Gas exchange in Paulownia species growing under different soil moisture conditions in the field

In order to evaluate their responses to drought, we determined the photosynthetic activity water potential, stomatal conductance, transpiration, water use efficiency photosynthetic photon flux density and leaf temperature of Paulownia imperialis, P. fortunei and P. elongata in three different soil moisture conditions in the field. Our results showed that P. imperialis had greater photosynthesis (8.86 micromol CO2 m(-2) s(-1)) and instantaneous water use efficiency (0.79 micromol CO2 mmol H2O(-1)) than either P. elongata (8.20 micromol CO2 m(-2) s(-1) and 0.71 micromol CO2 mmol H2O(-1)) or P. fortunei (3.26 micromol CO2 m(-2) s(-1) and 0.07 micromol CO2 mmol H2O(-1)). The rapid growth of Paulownia did not appear to be correlated with photosynthetic rates. Paulownia fortunei showed more transpiration (48.78 mmol H2O m(-2) s(-1)) and stomatal conductance (840 mmol m(-2) s(-1)) than P. imperialis (20 mmol H2O m(-2) s(-1) and 540 mmol m(-2) s(-1)) and P. elongata (20 mmol H2O m(-2) s(-1) and 410 mmol m(-2) s(-1)), which allowed these two Paulownia species to increase their tolerance to low soil moisture, and maintain higher water use efficiency under these conditions. According to our physiological gas exchange field tests, Paulownia imperialis does appear to be capable of successful growth in semiarid zones.     

Heavy metal accumulation and phytostabilization potential of dominant plant species growing on manganese mine tailings

Screening plants that are hypertolerant to and excluders of certain heavy metals plays a fundamental role in a remediation strategy for metalliferous mine tailings. A field survey of terrestrial higher plants growing on Mn mine tailings at Huayuan, Hunan Province, China was conducted to identify candidate species for application in phytostabilization of the tailings in this region. In total, 51 species belonging to 21 families were recorded and the 12 dominant plants were investigated for their potential in phytostabilization of heavy metals. Eight plant species, Alternanthera philoxeroides, Artemisia princeps, Bidens frondosa, Bidens pilosa, Cynodon dactylon, Digitaria sanguinalis, Erigeron canadensis, and Setaria plicata accumulated much lower concentrations of heavy metals in shoots and roots than the associated soils and bioconcen- tration factors （BFs） for Cd, Mn, Pb and Zn were all 〈 1, demonstrating a high tolerance to heavy metals and poor metals translocation ability. The field investigation also found that these species grew fast, accumulated biomass rapidly and developed a vegetation cover in a relatively short time. Therefore, they are good candidates for phytostabilization purposes and could be used as pioneer species in phytoremediation of Mn mine tailings in this region of South China.     

Experimental investigations of five different mosses on accumulation capacities of Cu,Pb and Zn

Uptake of Pb, Cu and Zn by different epiphytic moss species Floribundaria floribunda (Doz. &; Molk.) Fleisch., Taxiphyllum giraldii (C. Muell.) Fleisch. and Thuidium sparsifolium (Mitt.) Jaeg., an epilithic moss Thuidium delicatulum (L.) Mitt. and a leafy liverwort Ptychanthus striatus (Lehm. &; Linderb.) Nees. was studied experimentally. The plant bodies were treated with single metal and mixed metal solutions of Pb(NO₃)₂, CuCl₂ and ZnCl₂ at different concentrations ranging from 10^?10 to 10^?2 mol L^?1. Higher uptake of Pb, Cu and Zn by T. giraldii, T. sparsifolium and P. striatus than by F. floribunda and T. delicatulum was shown in both treatments. Compared with the single metal treatment, the uptake of Zn was very low at higher concentrations in the mixed metal treatment. A slight depletion of Zn was noticed in the long-term exposure. Leaching of naturally accumulated Zn from the mosses and leafy liverwort was also observed when treated with higher concentrated (10^?4, 10^?2 mol L^?1) Pb(NO₃)₂ and CuCl₂ solutions. Similarly, the leaching of naturally accumulated Cu was observed in leafy liverwort P. striatus with 10^?2 mol L^?1 Pb(NO₃)₂ and ZnCl₂ treatments. However, insignificant changes were observed on naturally accumulated Pb and Cu in mosses. From these experiments, the epiphytic mosses T. giraldii and T. sparsifolium, which have high Cation exchange capacity and large leaf surface area, have been found to be suitable for assessing heavy metal concentration in a moderately or slightly contaminated environment.     

