关于“成份含量”问题

问 :我们常见你刊使用“ρ(Ｂ)”、“ｗ(Ｂ)”“φ(Ｂ)”之类的符号来表达某种成份的浓度 ,依据是什么 ?答 :依据请见ＧＢ(310 2 .8- 93)和ＳＩ(ＩＳＯ 31- 8,1992 - 12 - 15)。关于“浓度”、“含量”之类的物理量概念 ,在ＧＢ和ＳＩ中有明确的规定 ,每一个物理量都有确定的符号、名称及定义。在生物学研究中 ,以下几个最常见的“成份”量应特别起重视 ,因为受传统影响 ,很容易弄错 :量名称量符号单位符号Ａ/ [Ａ]式示例Ｂ的浓度ｃ(Ｂ)ｍｏｌ/ｍ3,ｃ(Ｂ) /ｍｏｌｍ- 3,ｃ(ＨＣｌ) /ｍｏｌｍ- 3ｃｏｎｃｅｎｔｒａｃｔｉｏｎｏｆＢｍｏｌ/Ｌ…     

关于“成份含量”问题

问 :我们常见你刊使用“ρ(Ｂ)”、“ｗ(Ｂ)”“φ(Ｂ)”之类的符号来表达某种成份的浓度 ,依据是什么 ?答 :依据请见ＧＢ(310 2 .8- 93)和ＳＩ(ＩＳＯ 31- 8,1992 - 12 - 15)。关于“浓度”、“含量”之类的物理量概念 ,在ＧＢ和ＳＩ中有明确的规定 ,每一个物理量都有确定的符号、名称及定义。在生物学研究中 ,以下几个最常见的“成份”量应特别起重视 ,因为受传统影响 ,很容易弄错 :量名称量符号单位符号Ａ/[Ａ]式示例Ｂ的浓度ｃ(Ｂ)ｍｏｌ/ｍ3,ｃ(Ｂ) /ｍｏｌｍ- 3,ｃ(ＨＣｌ) /ｍｏｌｍ- 3ｃｏｎｃｅｎｔｒａｃｔｉｏｎｏｆＢｍｏｌ/Ｌ …     

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一 《应用与环境生物学报》是有关应用生物学和环境生物学基础研究、应用基础研究和应用研究的全国性学术期刊.主要发表:1.生物学及其各分支学科在资源、能源、环境、农林、医药、轻化工、食品等领域的原始研究论文和简报;2.有关生物学新技术方法研究论文;3.本刊特约的综述或述评. 二 来稿请用计算机A4纸打印,正文字体不小于新五号(宋体),稿中未表示出的字体、符号等特殊要求用铅笔标出;来稿一     

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稿约网址ｈｔｔｐ :/ /ｗｗｗ .ｃｉｂ .ａｃ .ｃｎ/ｘｕｅｂａｏ/ｂｋｇｙ .ｈｔｍ一　《应用与环境生物学报》是有关应用生物学和环境生物学基础研究、应用基础研究和应用研究的全国性学术期刊 .主要发表 :1.生物学及其各分支学科在资源、能源、环境、农林、医药、轻化工、食品等领域的原始研究论文和简报 ;2 .有关生物学新技术方法研究论文 ;3.本刊特约的综述或述评 .二　来稿请用计算机Ａ4纸打印 ,正文字体不小于新五号 (宋体 ) ,稿中未表示出的字体、符号等特殊要求用铅笔标出 ;来稿一式 3份 ;论文被接受后 ,作者可将最后修回稿连同该…     

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稿约网址ｈｔｔｐ :/ /ｗｗｗ .ｃｉｂ.ａｃ.ｃｎ/ｘｕｅｂａｏ/ｂｋｇｙ .ｈｔｍ一　《应用与环境生物学报》是有关应用生物学和环境生物学基础研究、应用基础研究和应用研究的全国性学术期刊 .主要发表 :1.生物学及其各分支学科在资源、能源、环境、农林、医药、轻化工、食品等领域的原始研究论文和简报 ;2 .有关生物学新技术方法研究论文 ;3.本刊特约的综述或述评 .二　来稿请用计算机Ａ4 纸打印 ,正文字体不小于新五号 (宋体 ) ,稿中未表示出的字体、符号等特殊要求用铅笔标出 ;来稿一式 3份 ;论文被接受后 ,作者可将最后修回稿连同该稿…     

