速及烟气中水蒸气体积分数对Ca(OH)₂脱硫性能的影响。结果表明,Ca(OH)₂颗粒粒径的减小、反应空速的降低、烟气中水蒸气体积分数的提高及低反应温度等因素,有利于SO₂的脱除、Ca(OH)₂利用率的提高及Ca/S的降低。当Ca(OH)₂颗粒的平均粒径为0.58 mm、反应空速为2 500 h⁻¹、模拟烟气中水蒸气体积分数为12%、反应温度为55 ℃时,可获得最佳脱硫效果。在SO₂穿透浓度35 mg·Nm⁻³下,Ca(OH)₂的利用率可达到71.3%,此时Ca/S为1.4。在上述条件下,SO₂达到穿透浓度时,通过实施脉冲增湿可使穿透时间延长、Ca(OH)₂利用率进一步提升至75.7%。本研究结果可为半干法脱硫工艺的改进提供参考。