干旱区绿洲灌漠土Cu、Zn和Pb的吸附解吸特征

土壤重金属吸附解吸是影响土壤系统中重金属移动性和归宿的主要过程,影响重金属的生物有效性以及重金属在食物链中的传递等.配制一系列不同浓度的重金属,灌漠土对重金属溶液进行吸附实验24 h以达到平衡,再用硝酸铵和乙酸铵进行解吸实验24 h以达到平衡.利用热力学吸附平衡法,对西北干旱区绿洲灌漠土重金属Cu、Ni和Pb的吸附解吸行为进行序批实验研究.实验结果表明:(1)灰漠土在常温下对铜、锌和铅重金属离子的吸附等温线符合Freundlich型吸附模式,灰漠土对重金属铜、锌和铅的吸附能力由强到弱的顺序为:铅,铜,锌.(2)硝酸铵和乙酸铵解吸重金属的量与灰漠土吸附重金属量呈现出线性正相关,乙酸铵解吸重金属的量比硝酸铵解吸重金属的量大,两种解吸剂对铜、锌和铅重金属离子的解吸能力由大到小的顺序都为:铜,锌,铅,说明了一般外源的铜、锌和铅进入土壤以后,铜和锌可能比铅容易向四周转移.(3)硝酸铵和乙酸铵的解吸率呈谷形曲线,开始时硝酸铵和乙酸铵解吸重金属量的百分比随灰漠土吸附重金属量的增加而减小,在吸附量达到某一特定值时,解吸率随吸附量的增加而增加.灰漠土对铜、锌和铅的吸附作用以专性吸附为主,被灰漠土吸附的铜、锌和铅重金属离子较难解吸.     

改良剂对铅锌尾矿污染土壤上龙须草生长和叶片叶绿素含量的影响

采用盆栽试验,研究了4种改良剂对铅锌尾矿污染土壤中龙须草生长和叶片叶绿素含量的影响。结果表明,改良剂处理土壤生长的龙须草长势明显优于对照,地上部生物量均显著高于对照(P≤0.05),增产效果均>100%。4种改良剂缓解污染土壤中重金属对龙须草毒害作用的大小顺序为钙镁磷肥>碳酸钙>有机肥>海泡石。4种改良剂在不同处理浓度下对龙须草生物量和叶绿素含量的影响趋势表现出一定的相关性,其中随着碳酸钙处理浓度的增加,龙须草生物量和叶绿素含量呈下降趋势;其他3种改良剂随着处理浓度的升高,龙须草生物量呈上升趋势,而叶绿素含量则呈先上升后下降的趋势。     

4种鸢尾属植物对铅锌矿区土壤中重金属的富集特征和修复潜力

通过野外调查和实地修复铅锌矿污染土壤试验,研究了铅锌矿区排污渠污水及底泥中Pb、Zn、Cu、Cd含量和分布特征以及4种鸢尾属植物马蔺（Iris lactea var.chinensis）、黄菖蒲（Iris pseudacorus L.）、溪荪（Iris sanguinea Donn ex Horn.）、花菖蒲（Iris ensata Thunb.）对Pb、Zn、Cu、Cd的积累能力和土壤修复效率差异。结果表明,离污染源越近,重金属污染越严重。Pb、Zn、Cu、Cd4种重金属均大部分沉积在排污水渠的底泥中,污水中Pb严重污染,超标达120倍,底泥中Pb、Zn、Cu、Cd质量分数分别超标1.5倍、1.7倍、1.6倍和1.7倍。排污渠岸土壤Pb、Zn、Cu、Cd质量分数也明显超过了国家规定的土壤环境质量Ⅱ级标准1～5倍。种植4种鸢尾属植物后,土壤中Pb、Zn、Cu、Cd质量分数有所降低。其中,种植马蔺1个月后土壤Pb、Cu、Cd修复效率分别为8.13%、2.45%和22.3%。黄菖蒲和花菖蒲对Zn的修复效率相对较高。4种鸢尾属植物中马蔺对Pb、Cd的吸收能力最强,马蔺地上部（叶、茎）Pb质量分数达983mg·kg-1,且转运系数大于1,是一种潜在的Pb积累植物,黄菖蒲、溪荪和花菖蒲对Zn的吸收能力较强,且吸收的重金属主要积累在根系。     

