基于硅藻完整性指数的辽河上游水质生物学评价

年9月对辽河上游12个采样点的着生硅藻进行了生物调查,同时测定了ρ(DO)、pH、ρ(TP)、ρ(TN)、ρ(NH₃-N)、ρ(COD_Cr)和ρ(BOD₅)等水质参数. 共检测到硅藻16属,以针杆藻属(Synedrasp.)、舟形藻属(Naviculasp.)、异极藻属(Gomphonema sp.)、桥弯藻属(Cymbella sp.)为优势种. 根据硅藻香农多样性指数确定了5个相对清洁采样点和7个受污染采样点,对10个硅藻生物指数进行了辨别力分析和Pearson相关分析. 结果表明,硅藻香农多样性指数、敏感性硅藻百分比和IDP硅藻指数最适合辽河上游的水质生物学评价. 采用5、3、1生物指数记分法统一量纲后,获得变化范围在3～15的D-IBI(硅藻完整性指数). 利用四分法划分辽河流域水质级别的标准,13～15为较好,10～12为一般,7～9为较差,3～6为差,并对12个采样点进行了重新评价,评价结果与水质参数的评价结果一致. 总体看来,该D-IBI基本适宜于评价辽河上游的水质状况. 收稿日期:┣┣(中)收稿日期┫┫2011-12-08修订日期:2012-03-08┣┣(中)修回日期┫┫基金项目:┣┣(中)基金项目┫┫国家水体污染控制与治理科技重大专项(2009ZX07528-002)作者简介:┣┣(中)作者简介┫┫李国忱(1985-),男,辽宁阜新人,liguochen1001@126.com.*责任作者,┣┣(中)通信作者┫┫ 刘录三(1975-),男,山东莒县人,副研究员,博士,主要从事水生生物多样性、生态系统健康评价方面研究,liuls@craes.org.cn      

底栖动物完整性指数评价西苕溪溪流健康

根据浙江安吉县西苕溪的64个底栖动物样点数据,对36个生物参数的分布范围、Pearson相关性和判别能力进行分析,确定B-IBI指数由总分类单元数、EPT分类单元数、鞘翅目%、前3位优势分类单元%、(纹石蛾科/毛翅目)%、滤食者%和BI指数构成.用比值法统一参数量纲,采用直接累加、变异系数权重法和熵值权重法分别计算B-IBI值并进行B-IBI健康标准的准确性检验,结果表明,熵值权重法的准确性(92.9%)优于直接累加(85.7%)和变异系数权重法(78.5%).建立了评价西苕溪健康的B-IBI标准:B-IBI＞0.69健康,0.52～0.68亚健康,0.35～0.51一般,0.18～0.34差,B-IBI＜0.17极差.B-IBI指数与栖境指数(r=0.62,p＜0.01)、水温(r=-0.64,p＜0.01)和海拔(r=0.64,p＜0.01)显著相关.     

Considerations regarding development of index of biotic integrity metrics for large rivers

The index of biotic integrity (IBI) is the most widely used multi-metric index to assess the biological health of fish communities. Numerous state-specific or basin-specific versions of the IBI have been developed for wadeable streams. However, progress has been considerably slower with regard to developing IBIs for large rivers. Sampling in large rivers presents a number of unique problems, many of which result from the size of the waterbody to be sampled. Topics covered in this paper include several related to field sampling such as electrofishing output requirements, day vs night sampling effectiveness, effectiveness of various gears and overlap among them, the lack of reference sites in large rivers, seasonal movements of fishes, variables affecting sampling efficiency, sampling effort, and QA/QC. Also discussed are several topics related to data analysis such as data variability, influence of YOY fishes on catch results, minimum size of the data set, metric calibration, proper characterization of trophic guilds, and establishment of tolerant/intolerant species. Before meaningful IBI scores can be generated, new metrics, applicable to large rivers, need to be developed. Based on the considerations discussed in this paper, it is recommended that large rivers be sampled by a combination of seining and electrofishing, with the electrofishing being conducted at night and with an effort of ≥500 m.     

