巢湖流域SRTM高程误差的空间分异研究

数字高程模型是进行地学研究的重要基础数据,SRTM、DEM是公众可以免费获取的精度达90m的DEM数据.以我国1:5万DEM为参考数据,以巢湖流域为研究区,利用高程中误差模型和单位面积土地填挖方对SRTM、DEM进行高程精度研究,并分析了高程误差的空间分异规律.结果表明,SRTM、DEM的高程中误差和单位面积土地填挖方随着地貌类型的变化呈现明显的空间分异性,这主要由于SRTM像元精度不高所致.在研究区内的33块样区中,绝大部分都是在二级精度评价标准之内,可见SRTM、DEM整体精度较高.     

基于空间景观格局的区域耕地坡度分级量算工艺流程及应用——以大连市甘井子区为例

分析了大连市甘井子区1∶1万土地利用数据库中耕地图斑的空间景观格局,探讨大连市甘井子区耕地图斑坡度级与DEM尺度的关系,提出GIS结合DEM的区域耕地图斑坡度级量算的工艺流程,并通过GIS程序设计实现区域耕地坡度级的自动提取.通过耕地图斑的坡度级有效测算田坎系数和耕地图斑的净面积,为大连市甘井子区第二次土地耕地数据库提供科学依据,也为大连市甘井子区耕地保护、耕地潜力分析和生态环境保护提供空间决策支持.     

大连西山水库上游建设用地合理性评估研究

在明确区域建设用地开发标准的前提下,评估建设用地的合理性,对区域土地可持续利用及政策制定有着重要意义。基于GIS和RS技术,实现对区域可建设用地情况的评估。针对大连市西山水库上游地区,利用VM-Map Info构建50m×50m矢量格网为基础数据载体,借助高程、坡度等地形因子得出研究区域的可建设用地情况,将土地分为适宜建设区、限制建设区和禁止建设区3种类型,选取2014年Landsat 8卫星遥感影像数据,在Arc GIS平台下提取土地实际利用信息,将实际土地利用情况与可建设用地进行比较分析,评估大连西山水库上游地区建设用地的合理性。研究发现,大连西山水库上游建设用地强度为43.41%,可建区内土地开发殆尽,在限建区和禁建区内有大面积的建设用地,建设强度大,土地开发存在不合理性用地。     

基于DEM的清水川流域面积高程积分研究

面积高程积分通过统计流域地表的高程组合信息来反映地貌流域被侵蚀的程度,是反映流域发育阶段的一种地学模型,也是揭示流域地貌形态与发育特征的重要指标。以清水川流域的DEM数据为基本数据源,运用Arc GIS 9.3的水文分析研究了不同汇流累积量下所获取的集水区数目及面积高程积分值变化,以及面积高程积分值随河网等级变化的情况,以研究清水川流域的地貌发育阶段。研究表明,清水川流域的地貌地形主要属于均衡的壮年期和未均衡的幼年期地形,汇流累积量对面积高程积分值的影响不大。     

区域土地资源利用管理信息系统设计与应用——以长江三角洲无锡市滨湖区为例

区域土地资源利用管理信息系统是一种存储、兼容、管理、分析、显示与应用土地信息的计算机监控系统，是建立在地理信息系统（GIS）软件工具之上，并在ComGIS组件Mapobject2．0平台支撑下进行设计和开发应用的。该系统的设计与开发可为区域土地资源合理开发利用规划与产业布局的调整提供科学依据，特别是对高强度开发下的长江三角洲土地资源的可持续利用具有较重要的实际应用价值。     

嘉陵江流域居民点空间分布格局及影响因素研究

以嘉陵江流域为研究对象,利用数字高程模型(DEM)数据提取坡度、坡向和高程点信息,基于流域的河流和上、中、下游社会经济情况对居民点空间分布格局及其影响因素进行定量分析。结果表明:嘉陵江流域居民点的分布特征明显倾向于分布在坡度小、阳坡、海拔低、与河流距离适中、经济发达的地区。研究结果将为嘉陵江流域居民点选址提供参考。     

