Adverse effects of chromium on amino acid levels in freshwater fish Clarias batrachus (Linn.)

Various heavy metals released into the rivers and lakes affect aquatic fauna including Clarias batrachus. Elevated levels of chromium (Cr) in aquatic organisms, especially fish, represent an ecological and human concern. Amino acid levels were estimated in five tissues (gills, liver, kidneys, muscle, and brain) of C. batrachus after 28 days of exposure to Cr. This study showed that Cr elevated levels of free amino acids in organs of fish C. batrachus, indicating a compensatory mechanism to counter sublethal metallic stress. Data suggest that the measurement of amino acids may serve as a biomarker for Cr toxicity in fish.     

广东北江上游流域农田土壤有机氯农药残留及其分布特征

北江是珠江的重要支流之一,为确定北江上游流域农田土壤有机氯农药（OCPs）的含量、来源以及分布特征,2010年11月,对该区域水稻田、菜地和果园土壤进行了采样、处理以及GC/MS分析。研究结果表明：27种OCPs中,除环氧七氯、狄氏剂、硫丹I、反式九氯、顺式九氯、异狄氏剂醛和甲氧氯外,其余均有不同程度的检出。总OCPs质量分数为2.71～62.4 ng.g-1,平均11.9 ng.g-1;含量最高的为DDTs,其次为硫丹和HCHs,其质量分数范围分别为1.82～60.3、0.103～19.6和nd（未检出）～1.74 ng.g-1;水稻田土壤DDTs的含量与果园相当,但明显高于菜地的残留水平。研究区域OCPs的源分析表明,HCHs主要来自于早期商业HCHs和林丹农药的残留,DDTs源于商业DDTs和三氯杀螨醇农药的残留。北江上游流域农田表层土壤OCPs储存量约为342 kg,其中DDTs 243 kg、硫丹63.7 kg、HCHs 15.0 kg。与国内外同类型报道相比,结合我国GB 15618-1995《土壤环境质量标准》,研究区域土壤OCPs残留的程度较低。     

栗钙土不同土地利用方式下有机碳和无机碳剖面分布特征

栗钙土是半干旱地区典型的地带性土壤,主要分布在内蒙古自治区。文章以内蒙古自治区乌兰察布盟(简称乌盟)和锡林河流域为例,分析了栗钙土有机碳和无机碳含量及其密度的剖面分布特征,旨在了解不同土地利用方式下土壤碳库的储量和分布特点及其成因与机理。结果表明:土壤无机碳在剖面上的分布有两种类型:高—低—(高)—(低)型和低—高—(低)—(高)型,后者可能是由于土壤侵蚀引起的碳酸盐再分布所形成的。100cm深的土壤有机碳密度的平均值为8.48kg·m-2,退耕地>耕地>干旱半干旱草原>典型草原,主要分布在表层,0～30cm土壤有机碳密度为0～100cm的43%左右;而土壤无机碳密度的平均值为7.10kg·m-2,退耕地>典型草原>耕地>干旱半干旱草原,主要分布在下层土壤,50～100cm无机碳密度为0～100cm的58%左右。     

不同水解方法对土壤中性糖和氨基糖含量测定的影响

碳水化合物是土壤有机质的重要组成成分,其含量和特性对土壤性质有很大的影响。水解试剂的选择对土壤碳水化合物测定的准确度有着至关重要的影响,文章首次研究了不同水解方法测定土壤中性糖和氨基糖含量的差异。结果表明,中性糖的最佳水解条件为4mol·L-1三氟乙酸(TFA)在105℃下水解4h,氨基糖的最佳水解条件为6mol·L-1HCl在105℃下水解8h。此外文章实现了8种中性糖(核糖、鼠李糖、岩藻糖、阿拉伯糖、木糖、葡萄糖、半乳糖和甘露糖)和4种氨基糖(氨基葡萄糖、氨基半乳糖、氨基甘露糖和胞壁酸)同时在DM-1毛细管气相色谱柱上的基线分离且本方法具有一定的精密度和准确度。该实验的研究将为土壤中性糖和氨基糖的同时分析提供一定的技术支持和理论基础。     