三峡库区景观格局粒度效应及其对土地利用变化过程的响应

1992—2012年,受大型水利工程建设影响,三峡库区土地利用/覆被发生剧烈变化,论文选取工程建设重要时点1992、2002、2006和2012年的土地利用覆被图,探讨景观格局指数在30~1 000 m粒度范围内的粒度效应及其对土地利用变化过程的响应。结果表明：1）所选取的27个景观指数中,有14个对空间粒度变化高度敏感、3个中度敏感、7个低敏感、3个不敏感;不同类型景观（除裸地外）粒度效应规律相似。2）景观格局指数随粒度变粗呈5种变化规律：单调下降、单调上升、阶梯状上升、无明显变化、先增大后迅速下降。形状指数粒度效应对土地利用变化过程的响应明显,聚集度指数、面积-边缘指数、多样性指数随土地利用变化的特征不受粒度粗细影响。因此,景观格局分析最适宜粒度范围为30~60 m。3）1992—2012年三峡库区整体景观异质性增大、优势度降低、呈小斑块密集格局;耕地面积急剧下降、破碎化加剧,林地面积稳步提升,连通性提高。     

北京市河流生态系统健康评价

伴随经济的快速发展,人类活动对河流生态系统的胁迫日益强烈,生态系统健康状况受到严重威胁.以北京市河流水系为例,于2020年秋季至2021年夏季在区域内101个样点进行了4个季度的野外调查,选取涵盖水文、水质、水生生物和栖息环境质量的34个评价指标,采用主成分分析和相关分析进行筛选,利用熵权法确定各评价指标权重,构建北京市河流生态系统健康评价指标体系,并对其健康状况进行评价.结果表明,北京市河流生态系统健康评价指标体系包括：水温、流速、BOD₅、NH₄⁺-N、Cu、浮游植物密度、浮游动物密度、底栖动物Shannon指数和BMWP指数、鱼类Shannon指数和栖息地质量指数11项指标.北京市河流101个点位中,健康状态占比4.95%,亚健康占比23.76%,一般及以下占比71.29%.河流健康状况具有较强的空间异质性,北部和西部地区河流健康状况良好,而中部及东南地区健康状况相对较差.单项指标评价结果显示,北京市河流水质状况整体尚可,为"亚健康-一般"状态,生物和栖息地状况评价均为"一般-差"状态,但水文状况堪忧,为差状态.北京市各水系评价结果显示,潮白河水系健康状况最好,永定河、大清河和蓟运河水系健康状态一般,北运河水系健康状况最差.维持河流生态基流,保障河流水系连通性,改善和恢复河流栖息地环境是今后北京市河流进行生态修复与保护需要重点关注的方面.     

Criteria and procedures for evaluating the quality of fish populations in reservoirs

Routine assessments of sport fish populations are necessary for managers to determine whether populations are meeting objectives. An effective assessment technique should entail rating parameters that are measurements of, or are influenced by the three rate functions of recruitment, growth, and mortality. It will enable managers to determine which rate functions may be preventing a population from achieving stated objectives and help them determine if additional management or research efforts are needed. The first requirement of an effective assessment technique is a standard sampling method that captures all sizes of fish that are present in the population. The sampling method should detect changes in population density and size structure, which will then be reflected in sample length frequencies. Other important criteria are the selection of appropriate parameters from the sample data and the setting of objectives for those parameters. An ideal assessment should include parameters that depict recruitment levels, adult density, growth rate, age structure, and size structure. The parameter value should be easy to calculate from sample data. Use of an assessment for white crappies in Missouri’s large reservoirs showed that growth was generally good, but mortality was high. Subsequent research indicated that angler exploitation was the cause of the high mortality, which led to the successful implementation of restrictive harvest regulations.     

