Coordinating ecosystem service trade-offs to achieve win–win outcomes: A review of the approaches

Ecosystem service(ES) trade-offs have been broadly recognized and studied over the past decade. However, how to coordinate the relationships among ES trade-offs to achieve win–win outcomes remains a considerable challenge for decision makers. Here, we summarize the current approaches applied to minimize ES trade-offs for win–wins and analyze the trade-offs among different ESs and their drivers. Based on a systematic review of the literature from 2005 to 2018, we identified 170 potentially relevant articles, 47 of which were selected for the review,recording 70 actual or potential trade-offs. Analysis of these case studies showed that trade-off pairs between provisioning services and regulating services/biodiversity accounted for 80% of total pairs. Furthermore, more than half of the ES trade-offs were driven by land use/land cover changes. Harvest and resource demand, natural resource management, and policy instruments were also among the main drivers. Four approaches to coordinate ES trade-offs were identified, including ecosystem, landscape-scale, multi-objective optimization, and policy intervention(and other) approaches. Based on the above, we recommend a rigorous understanding of the roles of different stakeholders, spatial scales of management, trade-off dynamics, and integrated implementation of diverse approaches to coordinate ES trade-offs in order to better achieve win–win outcomes.     

安装ghost win7系统的策略与技巧

ghost win7系统的安装分五步走,其中第一步是装前检查;第二步设置COMS相关参数;第三步系统安装;第四步系统瘦身;第五步系统完善,每步都很重要。     

Does the queen win it all? Queen–worker conflict over male production in the bumblebee,<Emphasis Type="Italic"> Bombus terrestris</Emphasis>

Social insects provide a useful model for studying the evolutionary balance between cooperation and conflict linked to genetic structure. We investigated the outcome of this conflict in the bumblebee, Bombus terrestris, whose annual colony life cycle is characterized by overt competition over male production. We established artificial colonies composed of a queen and unrelated workers by daily exchange of callow workers between colony pairs of distinct genetic make-up. Using microsatellite analysis, this procedure allowed an exact calculation of the proportion of worker-derived males. The development and social behavior of these artificial colonies were similar to those of normal colonies. Despite a high worker reproduction attempt (63.8% of workers had developed ovaries and 38.4% were egg-layers), we found that on average 95% of the males produced during the competition phase (CPh) were queen-derived. However, in four colonies, queen death resulted in a considerable amount of worker-derived male production. The different putative ultimate causes of this efficient control by the queen are discussed, and we suggest a possible scenario of an evolutionary arms race that may occur between these two female castes.     

解放思想,实事求是,团结一致,保护环境

自从1973年第一次全国环境保护会议之后,迄今已经十年.十年来,我国的环境保护工作,取得了很大成就.但是,在我们回顾与展望这一工作时,应该看到,环境保护领域同其他经济和社会生活的各个领域一样,长期受到"左"倾错误的影响,远远没有彻底清除.     

张红玉,张玉冬,顾军,李国学,袁京

为了降低厨余垃圾堆肥过程中H₂S和NH₃这2种恶臭物质的排放,通过向堆肥原料中添加玉米秸秆、木本泥炭和木屑3种调理剂,同时以厨余垃圾单独堆肥作为对照,研究调理剂添加对H₂S和NH₃排放的影响.结果表明,3种调理剂的添加均促进了有机物的降解和堆体的快速升温,与对照相比,使堆肥进入高温期的时间提前了3~4d;从电导率和发芽率指数来看,添加玉米秸秆处理的堆肥产品达到完全腐熟的要求,而添加木本泥炭和木屑处理的堆肥产品只是达到了无害化的要求;3种调理剂的添加均不同程度减少了厨余垃圾堆肥中H₂S和NH₃的排放,与对照相比,添加玉米秸秆、木本泥炭和木屑使厨余垃圾堆肥中H₂S的累积排放量分别降低了78.7%,50.3%和89.8%,NH₃的累积排放量分别降低了53.8%、87.7%和63.9%,可见木屑更能有效控制H₂S的排放,而木本泥炭更能有效控制NH₃的排放.     