Organic composition in the dry season rainwater of Guangzhou, China

This paper reports the results from a study of the organic composition of rainwater collected at Tianhe district of Guangzhou city, P.R. China, during the dry season. Several special setups of a pyrex bottle with a glass funnel were used for the collection of the rainwater. Three fractions (aliphatics, PAHs and fatty acids) were separated from the total extracted organic compounds and identified with GC-MS. The molecular diagnostic ratios were utilized for the source reconciliation. The aliphatic hydrocarbon and the biomarkers (triterpanes and steranes) distribution show a characteristic of the petrochemical source in the rainwater samples. The PAHs diagnostic ratios [e.g. MP/P, MPI, Fl/ (Fl + Py)] indicated vehicular emissions. The fatty acids ratios (e.g. C_18:1/C_18:0 and C_18:2/C_18:0) reflect the contribution of cooking emissions, while the higher plant waxes play little part. Moreover, the values of MP/P, MPI, BaA/(BaA + CT) and BeP/(BeP + BaP) reflected the origin of the long-distance transportation to some extent. On the whole, for the dry season rainwater, all molecular diagnostic ratios indicated the complexity of the organic composition of the rain, which have the characteristics of both a local emission contribution and a long-distance transportation contribution.     

Changes in soil organic matter composition after afforestation of arable farmland in northeast China

Since the 1970s, a substantial area of arable farmland in a semi-humid area of northeast China has been planted as deciduous forests (Populus tomentosa Carr.). This study investigates the effects of afforestation on soil organic carbon (SOC) content and the chemical composition of the soil. Soil samples (Calcic chernozem) were collected from the upper 10?cm of paired arable land and secondary forests established 5 and 25 years previously. Carbon isotope analysis and pyrolysis–gas chromatography/mass spectrometry were used to determine SOC composition. The results show that (i) compared to the arable land, five years of afforestation caused a decrease in SOC and N concentration, while 25 years of afforestation resulted in an increase in SOC content; (ii) stable isotope δ¹³C analyses of the forest soils show gradual loss of crop-derived C and an accumulation of forest-derived C; and (iii) afforestation increased lignin abundance and decreased decompositional activity in the 25-year-old forest topsoil. Higher amounts of short-/mid-chain aliphatic compounds were observed in the 5-year-old forest (5–10?cm); and (iv) the arable soil contained substantially higher amounts of decomposed plant material and microbially derived substances. The results obtained suggest that long-term afforestation increases the SOC concentration, and alters the chemical composition of SOC.     

不同类型土壤中外源镍对赤子爱胜蚓的急性毒性

按照国际标准化组织(ISO)颁布的蚯蚓毒性试验方法,研究了镍离子在我国13种典型土壤中对赤子爱胜蚓(Eisenia fetida)的急性毒性,发现镍离子在不同类型土壤中对蚯蚓的半数致死浓度(LC50)变化范围为243.8-1970.6 mg·kg-1,镍离子在不同土壤中的毒性大小顺序为:湖南红壤＞重庆紫壤＞江西红壤＞河...     

Phenolic compounds in leaves of Salix species and hybrids growing under different soil conditions

The leaves of eight Salix species/hybrids were collected from two sites with different soil conditions including metal concentrations to investigate the concentration of Cu, Zn and Pb, phenolic profile and antioxidant scavenging activity. Cu, Zn and Pb, phenolic content and scavenging activity in leaves from the control area (lower concentration of metals in soil) (site C) were lower than in plants cultivated in site G (higher concentration of metals in soil). The content of Cu, Pb and Zn in leaves was in the range 9.21 (site G)–52.36 (site G), 0.41 (site C)?12.03 (site C) and 27.23 (site C)–214.44 (site G) mg?kg^?1, respectively. Total phenolic content ranged between 18.19 (site C) and 84.71 (site G) mg gallic acid equivalent per gram of dry matter. Total flavonoid content was between 7.98 (site C) and 54.48 (site G) mg catechin g^?1?d.m. The scavenging effect on 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl˙ ranged between 33.6% (site C) and 56.3% (site G). Phenolic acids, myricetin and quercetin were quantified in leaves. The results show that phenolics are involved during adaptive mechanisms under elevated content of Cu, Pb and Zn in soil. Changes in the phenolic composition in leaves can be suggested as indicators of metal stress in Salix plants.     