Evaluation of multi-metric bioassessment as an approach for assessing impacts of entrainment and impingement under Section 316(b) of the Clean Water Act

Over the past two decades, biological assessment has been widely adopted as a tool for comprehensive monitoring of ambient water quality, and increasingly it is used for management and regulation. Presently, biocriteria are central to the pre-decisional draft regulatory framework the US Environmental Protection Agency is developing under a consent decree to implement Section 316(b) of the Clean Water Act. With the increasing integration of multi-metric bioassessment and biocriteria into environmental regulation, it becomes important to critically review the performance of the methods to ensure they are robust and reliable tools for determining water body impairment. This paper examines the strengths and weaknesses of current approaches to bioassessment, focusing on issues that derive from recent advances in theoretical and applied ecology. Two critically important insights into the structure and function of ecosystems are: (1) the dynamic character of ecosystems; and (2) the significance of context and scale. Ecological dynamics produce spatio-temporal variability, which presents significant challenges to the development of biological criteria. This challenge is highlighted by the large percentage of sites potentially affected by arbitrary decisions sometimes made in setting biocriteria thresholds. Multi-metric bioassessment has not taken adequate account of the multi-scaled nature of ecological systems. Consideration of spatial scale will be especially important as multi-metric bioassessment methods originally developed in streams are adapted to larger, more open systems such as large rivers, estuaries, and coastal waters, and for regulation of cooling water intake structures.     

天然水体底质中Mn元素含量采样和分析质量控制研究

利用采样和分析全程质量控制程序(SAX),对于吉林省内7个天然水体底质中Mn元素的采样和分析过程进行了质量控制(QC)实例研究.实验采用了平行采样平行分析的设计方案,并进行了空白实验、重复测定和加标回收率的测定.然后利用稳健方差分析(Robust ANOVA)计算了采样分析全过程中的地理方差、采样方差和分析方差,并对整个质控过程按照适目的性原则进行了评价.通过本文的研究以及其他工作成果,可知评价中采用的比例限值标准在一般意义下的SAX过程中是行之有效的.但是,也应注意到该限值标准不是绝对的,在具体的实验设计中需要考虑多方面因素.     

Equilibration times,compound selectivity,and stability of diffusion samplers for collection of ground-water VOC concentrations

Vapor-filled polyethylene diffusion samplers (typically used to locate discharge zones of volatile organic compound contaminated ground water beneath streams and lakes) and water-filled polyethylene diffusion bag samplers (typically used to obtain volatile organic compound concentrations in ground-water at wells) were tested to determine compound selectivity, equilibration times, and sample stability. The aqueous concentrations of several volatile organic compounds obtained from within water-filled diffusion samplers closely matched concentrations in ambient water outside the samplers. An exception was methyl-tert-butyl ether, which was detectable, but not reliably quantifiable using the diffusion samplers. The samplers equilibrated to a variety of volatile organic compounds within 24 h for vapor-filled passive diffusion vial samplers and within 48 h for water-filled passive diffusion bag samplers. Under field conditions, however, a longer equilibration time may be required to account for environmental disturbances caused by sampler deployment. An equilibrium period for both vapor- and water-filled diffusion samplers of approximately 2 weeks probably is adequate for most investigations in sandy formations. Longer times may be required for diffusion-sampler equilibration in poorly permeable sediment. The vapor-filled samplers should be capped and water from the diffusion bag samplers should be transferred to sampling vials immediately upon recovery to avoid volatilization losses of the gasses.     