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一　《应用与环境生物学报》是有关应用生物学和环境生物学基础研究、应用基础研究和应用研究的全国性学术期刊 .主要发表 :1.生物学及其各分支学科在资源、能源、环境、农林、医药、轻化工、食品等领域的原始研究论文和简报 ;2 .有关生物学新技术方法研究论文 ;3.本刊特约的综述或述评 .二　来稿请用计算机A4纸打印 ,正文字体不小于新五号 (宋体 ) ,稿中未表示出的字体、符号等特殊要求用铅笔标出 ;来稿一式 3份 ;论文被接受后 ,作者可将最后修回稿连同该稿电子文本 (E mail或软盘 )一起寄我部 .本刊接受网上投稿 (本刊E mail:bio jaeb @…     

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一　《应用与环境生物学报》是有关应用生物学和环境生物学基础研究、应用基础研究和应用研究的全国性学术期刊 .主要发表 :1.生物学及其各分支学科在资源、能源、环境、农林、医药、轻化工、食品等领域的原始研究论文和简报 ;2 .有关生物学新技术方法研究论文 ;3.本刊特约的综述或述评 .二　来稿请用计算机Ａ4 纸打印 ,正文字体不小于新五号 (宋体 ) ,稿中未表示出的字体、符号等特殊要求用铅笔标出 ;来稿一式 3份 ;论文被接受后 ,作者可将最后修回稿连同该稿电子文本 (Ｅｍａｉｌ或软盘 )一起寄我部 .本刊接受网上投稿 (本刊Ｅ ｍａｉｌ:…     

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一　《应用与环境生物学报》是有关应用生物学和环境生物学基础研究、应用基础研究和应用研究的全国性学术期刊 .主要发表 :1.生物学及其各分支学科在资源、能源、环境、农林、医药、轻化工、食品等领域的原始研究论文和简报 ;2 .有关生物学新技术方法研究论文 ;3.本刊特约的综述或述评 .二　来稿请用计算机Ａ4 纸打印 ,正文字体不小于新五号 (宋体 ) ,稿中未表示出的字体、符号等特殊要求用铅笔标出 ;来稿一式 3份 ;论文被接受后 ,作者可将最后修回稿连同该稿的软盘 (3寸盘 )一起寄我部 .本刊接受网上投稿 (本刊Ｅ ｍａｉｌ:ｂｉｏｊａｅｂ…     

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一《应用与环境生物学报》　是有关应用生物学和环境生物学基础研究、应用基础研究和应用研究的全国性学术期刊 .主要发表 :1.生物学及其各分支学科在资源、能源、环境、农林、医药、轻化工、食品等领域的原始研究论文和简报 ;2 .有关生物学新技术方法研究论文 ;3.本刊特约的综述或述评 .二来稿　本刊接受网上投稿 (E mail:biojaeb @cib .ac .cn ;biojaeb @mail.sc .cninfo.net) .打印稿请用计算机A4纸 ,正文字体不小于新五号 (宋体 ) ,稿中未表示出的字体、符号等要求用铅笔标出 ;来稿一式 3份 ;论文被接受后 ,作者须E mail发送最后修回…     

欢迎订阅2011年《中国生态农业学报》

<正>《中国生态农业学报》由中国科学院遗传与发育生物学研究所和中国生态经济学会主办,中国科学院主管,科学出版社出版。系中文核心期刊、中国科技核心期刊,被美国化学文摘、国际农业生物学文摘、哥白尼索引、美国乌     

Importance of greater interdisciplinarity and geographic scope when tackling the driving forces behind biological invasions

Invasive non-native species are important drivers of ecosystem change, yet the driving forces of biological invasions themselves are poorly understood. Such information is essential to ensure policies focus on the most relevant drivers, and that future scenarios capture the full range of potential outcomes for invasive non-native species. I carried out a bibliometric analysis of articles published from 2000 to 2020 that address either invasive non-native species or biodiversity and ecosystem services and that also mention 1 or more drivers of ecosystem change. I examined 5 indirect drivers (demographic, economic, governance, sociocultural, and technological) and 6 direct drivers (climate change, invasive non-native species, land-use or sea-use change, natural hazards, pollution, and resource extraction). Using the Web of Science core collection of citation indexes, I undertook searches of article titles and keywords and retrieved 27,462 articles addressing invasive non-native species and 110,087 articles dealing with biodiversity or ecosystem services. Most research to date on biological invasions as well as on biodiversity and ecosystem services has focused on anthropogenic direct drivers of ecosystem change rather than indirect drivers. Yet currently, less than 18% of articles addressing biological invasions examined drivers of ecosystem change, a similar level to that found over 20 years ago for biodiversity or ecosystem services. Knowledge of the drivers of biological invasions is limited, emphasizes tractable drivers over those that require an interdisciplinary approach, and is biased toward developed economies. Drivers generally deemed important for biological invasions, such as governance and resource extraction, accounted for less than 2% of research effort. The absence of a systematic understanding of the forces that drive invasive non-native species and how they interact means that attempts to mitigate or forecast biological invasions are likely to fail. To address biological invasions requires a much better orientation of national and international research on drivers in relation to both their actual importance as well as their policy relevance.     

