实行阶梯电价给环保什么启示？

从2012年7月1日起，我国已有29个省区市，共同步入居民用电阶梯电价时代。阶梯电价从宣传到实施，其中的许多做法值得环保部门借鉴。因为涉及民生等敏感问题，实施阶梯电价应该说是一项难度很大的工作。阶梯水价喊了多年，至今仍未能在全国推广实施。而阶梯电价的设计和管理更为复杂，我国又存在区域情况不同、贫富差距大、城乡经济发展悬殊、用电季节性强、人户分离情况严重等国情，但是，阶梯电价却能在短期内得以在全国推广实施。     

“阶梯电价”不能沦为变相涨价

一个合理的阶梯电价制度应当是,电价有升有降,用电量大户的电价应当上升,用电量少者的电价应当下降。与此同时,提高两个档次的电价,不应当是为了增加电力企业的收入,而是要把这笔钱用于对第一档电价的补贴,在居民的用电消费支出上应当整体保持平衡。     

居民生活用电碳排放交易机制研究

个人排放交易被认为可以促进居民参与碳减排,但是因其减排收益难以覆盖高昂的建立和运行成本,降低了公众接受度。本文提出除了考虑碳减排的收益外,更需要关注个人排放交易机制的教育价值、形成正确的激励以及鼓励创新的价值,并提出可以基于当前国内多地实行的阶梯电价制度,利用电力系统现有的用户网络和账户系统,建立居民生活用电碳排放交易机制,以降低成本并实现上述价值。在此基础上,就居民生活用电碳排放交易机制的配额设定与分配、配额交易以及清缴问题做了细致的分析,并提出绿色电力作为补充电力可以免费获得碳配额以促进绿色消费。同时,比较分析了在居民生活用电交易机制和阶梯电价制度下,不同居民家庭以及电力公司的用电成本(收益),指出了其在形成正确的激励方面的作用。最后指出在条件成熟的情况下,居民生活用电碳排放交易机制可以扩展到居民的其他能源消费领域,以实现更为全面的个人排放交易。     

孔媛媛:千里走滏阳的女主播

在“2006绿色中国年度人物”评选活动网上推荐阶段,她的名字和事迹一屏一屏刷过。是谁能够获得网民们如此热情地支持?她就是国家一级播音员,河北省十大杰出青年志愿者,以“千里走滏阳”的壮举征服了众多网民的——孔媛媛。顽强的环保勇士2006年盛夏,为了挽救河北人的母亲河——     

打好水价改革“攻坚战”

近日,国家发展改革委、住房城乡建设部印发《关于加快建立完善城镇居民用水阶梯价格制度的指导意见》,部署全面实行城镇居民阶梯水价制度。2015年底前,设市城市原则上要全面实行居民阶梯水价制度,第一、二、三级阶梯水价按不低于1：1．5：3的比例安排,缺水地区应进一步加大价差。     

端午随想

你听,那些苇莺口中鸣唱的声音,不就是——＂呱呱唧啾＂？而＂呱呱唧啾＂,不就是诗经中的＂关关雎鸠＂的谐音吗？!所以我认为,在诗经中,＂关关雎鸠＂一词就是来描述苇莺的叫声的。     

2万名网友20天微博植树3万棵

本刊讯：从年初的微博打拐,到年中的解救黑熊,再到最近的＂免费午餐＂,微公益的概念正在被广大网民所接受。由新浪环保携手中国绿化基金会共同发起的＂微绿中国＂微博植树公益活动正是在这样的背景下,在很短的时间内,吸引了,众多网友的关注和支持。     

工况监控系统在环保电价数据审核中的应用

《燃煤发电机组环保电价及环保设施运行监管办法》中将以前根据脱硫综合投运率和脱硫效率计算脱硫电价的方式,改变为依据在线监测数据,结合生产设施、环保设施运行状态及在线监测设备状态来进行环保电价核定。文章介绍了工况监控系统在执行环保电价燃煤发电机组自动监测数据审核中的应用,工况监控系统就是针对排放浓度出现异常情况提供治污设施运行的状态凭证,供环保部门进行数据核定。利用工况监控系统,可简化企业制作凭证和环保部门数据审核凭证的程序,提高工作效率。     