决策单元-多点增量采样(DUMIS)在镍污染地块基坑清挖效果评估中的应用

为评估现行采样方法在土壤清挖效果评估中的不确定性,以某Ni污染地块土壤清挖后遗留的基坑坑底为研究对象,用现行采样方法和决策单元-多点增量采样方法（Decision unit multi increment sampling,DUMIS）分别采集基坑坑底土壤,分析土壤中w（Ni）的变化情况,并评估DUMIS方法现场采样和室内制样的误差.结果表明:①现行采样方式下,7个坑底采样单元（每个采样单元9点混合）中土壤w（Ni）的变异系数为71.7%,属强变异;现场平行双样w（Ni）的相对偏差为42.6%,不符合平行双样最大允许误差要求;所有样品的w（Ni）均未超过土壤清理目标值（90.5 mg/kg）,但个别采样单元的土壤w（Ni）较接近清理目标值.②DUMIS方式下,将基坑底部划分为一个决策单元,均匀布设50个分样采样点位,并在现场采样和实验室制样过程均进行3次重复采样;实验室制样三重复w（Ni）的相对标准偏差（Relative standard deviation,RSD）分别为1.3%、1.5%和1.7%,现场采样三重复w（Ni）的RSD为4.0%,数据精度较高;基坑坑底土壤w（Ni）的平均值为36.6 mg/kg,远低于土壤清理目标值.研究显示,DUMIS方法样本代表性强,数据重现性好,决策可靠,适合用于基坑清挖效果评估.      

底栖生物完整性指数的构建及生物基准的确定

基于2009～2013年7个航次渤海湾天津段的大型底栖动物和水质、沉积物环境数据,结合国内外已有的研究结果,首次尝试采用AZTI海洋生物指数以及水质和沉积物质量确定参考点,同时采取标准化方法筛选生物指标,确定各指标的阈值分级标准,从而构建出生物完整性指数.取参考点生物完整性指数值的90%分位数作为基准值,得出该海域生物基准值为5.适用性验证结果表明,生物完整性指数能够较好地指示研究区受干扰的生态质量状况,较为敏感地响应营养盐及重金属压力,也适用于评价该区域的底栖生态质量状况.因此,采用生物完整性指数法来确定生物基准是合理可行的.     

空气中BTEX检测方法研究进展

BTEX（苯系物）作为空气中的一种痕量组分,主要包括苯、甲苯、乙苯、间-二甲苯、对-二甲苯、邻二甲苯,这些物质可影响人体健康和环境空气质量.分析和探讨了环境空气中BTEX常用的采样、前处理和检测方法,并列举了各方法的国内外应用实例.BTEX采样方法主要包括以下2种:①吸附管采样法,其采样器体积小、便于携带,但易造成穿透现象,样品易损失.②空气采样法,其操作简单、重复使用率高,但清洗复杂、价格较高.BTEX前处理方法主要包括以下3种:①固相微萃取法,其可减少样品与空气接触的机会,自动化程度较高,但难以实现样品的多次分析.②溶剂解析法,因其对环境影响较大,所以应用较少.③热脱附法,其常采用二级热脱附实现样品富集和浓缩,操作过程简单,设备体积相对较大,其升温和降温系统是影响前处理速度和效果的关键.BTEX检测方法主要包括:①质子转移反应质谱法,其灵敏度高,但因其价格昂贵应用较少.②气相色谱-光离子化检测法,其设备体积小巧常用于外场监测中.③差分吸收光谱法、直接空气进样质谱法、低压化学电离质谱法、大气压化学电离质谱法、固相微萃取-气相色谱法、吸附/热脱附-气相色谱-火焰离子检测法/质谱检测法等.研究显示,空气中BTEX的分析方法应根据实际应用条件来确定,在保证分析仪器灵敏度和精确度的基础上,开发外场检测的便携式自动在线分析仪器,提高仪器便携性、自动化、智能化,更好地满足各项标准和部门管理的需求.      