Protein and amino acid composition of the tergal gland secretions ofBlatta orientalis andEurycotis floridana (Dictyoptera: Blattidae)

Summary Nymphs and adult females ofBlatta orientalis and nymphs ofEurycotis floridana produce a proteinaceous sticky secretion which accumulates on the last abdominal tergites. The proteic patterns do not differ between individuals of the same species. HPLC analyses show that all the common amino acids are found in both species, aspartic and glutamic acids representing 24 to 37% of the total amount of amino acids. InB. orientalis, glutamic acid is the more abundant amino acid whereas inE. floridana it is the aspartic acid. The secretion appears and accumulates rapidly on isolated insects. Behavioural assays revealed that these secretions have a defensive role.     

外源物质添加对东北黑土氨基酸矿化的影响

采用间歇淋洗好气培养法研究了东北黑土中氨基酸的矿化过程以及添加葡萄糖和葡萄糖与氮肥配施对其质量分数的影响。结果表明：土壤中氨基酸质量分数的变化受到外源物质添加的影响。与对照处理相比,葡萄糖以及葡萄糖与氮肥配施均能促进土壤氨基酸质量分数的积累,并且2种外源物质对氨基酸质量分数的影响相差不多。土壤不同种类的氨基酸具有不同的矿化特征,其中异亮氨酸的矿化速率最快,其次是赖氨酸、缬氨酸、组氨酸和亮氨酸,而精氨酸、甘氨酸和酪氨酸矿化速率较低。此外,土壤中每种氨基酸矿化对总氨基酸矿化的贡献与其在土壤中的质量分数有关,一般来说,氨基酸质量分数高则其矿化的贡献也大。     

Biochemical composition and trophic strategies of the amphipod Eurythenes gryllus at hadal depths (Atacama Trench,South Pacific)

Amphipods Eurythenes gryllus were collected at 7800?m depth in the Atacama Trench (South Pacific) for studying their biochemical composition (in terms of proteins, lipids and carbohydrates and fatty acid content) and to gather information on bioenergetic strategies and trophic habits of organisms living in this extreme environment. The effect of long-term formalin storage on the biochemical determinations was also determined. Proteins were the dominant biochemical class of organic compounds (39–53%D.W.), whereas carbohydrates accounted for a very small fraction (1–2%D.W.). Lipid concentrations of E. gryllus accounted for 7–18%D.W. and were much lower than those reported for other deep-sea amphipods. These differences are likely to be more dependent upon food availability in the Atacama Trench rather than upon temperature. Lipid composition of E. gryllus revealed the dominance of monounsaturated fatty acids with polyunsaturated fatty acids accounting for a very small fraction, suggesting that hadal amphipods are higher dependent upon lipid reserves than amphipods inhabiting at shallow depths. The ratio of C18:1Δ⁹ to C18:1Δ¹¹ was >11 confirming the necrophagous trophic habits of this hadal amphipod.     

青檀天然群落土壤成分及其对青檀生长的影响

对湖北省三潭风景区青檀（Pteroceltis tatarinowii）天然群落土壤主要元素进行测定,并通过因子相关分析,探讨了土壤成分与青檀生长指标之间的相关性,研究结果可为青檀野生资源的保护和合理利用提供科学依据。结果表明,土壤水溶性Ca2＋、Mg2＋平均质量分数为3.598和0.176 g·kg-1,速效钾、全氮、有效磷的平均质量分数分别是133.324 mg·kg-1、4.413 g·kg-1和3.569 mg·kg-1,有机质平均质量分数为3.295%。土壤水溶性Ca2＋与青檀生长指标之间无显著相关关系;土壤可溶性Mg2＋与乔木、灌木的丛生植株数量呈显著正相关,当Mg2＋浓度处于0.191~0.221 g·kg-1之间时,青檀的丛生植株数量大;全氮与青檀乔木平均高度、平均胸径呈极显著正相关,与单生植株数量呈显著负相关;有效磷与乔木平均高度和胸径呈显著正相关;速效钾与乔木丛生植株数量及乔木总数量呈显著正相关;有机质灌木冠幅呈显著正相关。按土壤成分可将青檀群落聚成3类,3个聚类组的土壤水溶性Mg2＋、全氮（TN）、速效钾（TK）、有效磷（TP）、有机质以及青檀乔木植株总数量存在着显著差异。     

