柴油车尾气排放污染控制技术综述

从柴油机机内净化技术和柴油车尾气后处理技术2方面综述了国际、国内柴油车尾气排放污染控制技术研究现状,重点论述了柴油车颗粒物捕集技术和氮氧化物选择性催化还原技术的研究思路和进展,并展望了相关技术今后发展的方向.     

新兴污染物水环境保护标准及其实用型去除技术

近年来,在国内外的城市污水、地表水、饮用水中,频繁检出一些新兴污染物,严重威胁着生态安全和饮用水水质安全.传统的有机污染物综合指标,如化学需氧量(COD)、生化需氧量(BOD)等不能反映该类污染物的污染状况,也不能完全代表水质状况,因此建立控制新兴污染物的水环境保护标准十分必要.另外,从众多研究的去除技术中识别出高效、经济、可行的实用型去除技术对实际污水处理厂去除新兴污染物的意义重大.本文主要分析与介绍国内外有关新兴污染物的水环境保护标准现状,并基于发达国家的实际案例,总结了针对新兴污染物的一些实用型去除技术,以期对相关水环境保护标准的制定起到推动作用,并为后续污水处理厂的升级改造提供技术支持.     

煤气化炉渣研究现状及利用技术展望

煤气化技术的应用是我国能源战略的重要一环,但同时也会产生大量的煤气化炉渣,亟需研究可批量消纳的资源化利用技术。煤炭灰分中各种矿物相在气化炉内会随温度发生变化,通过对该变化的研究和总结,描述了煤炭灰分中各种矿物相在气化炉内的物化反应过程,并指出煤炭灰分对煤气化炉渣的最终形态特点具有决定性的影响;对煤气化炉渣中残碳的组成及其变化特点的研究表明,残碳对煤气化炉渣的最终利用途径具有重要影响;此外,通过分析煤气化炉渣利用技术研究现状,指出建材化利用技术和掺烧循环流化床原料技术是目前的主流途径;最后,展望了煤气化炉渣利用技术的发展方向,并提出了煤气化炉渣用于混凝土和水泥原料以及井下回填的技术途径。     

我国农村环境保护立法现状及完善建议

面对日益严峻的农村环保形势,针对目前我国农村环保问题现状,从立法角度分析目前我国农村环境保护法律规定、存在问题,并提出了完善我国农村环保立法的建议。     

中国兜兰属宽瓣亚属植物生存现状及保护成效

为明确兜兰属(Paphiopedilum)宽瓣亚属(Subgenus.Brachypetalum)植物各物种在我国的生存现状与濒危状况,在大量的野外调查和文献、标本数据收集的基础上,对其种群分布、数量、生境特征、市场贸易、受威胁因素、保护现状与保护成效进行统计分析,并依据《IUCN红色名录等级和标准(3.1版)》对该类群的濒危等级进行重新评估.结果表明,野外调查到硬叶兜兰(Paphiopedilum.micranthum)、麻栗坡兜兰(P.malipoense)、杏黄兜兰(P.armeniacum)、白花兜兰(P.emersonii)、巨瓣兜兰(P.bellatulum)、文山兜兰(P.wenshanense)、同色兜兰(P.concolor)7个目标物种,已知分布于我国50个县(市、区),共计194个自然分布点.宽瓣亚属植物在我国水平方向上主要分布于滇东南、黔西南、黔东北、滇西北、桂北与黔南交界处以及桂西北至桂西南等地区;垂直方向上集中分布于中高海拔段(780~1267m),平均海拔997m;在全国大尺度上,该亚属整体呈零散分布,区域小尺度上个体呈聚集生长;其小生境具有高海拔、透水、透气、喜阴、喜钙的特点.市场调查的贸易率为36.67%,贸易价格高低不等,具有较强的随机性;贸易来源主要为野外采挖,占贸易数量的88.32%,具有较强的地域性;贸易方式为现场和线上网络交易,具有较强的灵活性.该类群主要受到采挖和生境退化的威胁,分别占所有分布点的44.85%、29.83%.宽瓣亚属整体就地保率仅为34.53%,保护成效为一般保护;调查的29个保育地中,有20个保育地对该类群累计保育98次,除文山兜兰和绿叶兜兰外,其他7种迁地保护成效被评估为合适.巨瓣兜兰、文山兜兰由原来的濒危(EN)评估为极危(CR);麻栗坡兜兰、白花兜兰、杏黄兜兰评估等级未发生变化,仍为极危(CR);硬叶兜兰和同色兜兰由原来的易危(VU)评估为濒危(EN);德氏兜兰、绿叶兜兰被评为数据缺乏(DD).     