The tragedy of the commons in international fisheries: An empirical examination

Historically, all capture fisheries have proven hard to manage; internationally shared stocks face an additional impediment to effective management. Previous fisheries studies estimate gains from cooperation for particular species or locations, but evidence is lacking on the wider effect that international sharing has in relation to other variables that affect stock status. This paper is an attempt to shed a broader light on the effect of sharing by identifying whether shared fish stocks are systematically more exploited. I compile exploitation status, biological and economic data into a unique two-period panel of more than 200 fish stocks from around the globe with which I test the theoretical implications of sharing. The empirical results from ordered category estimation suggest that shared stocks are indeed more prone to overexploitation.     

International Trade Status and Crisis for Snake Species in China

Abstract:  In recent years, the purchase of snakes for leather, food, and traditional medicine has increased in China, which has greatly reduced certain snake populations. Trade records show that since the 1990s, with respect to some species of snakes, China is changing from a net export country to a net import country. We analyzed data on international trade in snake species, concentrating, in particular, on trade dynamics and species composition. The overall number of snakes exported appears to have decreased in the last 10 years. However, the number of snakes imported during this period has increased steadily. Many species of snakes that are traded in significant numbers are endangered or threatened species. To conserve snakes in China, we recommended that the Chinese government and the international conservation community take the following actions: enhance legislation and list several species in the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) appendices; register all snake farms in China; carry out population and market surveys; monitor the dynamics of trade; encourage biological research; encourage change in food habits; and enhance cooperation between Hong Kong and mainland China.     

放射性核素水环境质量标准研究进展

地球环境中广泛存在的放射性核素对人类和其他物种产生辐射安全风险,成为水环境质量的重要指标之一。随着人类生活水平和环境保护意识的提升,以及核与辐射安全复杂的国际形势,放射性核素水环境质量标准的关注度越来越高。饮用水水质标准中的放射性核素限值基于个人辐射剂量标准,评估方法已经建立,并在世界卫生组织、美国、加拿大和日本等国际组织和国家的饮用水水质标准中得到广泛应用。水环境质量标准中的放射性核素限值基于辐射环境、参考生物、个体单位时间内的辐射剂量限值,对此各国际组织和国家相继开展了放射性核素的生态风险评价研究,并逐步制定相关标准。与国际水平相比,我国水环境质量标准存在放射性核素指标数量少、修订频率滞后、科学适用性有待提升等问题。在我国核能发展与生态文明建设的新形势下,加强放射性核素的健康风险和生态风险评价研究,建立健全水环境质量标准中放射性核素指标体系成为我国水环境研究的紧迫任务。     

生物样品体外致突变高通量检测方法研究进展

评述了几种常用的体外致突变检测方法及其用于生物样品检测的可行性,有些方法经改进可用于高通量检测生物样品体外致突变性.经典Ames实验受生物样品中组氨酸的影响,易产生假阳性结果,尽管经过修正可以排除组氨酸的干扰,但操作繁琐,不适合高通量检测.基于SOS反应的检测体系避开了组氨酸的影响,且简单易行,适合高通量检测:以β-半乳糖苷酶基因(lacZ)作为报告基因的检测体系灵敏度高,且经过离心洗涤或后培养的方式可降低样品颜色的影响;以绿色荧光蛋白(GFP)基因作为报告基因的检测体系避开了颜色的干扰,但这类方法灵敏度普遍不高,可以寻找信号更强的荧光蛋白以替代GFP;荧光素酶(lux)基因集lacZ和GFP的优点于一身,但检测时需要额外添加辅助因子,限制了其应用.也对单细胞凝胶电泳、tk基因突变实验、染色体损伤检测等方法进行了分析,有些适合生物样品高通量检测,但由于缺少国际通用的标准,很难推广使用.     