企业评选先进要实行“环保一票否决”

重经济而轻环保让我们付出了沉重的代价。要改变＂效益好一好百好＂的错误观念,就要坚持＂实行环保一票否决＂的原则,企业治污减排达不到环保要求,就要取消其一切先进的评选资格。     

中国动态

燃煤电厂脱硝电价政策全面实施环保部和国家发改委近日联合印发《关于加快燃煤电厂脱硝设施验收及落实脱硝电价政策有关工作的通知》。《通知》对验收程序和验收时限提出了明确要求,并规定了享受脱硝电价补贴的3项条件。自2013年1月1日起,脱硝电价政策由14个省份试点扩大到全国所有省份。脱硝电价政策的全面实施,将大大推进全国氮氧化物减排。     

Projected Changes in Discharge in an Agricultural Watershed in Iowa

Our improved capability to adapt to the future changes in discharge is linked to our capability to predict the magnitude or at least the direction of these changes. For the agricultural United States Midwest, too much or too little water has severe socioeconomic impacts. Here, we focus on the Raccoon River at Van Meter, Iowa, and use a statistical approach to examine projected changes in discharge. We build on statistical models using rainfall and harvested corn and soybean acreage to explain the observed discharge variability. We then use projections of these two predictors to examine the projected discharge response. Results are based on seven global climate models part of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 and two representative concentration pathways (RCPs 4.5 and 8.5). There is not a strong signal of change in the discharge projections under the RCP 4.5. However, the results for the RCP 8.5 point to a stronger changing signal related to larger projected increases in rainfall, resulting in increased trends, in particular, in the upper part of the discharge distribution (i.e., 60th percentile and above). Examination of two hypothetical agricultural scenarios indicates that these increasing trends could be alleviated by decreasing the extent of the agricultural production. We also discuss how the methodology presented in this study represents a viable approach to move forward with the concept of return period for engineering design and management in a nonstationary world.     

Pesticides in rain in four agricultural watersheds in the United States

Rainfall samples were collected during the 2003 and 2004 growing seasons at four agricultural locales across the USA in Maryland, Indiana, Nebraska, and California. The samples were analyzed for 21 insecticides, 18 herbicides, three fungicides, and 40 pesticide degradates. Data from all sites combined show that 7 of the 10 most frequently detected pesticides were herbicides, with atrazine (70%) and metolachlor (83%) detected at every site. Dacthal, acetochlor, simazine, alachlor, and pendimethalin were detected in more than 50% of the samples. Chlorpyrifos, carbaryl, and diazinon were the only insecticides among the 10 most frequently detected compounds. Of the remaining pesticide parent compounds, 18 were detected in fewer than 30% of the samples, and 13 were not detected. The most frequently detected degradates were deethylatrazine; the oxygen analogs (OAs) of the organophosphorus insecticides chlorpyrifos, diazinon, and malathion; and 1-napthol (degradate of carbaryl). Deethylatrazine was detected in nearly 70% of the samples collected in Maryland, Indiana, and Nebraska but was detected only once in California. The OAs of chlorpyrifos and diazinon were detected primarily in California. Degradates of the acetanilide herbicides were rarely detected in rain, indicating that they are not formed in the atmosphere or readily volatilized from soils. Herbicides accounted for 91 to 98% of the total pesticide mass deposited by rain except in California, where insecticides accounted for 61% in 2004. The mass of pesticides deposited by rainfall was estimated to be less than 2% of the total applied in these agricultural areas.     

Investment in human capital in Africa

Summary The author analyses the problems currently faced by the African continent, recognises six factors which he believes are important in influencing the analysis, and argues that the only secure, renewable asset any country or continent has, is its people. He maintains that people development, rather than the classical economic forms of encouraging development, offers Africa a viable way forward. He then identifies a number of specific issues within such a strategy of investment in human capital.Brian Walker is the President of the International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED), and this address was given at the inaugural meeting of the International Year of Shelter for the Homeless, in London, on 18th April, 1985. A second, earlier, associated address was published inThe Environmentalist 5(3) 167–170.     