改良剂对铅锌尾矿污染土壤上龙须草生长和叶片叶绿素含量的影响

采用盆栽试验，研究了4种改良剂对铅锌尾矿污染土壤中龙须草生长和叶片叶绿素含量的影响。结果表明，改良剂处理土壤生长的龙须草长势明显优于对照，地上部生物量均显著高于对照（P≤0．05），增产效果均〉100％。4种改良剂缓解污染土壤中重金属对龙须草毒害作用的大小顺序为钙镁磷肥〉碳酸钙〉有机肥〉海泡石。4种改良剂在不同处理浓度下对龙须草生物量和叶绿素含量的影响趋势表现出一定的相关性，其中随着碳酸钙处理浓度的增加，龙须草生物量和叶绿素含量呈下降趋势；其他3种改良剂随着处理浓度的升高，龙须草生物量呈上升趋势，而叶绿素含量则呈先上升后下降的趋势。     

铅锌冶炼厂渣堆场周边土壤铅污染特征

金属冶炼过程留下的废渣经过雨水冲刷及渗滤液等的作用使残留在废渣中的重金属发生迁移转化,导致渣堆场下及周边土壤受到重金属污染。了解冶炼厂渣堆场下及周边土壤重金属污染状况对场地修复及土地利用规划均有重大意义。本研究调查了湖南某铅锌冶炼厂渣堆场0~4 km内三个采样区0~20 cm表层土壤及0~100 cm深度土壤中铅的污染状况,采用单项污染指数法进行铅污染评价,并分析了铅纵向迁移随深度变化和横向迁移随距离变化的分布特征。结果表明,铅锌冶炼厂渣堆场下及周边0~1 km范围内土壤受到了铅污染,渣堆场下、距渣堆场10 m处及1 km处表层土壤中重金属铅的质量分数分别可达775.25、645.33和309.80 mg·kg^-1,超过了当地土壤中铅的背景值,也超过了土壤二级质量标准甚至三级质量标准。三个采样区的铅污染指数分别为2.6、2.1及1.03,污染等级均为Ⅱ级,污染程度为轻度污染。三个采样区土壤中铅污染主要集中于0~20 cm土壤层中,铅的质量分数分别达775.25,645.33和309.80 mg·kg^-1,20~100 cm土壤层中铅的质量分数低于0~20 cm的,分别在88.48~120.96 mg·kg-1、235.01~380.16 mg·kg^-1及309.80~59.32 mg·kg^-1之间。渣堆场下土壤中的铅从0~20cm土壤层往下至20~100cm土壤层迁移量远小于距渣场10 m处及1 km处的。三个采样区表层0~20 cm土壤层中铅的变化规律为距渣堆场0 m（渣堆场下）〉距渣堆场10 m〉距渣堆场1 km〉距渣堆场4 km,质量分数随距离增加而降低。20~40 cm及40~60 cm土壤层中铅的变化规律为距渣堆场10 m〉距渣堆场1 km〉距渣堆场0 m处（渣堆场下）〉距渣堆场4 km,60~80 cm及80~100 cm土壤层的变化规律为距渣堆场10 m〉距渣堆场0 m处（渣堆场下）〉距渣堆场1 km〉距渣堆场4 km,铅的质量分数随距离的增加先升高后降低。     