Rainwater harvesting technologies and practises in rural Uganda: a case study

Rainwater harvesting (RWH) is practised to mitigate water shortages in both household chores and agricultural use. This paper examines the relationship between adoption of household RWH technologies in rural Uganda (dependant variable), and the influence of independent variables (household characteristics such as age or monthly cash income, household perception including attitude or risk preference, and institutional and policy-assumed variables such as household’s contact with extension workers, RWH-subsidy provision, information flow channels and local community financial sources) that potentially influence technological adoption. Logistic regression techniques were used on a random sample of 224 respondents to ascertain the influence of variables on adoption of household RWH technologies. Analyses of hypothesised relationships revealed that subsidy provision was statistically significant for adoption of RWH technologies in rural Uganda. Overall, the paper suggests the consideration of household RWH subsidies in form of hardware when promoting adoption of RWH technologies. Moreover, when subsidies in the form of RWH construction materials are provided, the chances of having a RWH system installed seem more likely than when cash is provided owing to the many options cash can be used to purchase. Furthermore, household subsidy provision will produce immediate improvement in rural water supply, fostering the probability of adoption of rainwater technologies, a choice that can be made with regard to the form or level of public subsidy received depending on institutional and policy interventions.     

乌拉特前旗饮用水源地环境现状及保护对策

根据乌拉特前旗全旗6个饮用水水源地环境现状调查和水质监测结果,按照按《地下水质量标准》（GB/T14848-93）,采用单因子评价进行了环境质量现状评价。同时,深入分析存在的问题及原因,有针对性地提出环境保护对策,为环境管理提供基础性参考。     

贵州省环保产业现状调查及其发展探析

未来一段时间是贵州省环境保护产业发展的历史机遇期。然而目前省内环保企业普遍规模小,产业化程度低,环保服务业滞后,创新能力和技术成果转化能力弱,人才储备量小,相关支持政策不配套等现实问题比较突出。要因地制宜实施产业升级,人才培养,拓展企业融资渠道,完善产品标准体系,提高群众环保意识,使环保产业成为新一轮经济发展的增长点和新兴支柱产业,满足我省节能减排、发展循环经济和建设资源节约型、环境友好型社会需要。     

中国环保产业园区发展现状及问题探究

当前我国正面临着更加复杂严峻的环境问题,加之国家对环保产业发展的高度重视,我国环保产业及集聚产业区面临着发展的重大机遇,但同时也存在着一系列问题。介绍了当前我国环保产业园区的发展背景,梳理了国家环保产业相关政策文件,阐述了我国主要环保产业园区的基本情况和区域分布,分析了区域差异。从政策、技术、资金及区域发展等方面总结了当前我国环保产业园区发展面临的主要困境,分别提出了针对性的建议,以期更好地推动我国环保产业园健康快速发展。     

受多氯联苯污染的淡水湖泊野生鱼类的组织病理学

本研究的目的是利用组织病理学作为终点,来评估野生鱼类长期暴露于多氯联苯(PCBs)非致死浓度时潜在的中毒影响.生活在多氯联苯污染的淡水湖泊中的欧鳊(Abramis brama)和赤梢鱼(Aspius aspius)的组织病理学研究揭示了两种鱼的肾小球细胞的异常细胞改变.肾小球毛细管扩张症(DGC)、肾小球膜水肿(ME)、鲍曼管即肾小球囊内脏层和腔壁层之间的粘连(ABC)和鲍曼管空间的充塞(FBS)是湖鱼的高度流行特征.在参考点捕到的鱼中,每种损伤的发生率很低,或者说几乎没有见到这类损伤.肝、鳃、生殖腺、脾和肠的细胞变化均与季节变化有关.研究结果表明,所观察到的肾小球体有一些有组织病理改变,特别是肾小球毛细管扩张症和肾小球膜水肿,这可能表明是由多氯联苯和相关化合物引起的长期化学应激反应造成的,也可能是长期暴露于多氯联苯从而抑制和减弱了鱼的免疫系统,使它们易遭继发性寄生虫的感染.     