The enigma of progress in denitrification research.

Humans have dramatically increased the amount of reactive nitrogen (primarily ammonium, nitrogen oxides, and organically bound N) circulating in the biosphere and atmosphere, creating a wide array of desirable products (e.g., food production) and undesirable consequences (e.g., eutrophication of aquatic ecosystems and air pollution). Only when this reactive N is converted back to the chemically unreactive dinitrogen (N2) form, do these cascading effects of elevated reactive N cease to be of concern. Among the quantitatively most important processes for converting reactive N to N2 gas is the biological process of classical denitrification, in which oxides of nitrogen are used as terminal electron acceptors in anaerobic respiration. This Invited Feature on denitrification includes a series of papers that integrate our current state of knowledge across terrestrial, freshwater, and marine systems on denitrification rates, controlling factors, and methodologies for measuring and modeling denitrification. In this paper, we present an overview of the role of denitrification within the broader N cycle, the environmental and health concerns that have resulted from human alteration of the N cycle, and a brief historical perspective on why denitrification has been so difficult to study. Despite over a century of research on denitrification and numerous recent technological advances, we still lack a comprehensive, quantitative understanding of denitrification rates and controlling factors across ecosystems. Inherent problems of measuring spatially and temporally heterogeneous N2 production under an N2-rich atmosphere account for much of this slow progress, but lack of interdisciplinary communication of research results and methodological developments has also impeded denitrification research. An integrated multidisciplinary approach to denitrification research, from upland terrestrial ecosystems, to small streams, river systems, estuaries, and continental shelf ecosystems, and to the open ocean, may yield new insights into denitrification across landscapes and waterscapes.     

深入开展“土壤与环境”问题的研究

土壤与环境问题是现今国际土壤学界共同关心的重大问题。我国的土壤与环境问题日益突出,这将直接影响到我国在２１ 世纪的社会经济发展。根据我国的具体情况, 提出了在我国开展土壤与环境问题研究的重点课题。     

大气主要温室气体源汇及其研究进展

全球气候变暖是全球生态学的重点研究领域,近10余年来在世界范围内对引起气候变暖的温室气体源和汇进行了广泛的研究。文章综述了大气中几种主要温室气体(CO2、CH4和N2O)源和汇的种类及大小,认为在3种温室气体的源汇通量方面仍缺乏准确的定量认识,并存在许多不确定因素。通过分析近10年的国内外文献,总结出大气主要温室气体源汇的国际研究趋势主要是研究方法日益先进、研究地域不断扩大、注重温室气体通量对全球变化的响应以及多学科综合研究等方面。国内对温室气体源汇研究起步较晚,且存在观测点少、观测频度低、研究不够系统等不足,近几年在全国范围内实施的有关碳循环的重大科研项目在很大程度上促进了我国在温室气体源汇研究的发展。     

Externalities, Market Power, and Resource Extraction

This article analyzes the effect of market power in the presence of dynamic and biological externalities. When several countries harvest fish in international waters the evolution of fish population is affected by their joint action, thus generating a biological and a dynamic externality. If there is trade, the market-clearing prices depend on the harvesting and consumption in all countries. Therefore, market-clearing prices also generate an externality. We find a subgame perfect Cournot–Nash equilibrium and study the conditions under which it may be efficient. We also analyze the role of different externalities in generating inefficiency.     

Beijing environmental sustainable development from 1983 to 2003

Ever since the Earth Summit was launched at Rio de Janeiro, research has been done on the problems of developing indices for the health of the environment and for its sustainable development. However, this research has concentrated more on national and regional levels than on local levels, more on spatial comparisons than on time series analysis, more on short-term than on long-time analysis, more on qualitative than on quantitative analysis. In contrast, therefore, this paper presents an indicator system procedure for measuring Beijing (the capital of China) environmental sustainability based on the Pressure-State-Response (PSR) philosophy, evaluates the trend of Beijing environmental sustainability index (BESI) quantitatively for 21 years, from 1983 to 2003, and suggests three great opportunities in the near future that are expected to provide some dependable information to policy makers. The results suggest that Beijing is still far from environmental sustainable development. The total trend was better in the 1980s than in the 1990s, and has improved slightly since 2000.