基于DEM的土地利用类型与地形因子关系研究——以重庆市永川朱龙花等6村为例

以重庆市永川区陈食街道朱龙花等6村为例,基于全国二次调查土地利用现状图和数字高程模型(DEM),在ArcGIS 9.3平台支持下,进行了30m×30m栅格单元的土地利用与地形因子关系研究,探讨了重庆市永川土地利用特征。结果表明,海拔高度、坡度和坡向与土地利用类型的综合分析有助于从定量剖析土地利用空间分布特征;朱龙花等6村海拔、坡度及坡向均值分别为345m、17.28°和271.25°(西坡);采用高程分带、坡度分级及坡向分类的方法能直观展示土地利用格局特征。耕地(水田及旱地)主要分布在低海拔的平原和丘陵上,阳坡面积大于阴坡,水田尤为突出。园地和林地主要分布在海拔低于400m的丘陵上,坡度小于15°,西坡和西北坡分布最多;草地主要分布在海拔200—500m的平原和丘陵上,坡度小于25°,各坡向均有少量分布;水域、水利建设用地、城镇村及工矿用地分布格局类似,主要分布在300—400m的丘陵上,坡度小于6°,东坡、东南坡分布较多;其他土地分布在海拔低于500m,坡度小于25°,西坡分布较多。从土地利用与生态环境的协调发展角度看,该区域土地利用空间分布格局基本符合生态环境建设的要求,约有2.34hm2的耕地位于坡度大于25°的缓陡坡和陡坡上,应继续推行退耕还林、还草。研究结果表明,地形因子对土地利用的空间格局的影响较大;同一地形因子不同级别下的土地主导利用方式各异,土地利用类型的优势区域不尽相同。     

重庆市地形起伏度及其与人口、经济的相关性研究

以GIS为主要技术平台,基于1∶5万的重庆市数字高程模型(DEM),采用窗口分析法(选择最佳窗口尺寸大小为5×5)提取了重庆市地形起伏度,并分析了重庆山地地形起伏度的分布规律及其与人口、经济的相关性。结果表明:①重庆市地形起伏度介于0.08—3.51之间,整体趋势为东部高于西部,南部高于北部。②重庆市地形起伏度随着海拔高度升高呈逐渐增加的趋势。③地形起伏度与人口密度的乘幂拟合曲线拟合度为0.7999,且呈显著负相关;地形起伏度与人均GDP对数拟合曲线的拟合度为0.6326,并呈显著负相关。     

青海省特大滑坡调查中采取数字滑坡技术的意义及应用

为认识和了解青海省特大滑坡的分布特征，分析研究其与地质环境的相互关系，我们利用GIS技术建立“数字滑坡”即以遥感（RS）和全球定位系统（GPS）方法为主，结合其它勘探、测绘、试验、调查等手段来获取数字形式的与地理坐标配准的滑坡基本信息，并利用GIS技术存贮和管理这些信息。在此基础上，根据滑坡学原理进行空间分析，研制各类模型，以服务于滑坡调查、监测、研究、滑坡灾害评价、危险预测、灾情评估等工作。本文通过白刺滩滑坡三维数字模型来说明“数字滑坡”的技术应用。     

区县级环境地理信息系统的建立与应用

本文结合某区县级环境地理信息系统（Environmental Geographical Information System简称EGIS）开发的实际体会，对地理信息系统（GIS）技术在区县级环境地理信息系统建设中的应用进行了有益的探讨，对系统及系统的结构进行了分析，并阐述了建立区县级环境地理信息系统的意义、应用实例以及前景。     

TIME LAPSE AERIAL PHOTO ANALYSIS OF THE CONNECTICUT RIVER FROM 1952 TO 19651

Aerial photogrammetric techniques were developed and tested for identifying and classifying river-based recreation sites. A classification system was designed to describe the nature of the land itself, the land use, or the vegetation on the landscape. The Connecticut, a large river running through four states, was examined and classified using the system. Analysis of two sets of aerial photographs taken with a time lapse of ten to thirteen years enabled determination of past use and development trends. A catalogue of maps classifying strips of land adjacent to the river was prepared and reproduced for use by interested planning agencies. Statistics on land area by types for the river as it now is and as it was ten to thirteen years previously have been prepared by towns, counties, and states. The aerial photographs proved invaluable for analyzing the recreational potential of the Connecticut River.     