外源铅铜镉在长三角和珠三角农业土壤中的转化

选择了我国经济发达地区的长江三角洲和珠江三角洲10个代表性农业土壤，采用室内培养和化学分级方法研究了加入外源铅、铜、镉在土壤中的动态变化及转化趋势，探讨了碳酸钙、粉煤灰、猪粪和钢渣等土壤改良剂对土壤重金属形态的影响。结果表明，随着土壤重金属负荷的提高，土壤中交换态重金属的比例增大，残余态比例下降，有效性提高，对环境威胁增大。当重金属加入最较低时，重金属优先向氧化物结合态、有机质结合态转化；而当加入最较高时，向交换态和碳酸盐结合态转化的比例明皿增加。pH和土壤组分对重金属在土壤中的转化有显著的影响，土壤pH下降可使交换态Cd、Cu、Pb的比例递增。加入碳酸钙、粉煤灰、猪粪和钢渣等改良剂可显著地降低土壤中交换态重金属比例，增加其它形态的重金属比例。     

不同土壤类型中外源汞对白符跳(Folsomia candida)的毒性

参考国际标准化组织(ISO)颁布的跳虫毒性测试方法 ISO11267,分析了汞(Hg)在我国9种典型土壤中对白符跳(Folsomia candida)的急性毒性及繁殖毒性。发现Hg在不同类型土壤中对白符跳的半数致死浓度(LC50)变化为(0.92~1.94)mg·kg-1,而对白符跳繁殖产生影响的半数效应浓度(EC50)变化范围为(0.98~2.43)mg·kg-1,产生10%影响的浓度(EC10)变化范围为(0.29~1.40)mg·kg-1。将土壤的主要理化性质(p H、OM、CEC)与Hg对白符跳的EC50进行相关性回归分析,发现土壤CEC与EC50呈显著正相关关系(r=0.8624,p0.01),随着土壤CEC的增大,Hg的EC50值也趋于升高。因此,土壤CEC可能是导致不同类型土壤中汞对白符跳毒性差异的主要因素。本研究结果可为制定基于我国土壤类型的生态筛选值提供基础参考数据。     

东江流域土壤、植被和悬浮物的碳、氮同位素组成

碳、氮同位素值对监测流域植被组成、环境变迁是一种非常有效的指标,为中短时间尺度环境变化研究提供了一条新的途径。以亚热带山区的东江流域为例,以流域内的植被、土壤及水体悬浮物为研究对象,应用其有机质同位素组成（δ13C、δ15N）,揭示流域植被的成分和环境变化的信息。研究发现：东江流域土壤碳同位素、C/N比值差值不大;植被的氮同位素差值明显,C/N比值差异较大。对东江流域悬浮物δ13C值近20年的监测表明：其值在早期逐年升高,近10年来转趋稳定并呈明显下降趋势,变化范围在-17.8‰～-26.1‰之间,反映了该流域植被破坏和恢复的过程以及土壤侵蚀状况的变化趋势。     

密云水库上游地区农田土壤有机碳储量及变化模拟

农田土壤有机碳(SOC)库对粮食安全和全球气候变化具有重要影响,因此,开展农田土壤有机碳储量及其动态变化研究在政治经济和生态环境层面具有重要意义.采用农业生物地球化学模型--DNDC对密云水库上游地区农田土壤有机碳储量及其变化进行模拟研究,首先应用当地实测结果进行模型验证,然后根据当地气候条件、土壤性质和现行农业耕作管理特点等建立GIS区域数据库,并在数据库的支持下进行区域模拟和分析.结果表明:2006年密云水库上游地区214 920 hm~2农田土壤(0～25 cm)的总有机碳储量为7 646×10~6 kg,其中位于河北省境内的该地区63.1%的农田储存了全区68.1%的SOC;平均每公顷农田SOC储量为35 576.1 kg,低于全国平均水平;由于化肥和有机肥投入的增加,经过1 a耕种后,2006年该地区农田SOC储量增加142.5×10~6 kg,整个地区及各区县农田土壤碳收支均为正,是大气CO_2的一个汇.情景分析表明,气温升高对该地区农田SOC积累具有显著的负效应;而提高秸秆还田比例、适量施用化肥、增施有机肥、增加灌溉和采取免耕方式等措施均能有效增加土壤有机碳的积累.     