为了生机勃勃的地球——WWF和生物多样性保护

一提起WWF(世界自然基金会),大家都会想起那个憨态可掬的大熊猫Logo,也会因此认为WWF是一个动物保护机构。这个印象也对,也不对。确实,1961年WWF成立的初衷就是为了保护濒危野生动物及其栖息地,它当时的英文名字就叫World WildlifeFund——世界野生动物基金会。WWF最初做的项目集中在犀牛、老虎、鸟类、鲸类、森林、海洋等多个物种及其栖息地。但随着时间的推移,WWF逐渐从一个关     

Prenatal diagnosis of Joubert syndrome: a case report

Joubert syndrome is a rare, autosomal recessive condition, first described by Joubert in 1969. We present a case of Joubert syndrome from a consanguineous family in which, apart from the cerebellar vermis agenesis, ventriculomegaly, bilateral postaxial polydactyly of hands and right foot and micropenis, episodes of fetal breathing pattern with an increased respiratory rate were also demonstrated by prenatal ultrasound scan. At birth the infant showed an odd face and bilateral fleshy nodules of the tongue. He had an abnormal breathing pattern of alternating tachypnea and apnea. Cranial MRI showed molar tooth sign, hydrocephalus and Dandy–Walker malformation. He had nystagmus, and electroretinography showed retinal dystrophy. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Non-mosaic trisomy 22: a report of 2 cases

Non-mosaic trisomy 22 is a common cause of first trimester miscarriage and has a livebirth incidence of 1 in 30 000–50 000. Consequently there is a paucity of information for counselling parents. Detection in the second trimester is rare. It is commonly associated with severe growth retardation and multiple structural abnormalities. Oligohydramnios is frequently seen and can make detection of other abnormalities difficult. The outlook is uniformly poor and survival beyond the first trimester may present management dilemmas. A thorough fetal assessment including high-resolution cytogenetics with or without FISH is required for counselling. Careful plans for intrapartum and neonatal management may be necessary. The recurrence risk is thought to be low but information is very limited as there have been no reported cases of recurrence. We present two case of non-mosaic trisomy 22 including the first to be diagnosed subsequent to investigation for a high serum screening Down's risk. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Cleaner technologies for sustainable tourism: Caribbean case studies

Tourists are becoming increasingly sophisticated in their selection of tourism destination. A major factor that has been gaining importance in their choice set is the environmental quality of their preferred destination. Tourism planners need to recognize that the sustainability of their destination and its various offerings necessitates the consideration of environmental protection and conservation-related issues. This paper undertakes the case study methodology to explore the link between implementing cleaner technologies, a major environmental issue, and sustainable tourism.The analysis of the case studies indicates that cleaner technologies are playing a role in enhancing the sustainability of the Caribbean tourism industry. It was also found that there is a Caribbean tourism cluster focused on developing an environmentally sound tourism product.     