4种草对铅锌尾矿污染土壤重金属的抗性与吸收特性

盆栽试验的结果表明,高羊毛、早熟禾、黑麦草、紫花苜蓿在纯尾矿污染土壤或经处理的尾矿污染土壤上都能生长,但在处理的土壤上生长的植物长势明显优于对照,其中紫花苜蓿的生物量所受影响比其他几种草坪草更大,说明其重金属抗性低于其他几种植物。单位面积上 4 种植物体内重金属质量分数高低均为 w(Zn)>w(Pb)>w(Cu)>w(Cd),但每种植物对 Cd、Pb、Zn 和 Cu 的吸收质量分数和分布均不相同,一般为根系质量分数大于茎叶。加入改良剂(CaCO3)和有机肥(菜枯)使生长在铅锌尾矿污染土壤上的 4 种草坪草生物量显著增加,植物体中的 Cd、Pb、Zn 质量分数下降,但 Cu 质量分数反而上升,结果单位面积上草坪草吸收各重金属元素的量均有所增加,可见利用改良措施与草坪草相结合的方法来修复重金属污染土壤具有可行性。     

氧化与还原条件下水稻土重金属形态特征的对比

还原状态下的水稻土被风干处理后氧化还原等性质发生明显变化,对重金属的形态特征产生影响,进而影响对作物有效性的评价.利用BCR连续萃取法研究了张家港市南部不同pH水稻土在还原和氧化条件下Cu、Pb、Ni和Cd的形态变化状况.结果显示,氧化还原对重金属形态分配具有显著影响,而pH对Ni在还原状态下的形态分配有显著影响,对Cu、Pb和Cd形态分布影响不显著.样品经风干氧化处理后,氧化物结合态重金属均表现为不同程度的降低;Cu残渣态比例增加25%,氧化物结合态和有机结合态比例有所降低;Pb有机结合态比例增加33%,残渣态减少33%,酸可提取态和氧化物结合态变化不大;Ni受氧化还原条件影响更为强烈,表现为酸可提取态所占比例降低超过25%,氧化物结合态亦明显降低,残渣态提高超过60%;对Cd的影响主要表现为有机结合态所占比例降低约15%,残渣态提高约35%,酸可提取态和氧化物结合态变化不明显.氧化状态下的重金属形态并不是重金属在田间的真实状况,可能高估了Pb,低估Cu、Ni和Cd重金属在土壤中的危害性.     

Correlation between lead and iron in children's blood in Jordan

A total of 200 Jordanian children were classified into two groups: 100 Fe replete and 100 Fe deficient with ages ranging between 3.0 and 12.0 years (6.9 ± 2.7 years). All participants were chosen according to proper selection criteria followed by the sample collection: the samples were analyzed for hemoglobin and red blood cells; ferritin, an immunoassays-based instrument; and levels of Pb, Cu, and Zn. There were no significant differences between genders regarding Fe-deficiency (p = 0.57 and χ2 = 0.33), with a significant association of younger individuals (3.0–9.1 years) with Fe-deficiency (p < 0.05 and χ2 = 22.7).

In addition, there is a significant positive correlation between Fe-deficiency with blood levels of Pb, Cu, and Zn (p < 0.05), (r = 0.43, 0.35, and 0.42, respectively) as compared to control group, this findings supported, by comparing the levels of the examined metals in both groups, in individuals whom close to heavy metals source (highway traffic or oil gas station), and found that the mean of the heavy metals level in close Fe-deficient group higher than in close Fe-replete group.     

酸性条件下红壤表面Pb反应动力学的能量特征

用自行设计的动力学装置研究了酸性条件下Pb在红壤表面的反应动力学能量特征.结果表明,酸性条件下,Pb吸附分为快反应和慢反应.用一级动力学方程拟合的Pb最大吸附量,随酸度增加显著下降,随温度升高提前达到平衡.用扩散速率常数计算的活化能(△E*)随酸度的增加而增加,Pb扩散需克服的能障加大;△H值为正,温度升高可促进Pb的扩散;AS值均为负,说明吸附反应使体系有序度增加.原液pH为4.5和5.6时,流出液的pH急剧下降;pH3.8和3.3时流入液比流出液的pH高,是由于土壤的缓冲作用和土壤表面质子化;当溶液中H+超过一定数量后,反应初期的H+消耗是快反应过程.H+对矿物的溶蚀成为速率控制步骤.     