污染场地土壤气被动采样技术研究进展

在VOCs（挥发性有机物）污染场地调查中,土壤气采样的重要性日益受到重视.常规的土壤气采样主要依赖吸附管和采样罐等主动采样方法,但主动采样有很多缺点.作为一种新兴的采样技术,被动采样具有成本低、操作简单、更能代表长时间人体暴露、可用于低渗透性地层等优点,已经成为污染场地调查领域的研究热点.对被动采样的理论基础、采样器类型、吸附剂类型、采样误差的来源进行了介绍,对土壤气被动采样中存在的技术难题以及前沿研究方向进行了讨论,并对该技术在我国场地调查领域的应用前景进行了展望和建议.结果表明:在被动采样中准确控制采样器的采样速率（uptake rate）是保证其定量能力的关键,当控制采样速率低于土壤气中VOCs的补给速率时,可以实现良好的定量效果.影响采样速率的主要因素包括待测VOCs的性质、吸附剂种类、采样器结构以及各类环境因素,挥发性强的VOCs较难被捕集且容易发生逃逸.不同被动采样器用于不同种类VOCs采样时的采样速率可以相差6个数量级,从最低的0.005 5 mL/min到最高的125 mL/min.因此,建议在实际采样中应选用结构合理的采样器,控制采样速率不宜过大,以降低饥饿效应的产生;应选用与待测物匹配的吸附剂,对待测物兼具良好的保留能力和脱附能力;应加强环境因素（温度、湿度、土壤性质）对采样速率影响机制及场地校准方法的研究;应该结合研究和实践经验制定符合我国国情的土壤气被动采样技术指南.      

太湖生态系统的人工神经网络模拟研究

指出了传统生态学数学模型的不足 ,并建立了太湖生态系统的人工神经网络模型。以 2 0 0 1年 5～ 1 0月全太湖 2 6个采样点的实测水文、水质、气象等资料作为输入因子 ,建立了训练样本、检验样本和测试样本 ,并以各采样点的浮游植物量作为输出因子。网络的学习效果显示模型的性能很好 ,对 2 0 0 2年 8月各采样点浮游植物的预测结果也与实测值吻合较好 ,说明模型的推广能力很强。     

Allocation in ISO 14041—a critical review

The adequacy and feasibility of methods recommended for allocation by the current international standard on life cycle inventory analysis (LCI) are reviewed. The review is based on the view that an LCI should provide information on the environmental consequences of manipulating technological systems. On this basis, subdivision and allocation based on physical, causal relationships are adequate methods to deal with allocation problems for certain multifunction processes where the production volume of exported functions are unaffected. Further research is needed to develop methods that can deal with a broader range of processes. System expansion is an adequate method when exported functions are affected if data can be obtained for the competing production of the exported function, and if the data uncertainties are not too large. In LCI practice, system expansion is often based on inaccurate data on the effects on the exported functions as well as on the indirect effects of changes in the exported functions. Further research is needed to establish what data should be used at system expansion. Other approaches to the allocation problems are adequate only where the effects on the LCI results are small. The ISO procedure should be revised to take into account the type of information provided by the different methods.     

实用环境监测气体采集器设计与应用

手持式电动气体采集器解决了传统双联球气体采集时繁琐、计量不准等诸多问题,为快速、准确地获得监测数据提供保障。     

Providing the evidence base for environmental risk assessments of novel farm management practices

An environmental risk assessment of a new agricultural management practice depends upon the provision of empirical evidence of cause and effect. This will invariably be derived from comparative experiments testing the null hypothesis that a change in management will have no effect on an assessment endpoint (the metric on which policy decisions will be based). Crucial to the design of these experiments is the answer to the question of ‘what to measure?’. The selection of these measurement endpoints and the design of sampling protocols will be determined by the properties of the environmental stressors associated with the change in management practice and the taxa that are exposed to their effects, as well as logistic and financial considerations. The rationale for deciding what to measure in the context of these various criteria is reviewed. For a measurement endpoint to be a valid indicator of the risk of a negative impact of management on the assessment endpoint, a predictable and quantifiable link must be made between the two. It should also be recorded at the appropriate taxonomic resolution to safely assume that all the constituent parts will both respond in a similar way to the management stressor and have a similar effect on the assessment endpoint. Protocols must be designed with the spatial and temporal properties of the management stressor and the measurement endpoint in mind and a consideration of the statistical power of the experiment to detect changes. Where there is a lag in the response time of a measurement endpoint to a stressor due to inertia in the system, an accurate measurement of the effect of the novel management may require experiments running over several years. Throughout, care must be taken that the statistical and biological validity of a sampling regime is not compromised in the face of logistic and financial pressures. The Farm Scale Evaluations of the management of Genetically Modified Herbicide Tolerant crops are presented as a case study to illustrate the concepts discussed.     