Molecular prenatal diagnosis: the impact of modern technologies

Originally prenatal diagnosis was confined to the diagnosis of metabolic disorders and depended on assaying enzyme levels in amniotic fluid. With the development of recombinant DNA technology, molecular diagnosis became possible for some genetic conditions late in the 1970s. Here we briefly review the history of molecular prenatal diagnostic testing, using Duchenne muscular dystrophy as an example, and describe how over the last 30 years we have moved from offering testing to a few affected individuals using techniques, such as Southern blotting to identify deletions, to more rapid and accurate PCR-based testing which identifies the precise change in dystrophin for a greater number of families. We discuss the potential for safer, earlier prenatal genetic diagnosis using cell free fetal DNA in maternal blood before concluding by speculating on how more recent techniques, such as next generation sequencing, might further impact on the potential for molecular prenatal testing. Progress is not without its challenges, and as cytogenetics and molecular genetics begin to unite into one, we foresee the main challenge will not be in identifying the genetic change, but rather in interpreting its significance, particularly in the prenatal setting where we frequently have no phenotype on which to base interpretation. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

环保,那是“比”须的——百威英博开展创意蓄须活动

2012年是第41个世界环境日,而今年中国的主题定为"绿色消费,你行动了吗?"为响应其绿色消费理念,唤起公众转变消费观念和行为,节约资源能源,保护生态环境,全球领先的啤酒酿造商百威英博全面推广环保蓄须活动,喊出"环保,那是比须的"口号,不但在中国开展     

建设项目竣工环境保护验收监测报告必须阐明的内容

建设项目竣工环境保护验收监测报告是检验建设方落实环保“三同时”制度的技术手段,也是环保部门依法管理的技术支撑和依据,竣工验收监测报告除遵循行业技术规范要求外,建设内容变更、环保设施落实、污染物排放及总量、环境质量影响等成为不可或缺的重要内容,需要逐一阐述明确。     

北欧湖泊鱼类状况调查:酸化、富营养化和放养活动对现有鱼类品种组成的影响

1995～1997年间对挪威、瑞典和芬兰的3821个湖泊的鱼类种群状况做了评估.采用分层随机抽样从芬诺斯堪的亚(芬兰、挪威、瑞典、丹麦的总称)所有面积≥0.04km2的126482个湖泊中选择调查湖泊.分析了湖泊的水化学,湖内鱼类状况则从邮件调查问卷中获得.鱼类种群损失发生最为频繁的地区在挪威南部酸化最严重的地区,而在芬诺斯堪的亚东部最少.根据调查问卷,鳟(Salmotrutta)、拟鲤(Rutilus rutilus)、北极红点鲑(Salvelinus alpinus)和鲈鱼(Percafluviatilis)鱼群损失的数量估计超过10000条.这些品种的鱼群潜在地受低碱性湖水影响的数量超过11000条.大约有3300个湖泊显示出总磷高于25μg/L,品种以鲤科鱼为主,这在芬诺斯堪的亚东部、芬兰西南最为明显.这次调查并未显示出鱼类品种由于富营养化而灭绝.1/3的湖泊人工放养了至少一个新的鱼类品种,最常放养的品种有鳟、白鲑(Coregonus lavaretus s.1.)、北极红点鲑、虹鳟(Oncorhynchusmykiss)、梭鲈(Stizostedion lucioperca)、茴鱼(Thymallus thymallus)、狗鱼(Esox lucius)、欧鳊(Abramis brama)、丁 (Tinca tinca)和欧 (Phoxinus phoxinus).在芬诺斯堪的亚湖泊,这些品种的人工放养量估计超过52000群.因此,北欧湖泊现有鱼类品种的数量最近受放养的影响超过了因环境变化如酸化等而损失造成的影响.     

打造完善的综合性海洋环境保护法

《中华人民共和国海洋环境保护法》(以下简称《海洋环境保护法》)一直是综合性海洋环境保护法,也应当继续保持其"综合性"定位。根据我国海洋环境保护的实际需要,按照实现国家治理体系和治理能力现代化的要求,《海洋环境保护法》应当确立海区管理权,明确海区管理局的职权;把海洋综合管理体制法律化;为海洋环境的多方元共治提供法律依据。《海洋环境保护法》应当对防治海洋污染损害、防治海洋资源损害、保护海洋生态、防治海洋地理环境不利变化等4个环境保护事务领域全面设立行为规范,按照在各事务领域开展环境保护的需要创设制度。《海洋环境保护法》应确立自身在海洋环境保护法体系中的核心地位,为实现海洋环境法体系与其他相关法律的良性对接做出安排。