施用石灰对Pb、Cd、Zn在土壤中的形态及大白菜中累积的影响

重金属的不同形态对于作物吸收重金属及受害具有十分密切的关系,通过施用石灰改变重金属的形态、毒性以及对作物的影响具有重要的意义。以大白菜(Brassica pekinensis)为研究对象,通过盆栽试验,探讨了在铅、镉和锌污染土壤上,施用石灰对土壤中不同形态镉、铅和锌含量及在大白菜中累积的影响。结果表明,施用石灰后,土壤中碳酸盐结合态Pb、Cd和Zn含量明显减少,铁、锰氧化物结合态和有机物结合态Pb、Cd和Zn含量明显增加;对大白菜吸收Pb、Cd和Zn均起到较好的抑制作用,石灰用量为5g·kg-1土时,对大白菜吸收Pb、Cd和Zn的抑制效果最好。     

广州市不同环境屋顶自然生长的植物多样性分析

通过对广州市不同环境屋顶自然生长的植物进行广泛调查，共记录到维管植物49科109属128种，其中，在污染严重、中等和轻微的环境分别记录到21种、73种和111种。结果表明，植物种类的数量与环境受污染程度成反比，而与周围植物的多少成正比。对植物形态学及生态生物学特征的分析结果表明，屋顶自然生长的植物与地上自然生长的植物相比，植株较矮小，叶片较小，根系较发达，根冠比较大，这是屋顶植物长期适应屋顶特殊环境的结果。通过调查及分析，推荐12种有较好屋顶绿化潜力的植物。     

Competitive adsorption and desorption of copper and lead in some soil of North China

The competitive adsorption and desorption of Pb(II) and Cu(II) ions in the soil of three sites in North China were investigated using single and binary metal solutions with 0.01 mol·L^-1 CaCl₂ as background electrolyte. The desorption isotherms of Pb(II) and Cu(II) were similar to the adsorption isotherms, which can be fitted well by Freundlich equation (R₂>0.96). The soil in the three sites had greater sorption capacities for Pb(II) than Cu(II), which was affected strongly by the soil characteristics. In the binary metal solution containing 1∶1 molar ratio of Pb(II) and Cu(II), the total amount of Pb(II) and Cu(II) adsorption was affected by the simultaneous presence of the two metal ions, indicating the existence of adsorption competition between the two metal ions. Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy was used to investigate the interaction between soil and metal ions, and the results revealed that the carboxyl and hydroxyl groups in the soil were the main binding sites of metal ions.     

不同环境下土壤作物系统中重金属元素迁移分配特点

不同环境中重金属的积累特点及其向食物的迁移可能导致对人类健康的不同影响。文章对苏南某市典型乡镇工业环境中的农田表层土壤重金属污染积累进行了分析,并参照国家土壤环境质量二级标准进行重金属污染的单因子和综合因子评价。结果表明,工业环境中农田土壤表层重金属元素的富集系数和重金属DTPA有效态含量显著高于非工业环境,说明工业化发展是土壤重金属积累的主要因素,同时土壤的基本理化性质对土壤重金属的富集有一定的影响。不同种类农产品对重金属的富集能力表现为叶菜类>籽实类>根菜类>水稻籽粒,重金属元素中Cd、Zn、Cu较易在农产品中积累。应该注意工业发展对农田土壤的重金属污染以及对人类食物安全的可能影响。     

Distribution of arsenic compounds in Plantaginaceae and Cyperaceae plants growing in contaminated soil