基于微生物生物完整性指数的城市河道生态系统健康评价

生物完整性指数(index of biotic integrity,IBI)已被广泛运用于河流生态系统的健康评价.然而,目前基于微生物的IBI评价方法很少,针对城市河道的相关研究更是缺乏.本研究采用Illumina高通量测序技术,对浙江省内5条城市河道的微生物群落多样性及组成进行了分析.通过典型相关分析(canonical correlation analyses,CCA)和Spearman相关性分析水质对微生物组成的影响,明确受水质变化影响显著的微生物类群,与特定功能菌群一并作为备选指标.对备选指标进行分布范围、判别能力及Pearson相关性分析,筛选出香农多样性指数、微生物分类单元数、疣微菌门相对丰度、绿菌门相对丰度和分支杆菌属相对丰度等参数指标,初步构建了适合浙江城市河道的微生物生物完整性指数(microbiome index of biotic integrity,M-IBI)指标体系.采用比值法对生物指标计分,评价结果显示:总计22个样点中,9个样点为"健康"等级,占总样点的40. 9%;10个样点为"亚健康"等级,占总样点的45. 5%; 2个样点为"一般"等级,占总样点的9. 1%; 1个样点为"较差"等级,占总样点的4. 5%.各采样点M-IBI值可有效反映水体受干扰程度,且与水质状况基本吻合(R=0. 753,P 0. 01),表明M-IBI可以较合理地评价城市河道生态系统健康状况.     

污染场地土壤气中VOCs定量被动采样技术研究及应用

污染场地中土壤气样品的采集是蒸气入侵风险评估的关键,目前最常用的主动土壤气采集技术包括真空苏玛罐和泵吸附管,其操作繁琐、成本高、易受多种因素影响、只能采集短时间的浓度.土壤气定量被动采样技术是一种新兴的采样技术,很好地克服了主动式采样存在的不足,是目前污染场地中土壤气调查的研究热点.通过总结现有研究,就定量被动采样技术的理论、被动采样器吸附剂和外壳材料的选择、被动采样器吸附速率的研究及定量被动采样在污染场地中的应用进行论述.综合研究发现,只要严格控制吸附速率,被动采样能够提供准确的定量土壤气浓度测量;采样器结构的设计、外壳材料的选择能够有效控制吸附速率;吸附速率受环境因素和土壤性质的影响,场地校正是获得准确结果的有效途径.我国在土壤气采样领域的研究刚刚起步,建议:加大高效、广谱型或混合型吸附材料及相应测试方法和设备的研发;加强吸附速率的影响因子及场地校准方法的研究;加强土壤钻孔内土壤气的补给速率的模型和场地实测研究;增加不同种采样器的现场应用比较研究;进行适合我国国情的技术标准的研究与制订.      

Spatially resolved monitoring for volatile organic compounds using remote sector sampling

Sector sampling for volatile organic compounds (VOCs) is conducted within an integrated sampling scheme and relies on a wind direction sensor. The wind sensor directs whole air, sampled at a constant rate, into either an “IN” sector canister or an “OUT” sector canister; when the wind comes from the suspected emissions area, sample is routed into the IN sector canister; otherwise, sample is collected in the OUT sector canister. This method is analogous to “upwind/downwind” sampling but does not require two distinct sites or manual sampler control. For this set of experiments, the IN and OUT sectors were 90 and 270°, respectively, and the IN sector was centered on the VOC source. Two sampling sites were used. The first was about 2 miles north-northeast of a group of industrial facilities, and the second was located about 1 mile south-southeast of the same sources. Sites were operated concurrently with one sampler each; a third sampler was rotated between the sites to obtain duplicate samples. The air samples were analysed by gas chromatography for VOCs. The resultant data comparisons between IN and OUT duplicate samples show good correlation with expected VOC emissions, which were determined by grab samples within the target area. A t-test method for interpreting the sometimes subtle differences between IN and OUT sample data is presented.