Characterization of soil low-molecular-weight organic acids in the Karst rocky desertification region of Guizhou Province, China

Soil low-molecular-weight (LMW) organic acids play important roles in the soil-forming process and the cycling of nutrients in Karst regions. In this study, we quantified the contents of LMW organic acids (including lactate, acetate, formate, malate, and oxalate) in soil solution over the Karst region of Guizhou Province, China using ion chromatography. The concentration of total LMW organic acids in topsoil solution ranged from 0.358 to 1.823 μmol·g^-1, with an average of 0.912 μmol·g^-1. The mean concentrations of lactate, acetate, formate, malate, and oxalate were 0.212±0.089, 0.302±0.228, 0.301±0.214, 0.014±0.018 and 0.086±0.118 μmol·g^-1, respectively. There were also significant difference in the contents of these acids among four phases of rocky desertification, and their concentrations decreased with the aggravation of rocky desertification. The concentrations of the LMW organic acids were significantly positive correlated each other. Significant positive correlations were also observed among individual LMW organic acids in soil solution, and between them and soil available P, available K, exchangeable Ca, respectively. Furthermore, the concentrations of LMW organic acids were significantly positively correlated with inorganic anions (chlorides, nitrates, and sulfates) in Karst topsoil solution. Therefore, the concentrations of soil LMW organic acids might be one of driving force in the Karst rock desertification process in Guizhou Province.     

不同土壤类型中外源汞对白符跳（Folsomia candida）的毒性研究

参考国际标准化组织(ISO)颁布的跳虫毒性测试方法 ISO11267,分析了汞(Hg)在我国9种典型土壤中对白符跳(Folsomia candida)的急性毒性及繁殖毒性。发现Hg在不同类型土壤中对白符跳的半数致死浓度(LC₅₀)变化为(0.92～1.94) mg·kg^-1,而对白符跳繁殖产生影响的半数效应浓度(EC₅₀)变化范围为(0.98～2.43) mg·kg^-1,产生10%影响的浓度(EC10)变化范围为(0.29～1.40) mg·kg^-1 。将土壤的主要理化性质(pH、OM、CEC)与Hg对白符跳的EC₅₀进行相关性回归分析,发现土壤CEC与EC₅₀呈显著正相关关系(r=0.8624,p<0.01),随着土壤CEC的增大,Hg的EC₅₀值也趋于升高。因此,土壤CEC可能是导致不同类型土壤中汞对白符跳毒性差异的主要因素。本研究结果可为制定基于我国土壤类型的生态筛选值提供基础参考数据。     

呼伦贝尔草原土壤粘粉粒组分对有机碳和全氮含量的影响

土壤在维持全球碳、氮循环中起着重要的作用。利用土壤粒级分组的方法,分析了呼伦贝尔草原土壤有机碳、全氮、阳离子交换量,并探讨其空间差异与成因。结果表明,(1)在呼伦贝尔草原,土壤有机碳(SOC)、全氮(TN)在不同地质发育的土壤类型中变异较大,而土壤粘粉粒组分中的有机碳(SOCclay-silt)、全氮(TNclay-silt)质量分数变异较小。在土壤表层(0~20cm),SOC、TN质量分数分别介于0.24%~3.70%、0.0316~0.3403mg/kg,而SOCclay-silt、TNclay-silt平均质量分数分别为3.61%±0.50%、0.3440%±0.0251%。在土壤下层(20~40cm),SOC、TN质量分数分别介于0.13%~2.91%、0.0175~0.2511mg/kg,而SOCclay-silt、TNclay-silt平均值分别为2.65%±0.63%、0.2622%±0.0923%。(2)土壤有机碳、全氮与土壤粘粉粒比例之间呈显著的正相关,表明土壤粘粉粒比例愈高,土壤有机碳和全氮在土壤中稳定性就愈强。     

Status of Cadmium Concentration in Soil and Vegetable Irrigated with City Effluent

Cadmium is a toxic and carcinogenic element[1].In the1950s and 1960s,cadmium intoxication was considered to bestrictly an occupational disease.It was not until recognition of thecontribution of cadmium exposure to the etiology of Itai-itai dis-ease.It is …