Ground-Cover Measurements: Assessing Correlation Among Aerial and Ground-Based Methods

Wyoming’s Green Mountain Common Allotment is public land providing livestock forage, wildlife habitat, and unfenced solitude, amid other ecological services. It is also the center of ongoing debate over USDI Bureau of Land Management’s (BLM) adjudication of land uses. Monitoring resource use is a BLM responsibility, but conventional monitoring is inadequate for the vast areas encompassed in this and other public-land units. New monitoring methods are needed that will reduce monitoring costs. An understanding of data-set relationships among old and new methods is also needed. This study compared two conventional methods with two remote sensing methods using images captured from two meters and 100 meters above ground level from a camera stand (a ground, image-based method) and a light airplane (an aerial, image-based method). Image analysis used SamplePoint or VegMeasure software. Aerial methods allowed for increased sampling intensity at low cost relative to the time and travel required by ground methods. Costs to acquire the aerial imagery and measure ground cover on 162 aerial samples representing 9000 ha were less than $3000. The four highest correlations among data sets for bare ground—the ground-cover characteristic yielding the highest correlations (r)—ranged from 0.76 to 0.85 and included ground with ground, ground with aerial, and aerial with aerial data-set associations. We conclude that our aerial surveys are a cost-effective monitoring method, that ground with aerial data-set correlations can be equal to, or greater than those among ground-based data sets, and that bare ground should continue to be investigated and tested for use as a key indicator of rangeland health.     

Determinants of Farmers’ Adoption of Improved Soil Conservation Technology in a Middle Mountain Watershed of Central Nepal

This study explores different socio-economic and institutional factors influencing the adoption of improved soil conservation technology (ISCT) on Bari land (Rainfed outward sloping terraces) in the Middle Mountain region of Central Nepal. Structured questionnaire survey and focus group discussion methods were applied to collect the necessary information from farm households. The logistic regression model predicted seven factors influencing the adoption of improved soil conservation technology in the study area including years of schooling of the household head, caste of the respondent, land holding size of the Bari land, cash crop vegetable farming, family member occupation in off farm sector, membership of the Conservation and Development Groups, and use of credit. The study showed that technology dissemination through multi-sectoral type community based local groups is a good option to enhance the adoption of improved soil conservation technology in the Middle Mountain farming systems in Nepal. Planners and policy makers should formulate appropriate policies and programs considering the farmers' interest, capacity, and limitation in promoting improved soil conservation technology for greater acceptance and adoption by the farmers.     

多时域航空影象与GIS应用——武昌县土地资源变迁分析

通过对武昌县多时域航空影象的判读和 GIS 的快速处理,结合其它辅助数据,对不同时期武昌县土地资源变化情况作了定性、定量和定位的分析研究.研究结果表明,多时域航空影象能较快地获取有关土地资源演变的静态和动态信息。GIS 是进行土地变迁复合研究及县域规划管理的一种有效技术手段。     

城市污泥干燥焚烧一体化处理工艺的研究

城市污泥的产量日益增加,若不进行处理,不仅浪费土地资源而且污染环境。对污泥中的水分形式和污泥的处理工艺进行了分析,认为污泥的干燥和焚烧是最完全、稳定的处理工艺。提出一种城市污泥干燥焚烧一体化处理工艺,利用污泥自身焚烧产生的热值,提供干燥系统所需的热量,达到整个污泥处理系统能量的基本自给。对该系统的流程和各工艺进行了分析,结果表明该系统的污泥减量大、干燥效率高、运行成本低、尾气排放有效控制。     

Estimating the Variability and Confidence of Land Use and Imperviousness Relationships at a Regional Scale1

Abstract: Impervious cover is a commonly used metric to help explain or predict anthropogenic impacts on aquatic resources; often it is used as a surrogate for intensity of human impacts when evaluating effects on aquatic resources. The most common way to estimate imperviousness is based on relationships with land use. Few studies have evaluated how the relationship between impervious surface and land use varies among geographies with different levels of development and between types of imagery used to assign land use type. In this study, we assess variability in estimates of imperviousness based on two locally available land use datasets: one based on aerial imagery (2‐m resolution) and another based on satellite imagery (30‐m resolution). The ranges and variability in imperviousness within land use categories were assessed at several spatial scales, including within counties, between counties, and between watersheds. Results indicate that there was considerable variability for all developed land use types. Estimated impervious cover often varied over a range of 20‐40% points within a land use category. Furthermore, there were clear spatial patterns both between and within counties, with impervious cover for a given land use type being higher near the urban centers and lower at the margins of development. Estimates of imperviousness for 12 study watersheds indicated that variability increased with increasing watershed development, making it difficult to confidently set management or regulatory targets based on impervious cover. This study suggests that locally derived, high resolution satellite or aerial imagery should be used to estimate imperviousness when a high level of accuracy and precision is required for regulatory or management decisions. Furthermore, the error associated with impervious land use relationships should be accounted for when using impervious cover in runoff or water quality models, or when making management decisions regarding stream health.     