The ability of plant species to accumulate arsenic (As) species in the biomass from As-contaminated soils is variable. Among the plants widely grown at the As-contaminated locations, Plantaginaceae and Cyperaceae families belong to the frequent ones. In this study, the ability of Plantago lanceolata (Plantaginaceae) and three wetland plant species representing the family Cyperaceae (Carex praecox, Carex vesicaria, and Scirpus sylvaticus) naturally occurring in the soils with an elevated As in the Czech Republic were investigated. The plants were cultivated under controlled conditions in an As-contaminated soil reaching 735?mg?kg^?1 of the total As. The total As in plants reached up to 8.3?mg?kg^?1 in leaves, and up to 155?mg?kg^?1 in roots of C. praecox. Dominant As compounds were arsenite and arsenate with a small abundance of dimethylarsinic acid (DMA) in all the plant species. In Cyperaceae, small percentages of arsenobetaine (AB) and arsenocholine (AC) were detected, suggesting the ability of these plants to transform As into less toxic compounds. Moreover, the important role of As(V) sequestration on iron plaque on the root surface of Cyperaceae was confirmed. In this context, root washing with oxalic acid partially disrupted the iron plaque for the better release of arsenate.     

北方常见农作物根际土壤中铅、锌的形态转化及其植物有效性

采用盆栽试验结合形态分析技术研究了北方地区常见农作物对污染土壤中铅(Pb)、锌(Zn)的形态转化及其植物有效性的影响。土壤Pb、Zn形态分析结果显示,与非根际土壤相比,多数作物根际可交换态、碳酸盐结合态、有机质结合态Pb比例降低,而铁锰氧化物结合态、残渣态Pb则显著增加;Zn则表现为可交换态比例略呈降低趋势,碳酸盐结合态、铁锰氧化物结合态与有机质结合态升高,残渣态Zn则大幅下降。这提示,作物根际土壤Pb存在由松结合态向紧结合态转化的现象,从而植物有效性降低;而根际土壤Zn的形态变化则与Pb相反,即由紧结合态向松结合态转化,相应地提高了Zn的植物有效性。     

环境条件对采矿废石中重金属溶出特性的影响

采矿废石中的重金属元素会由于废石长时间的露天堆放,受到风化、雨水侵蚀等的作用而释放出来,从而对环境产生一定的危害.以广西某锡钽铌多金属矿区采矿废石为研究对象,对采矿废石样品进行了性质鉴别,并考察了pH、温度和离子强度等环境条件对采矿废石中铅、砷、镉等重金属溶出的影响.结果表明:实验所选取的废石样品为第I类的一般工业固体废物.采矿废石中的铜、铅、镍在pH=4,镉和锌在pH=5,而砷在pH=6的条件下溶出较为明显;重金属元素砷,锌,铜,铅在离子强度为1 ms?cm-1时,浸出浓度最大,而镍和镉元素则是在0.1 ms?cm-1时出较多;砷,镉和铜在温度为35℃,镍元素在30℃,铅元素在25℃的条件下溶出质量浓度达到最大值,而锌元素的浸出质量浓度受温度的影响较小.     

Copper, Lead and Zinc Mobility and Bioavailability in a River Sediment Contaminated with Paint Stripping Residue

A river embankment sediment beneath a road bridge in South Australia had been surveyed on a previous occasion to a depth of 10 cm and found to contain high levels of copper, lead and zinc deposited during previous lead and zinc-based primer paint stripping operations prior to repainting the bridge. Since the river embankment is geologically different from the surrounding non-embankment soils, and a sufficient distance from the bridge along the river embankment could not be traversed, the geological background Cu, Pb and Zn fraction was established initially using a solid phase sequential extraction (SPSE) procedure. Assessment of the degree of contamination and extent of vertical mobility was then established. Copper was a minor contaminant and present predominantly as the geological background species. Lead was partitioned evenly between the oxalate soluble fraction and residual fraction to a depth of 30 cm with a decrease in total Pb concentration from 497 to 141 mg Pb kg^–1 while Zn was predominantly in the oxalate soluble fraction to a depth of 15cm with a decrease in concentration from 1013 to 150 mg Zn kg^–1. The reduced rate of nitrification and the lower total concentration of NO₃ ^–-N together with the higher respiratory quotient, combined with the lower microbial quotient, are indicative of microbial stress due to heavy metal toxicity. In the case of Pb and Zn paint stripping residues, these changes in indicators of microbial health are possibly the result of the greater abundance and hence possible bioavailabilty of organo- and chloro-Pb compared to organo- and chloro-Zn complexes.