Environmental assessment in countries in transition: evolution in a changing context

Over the last fifteen years, Environmental Assessment systems of transitional societies of Central and Eastern Europe and Central Asia have undergone dramatic change from appraisals integrated into centrally planned economies to formal procedures aimed to ensure interdisciplinary analysis of environmental impacts and linked to publicly accountable decision-making. In most Central European nations, EA systems have been radically reformed to approximate the procedures used in developed countries, particularly in the European Union. In contrast, EA in most of the former Soviet republics has been reformed more gradually and is still based on the so-called State Environmental Review procedure inherited from the USSR and substantially different from 'Western' EA. About one-third of the transitional countries (in the Balkans, the Caucasus and Central Asia) have, so far, failed to establish functioning EA systems. Throughout the region, there has been a gap between EA legislation and practice, especially concerning interdisciplinary analysis of environmental impacts, public participation, and utilisation of EA findings in decision-making. A key driving force in the reform of EA systems has been the change in their societal context, the so-called 'process of transition'. Three main policy agendas--environmental protection, reforms of decision-making, and conforming to international requirements--along with the institutional context of EA regulations and practice have influenced both the change of EA systems over time and the regional variations in the patterns of their evolution. This study suggests that an effective reform of an EA system should be context-sensitive, or be 'in gear' with the political and economic transition. Future EA research should consider their changing societal contexts and focused on practical effects of applying EA procedures.     

电催化氧化处理难降解废水技术研究进展

电催化氧化处理难降解废水技术已得到了广泛关注.本文从电极材料与应用,电极结构及反应器形状,以及与其它处理方法联用等综述了最新研究进展,并在此基础上总结出了电催化氧化技术今后的发展方向.     

Community-company relations in gold mining in Ghana

As a result of Structural Adjustment Programme from the 1980s, many developing countries have experienced an increase in resource extraction activities by international and transnational corporations. The work reported here examines the perceived impacts of gold mining at the community level in the Wassa West District of Ghana, Africa and discusses those perceived impacts in the context of globalization processes and growing multinational corporate interest in Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). Interview data compared community members' perceptions with those of company representatives in three communities. The results indicate that communities held companies responsible for a series of economic, social, and environmental changes. While recognizing some of the benefits brought by the mines, communities felt that the companies did not live up to their responsibility to support local development. Companies responded by denying, dismissing concerns, or shifting blame. Findings from this work show that lack of engagement and action by government agencies at all levels resulted in companies acting in a surrogate governmental capacity. In such situations, managing expectations is key to community-company relations.     

Water management problems in economies in transition

Ambitious programmes of reform in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) are threatened by a serious deterioration of the environment. Large-scale damage of the natural environment in many forms, including water pollution has created development barriers which adversely affect the living conditions of current and future generations. Despite similar patterns of environmental policy in the CEE countries compared with their Western counterparts, neither environmental legislation nor economic incentives have produced any significant improvement in water quality over the last 10–20 years. For that very reason in the transition period, it is necessary to identify existing deficiencies in the system and to build up a mixed system of new institutions of water management, more realistic legislation with a strong enforcement system, and market based incentives for water conservation and protection against pollution.     

Sustainability Appraisal in neighbourhood planning in England

The preparation of strategic environmental assessment (SEA) inclusive sustainability appraisals (SAs) for neighbourhood plans (NPs) in England may be required when significant environmental effects are expected to arise from an NP. In this paper, we report on the result of a Ph.D. project, conducted between 2012 and 2015, in which all 15 NP SEA inclusive SAs that had been completed at the time were evaluated. In this context, the quality of SA practice was found to differ substantially. SAs were prepared either ‘in-house’ (i.e. by neighbourhood planning steering groups) or by consultants. The quality of SAs was found to be associated with their overall perceived degree of influence on the underlying NPs. Whilst the focus of this paper is on practice in England, findings are expected to be of interest to a wider international audience, in particular to those experimenting with voluntary neighbourhood/local level plan SA/SEA.     

Private participation in isolated grids in Mozambique

This article presents a case study from Mozambique of the electrification of two selected towns under a World Bank financed project. Low-cost electricity services were extended to the two isolated areas after an enabling framework had been created for private sector participation. The World Bank project also demonstrates that the private sector can be attracted to participate in rural electrification schemes even in a poor country. The example shown in this article is one of the few of its kind in SubSaharan Africa.