Remote sensing for land management and planning

The primary role of remote sensing in land management and planning has been to provide information concerning the physical characteristics of the land which influence the management of individual land parcels or the allocation of lands to various uses These physical characteristics have typically been assessed through aerial photography, which is used to develop resource maps and to monitor changing environmental conditions These uses are well developed and currently well integrated into the planning infrastructure at local, state, and federal levels in the United States.Many newly emerging uses of remote sensing involve digital images which are collected, stored, and processed automatically by electromechanical scanning devices and electronic computers Some scanning devices operate from aircraft or spacecraft to scan ground scenes directly; others scan conventional aerial transparencies to yield digital images. Digital imagery offers the potential for computer-based automated map production, a process that can significantly increase the amount and timeliness of information available to land managers and planners.Future uses of remote sensing in land planning and management will involve geographic information systems, which store resource information in a geocoded format. Geographic information systems allow the automated integration of disparate types of resource data through various types of spatial models so that with accompanying sample ground data, information in the form of thematic maps and/ or aerially aggregated statistics can be produced Key issues confronting the development and integration of geographic information systems into planning pathways are restoration and rectification of digital images, automated techniques for combining both quantitative and qualitative types of data in information-extracting procedures, and the compatibility of alternative data storage modes     

The possibility of in situ heavy metal decontamination of polluted soils using crops of metal-accumulating plants

The decontamination of soils and wastes polluted with heavy metals presents one of the most intractable problems for soil clean-up. Present technology relies upon metal extraction or immobilization processes, both of which are expensive and which remove all biological activity in the soil during decontamination. They may only be appropriate for small areas of valuable redevelopment land. In this paper the use of metal-accumulating plants is explored for the removal of metals from superficially-contaminated soils such as those resulting from the long-term application to land of metal-contaminated sewage sludges. Green remediation employs plants native to metalliferous soils with a capacity to bioaccumulate metals such as zinc and nickel to concentrations greater than 2% in the aerial plant dry matter (hyperaccumulators). Growing such plants under intensive crop conditions and harvesting the dry matter is proposed as a possible method of metal removal and for ‘polishing’ contaminated agricultural soils down to metal concentrations below statutory limits. Not only are the biological activity and physical structure of soils maintained but the technique is potentially cheap, visually unobtrusive and offers the possibility of biorecovery of metals. The limitations of the process are reviewed and the future requirements for the development of efficient phytoremediators are outlined.     

运用生态工艺治理漆雾废气

本文阐述了运用生态工艺，成功地将工艺组成一套占地少、操作简便、外形美观的机械设备，治理了广元电子灯饰总厂的漆雾废气。治理后，其排放浓度，低于《四川省标准》的任一标准值。     

Using Aerial Photography to Estimate Riparian Zone Impacts in a Rapidly Developing River Corridor

Riparian zones are critical for protecting water quality and wildlife, but are often impacted by human activities. Ongoing threats and uncertainty about the effectiveness of buffer regulations emphasize the importance of monitoring riparian buffers through time. We developed a method to rapidly categorize buffer width and landuse attributes using 2007 leaf-on aerial photography and applied it to a 65 km section of the Toccoa River in north Georgia. We repeated our protocol using 1999 leaf-off aerial photographs to assess the utility of our approach for monitoring. Almost half (45%) of the length of the Toccoa River was bordered by buffers less than 50 ft wide in 2007, with agricultural and built-up lands having the smallest buffers. The percentage of river length in each buffer width category changed little between 1999 and 2007, but we did detect a 5% decrease in agricultural land use, a corresponding increase in built-up land use, and an additional 149 buildings within 100 ft of the river. Field verification indicated that our method overestimated buffer widths and forested land use and underestimated built-up land use and the number of buildings within 100 ft of the river. Our methodology can be used to rapidly assess the status of riparian buffers. Including supplemental data (e.g., leaf-off imagery, road layers) will allow detection of the fine-scale impacts underestimated in our study. Our results on the Toccoa River reflect historic impacts, exemptions and variances to regulations, and the ongoing threat of vacation home development. We recommend additional monitoring, improvements in policy, and efforts to increase voluntary protection and restoration of stream buffers.