食品中微量元素Se,Ge,Co,Mo,V,Cr的测定

从食品中微量元素分析测定研究入手，论述了某些食品中微量元素的Ｓｅ，Ｇｅ，Ｃｏ，Ｍｏ，Ｖ，Ｃｒ的存在情况，并论述了这些微量元素与人体健康的关系。     

节约用水,减少排污,保护环境,造福人民

随着我国社会主义建设事业的迅猛发展,工农业和城市建设对水的需要量越来越大,对水质的要求也越来越高。如何保护水资源,合理用水,节约用水,使我国丰富的水资源有计划地为我国日益发展的工农业和城市建设服务,是我国社会主义建设进程中必须妥善解决     

渤海江豚组织中钠,钙,锶,镁,磷,钾的研究

１９９０年，作者于辽东湾采集了１０头江豚标本，分别测定了其骨骼、皮肤、肌肉、肝脏、肺、肾、心、胃、肠、胰、脾、肾上腺及生殖腺等１３种组织中Ｃａ、Ｓｒ、Ｍｇ、Ｐ、Ｋ、Ｎａ６种元素的含量，详细分析了骨骼及其他各组织中的Ｃａ／Ｍｇ值、Ｃａ／Ｋ值、Ｃａ／Ｐ值、Ｃａ／Ｎａ值和Ｃａ／Ｓｒ×１００值。结果表明，Ｃａ、Ｓｒ、Ｍｇ、Ｐ，Ｋ在骨骼中累积率最高，钾在肌肉中具有高累积，Ｓｒ、Ｃａ在肌肉中累积率最低；Ｍｇ累积率最低的组织是生殖腺，Ｐ累积率最低的组织是肠，而Ｋ在骨骼中，Ｎａ在肌肉中的累积率均高于其他组织。分析结果还显示，Ｃａ／Ｍｇ值最高的是骨骼，最低为肌肉，Ｃａ／Ｐ值最高的是骨骼，最低的是肌肉和胰脏，Ｃａ／Ｋ值最高为骨骼，最低为脾Ｃａ／Ｓｒ×１００值最高为肺、最低为肠，而Ｋ／Ｎａ值最高为肌肉，最低为骨骼，在骨中Ｃａ／Ｐ值大约为１，类同于猫和人类。     

民国,广州,人力车

你是否已经厌倦了广州街头拥堵的汽车长龙?你是否为每天呼入汽车尾气而惴惴不安?你是否为时常听到轰轰的汽车噪音而烦躁?每想至此,你是否很向往曾经的一种比较畅顺、无废气、噪音小的公共交通工具——人力车呢?在十九世纪末至二十世纪初的中国,人力车可谓曾风靡一时!     

那年,那地,那人

爱情在你的心里有多重要?在某一个清闲的下午，有否在心里清点着爱过的人?那年，那地，那人，是否颜面依然?     

真才实学,以理服人 真情实感,以情动人

情是心灵的密码,爱是教育的基础。教师的情感对学生有直接的感染作用。很难想象,一个没有真情实感、只是把教师这个职业当成谋生工具的教师,能真正引起学生内心深处的共鸣。没有爱就没有教育,这已经成为教育工作者的共识。本文拟就结合班主任工作实践中的真实案例,包括播放教育视频、撰写真情文章、学生感恩回馈等,来探讨紧张充实的高三生活中并不麻木的真情。     

济州岛,面朝大海,春暖花开

正韩国是一个历史悠久的国家。经过几千年的历史洗涤,如今的韩国是一个现代文明与历史文化有机结合的国家,在这里既可以看到现代都市的繁华,又可以看到历史建筑的威严。济州岛是韩国乃至全世界都赫赫有名的旅游胜地。济州岛占韩国总面积较少,人口也较少。济州岛上有许多的火山,可以说火山铸就了济州岛。济州岛由于独特的地理位置,气温较高,降水较多,可能就是     

水中微量汞,铅,镉,锌,铜的直接光度法测定

国家标准及有关资料采用的水中微量汞、铅、镉、锌、铀的分光光度法测定中,均规定了用卤代烃进行萃取分离。其共同的缺点是操作繁琐,且卤代烃均为易挥发的有毒溶剂,造成分析室环境污染。接触和吸入这些溶剂,会使人体产生急、慢性中毒,损害呼吸道和心、肝、肾,其中以CCl_4为最甚,TJ36--79规定工作环境CCl_4最高允许浓度为25mg/m_3。     

认清形势,坚定信心,明确措施,确保减排任务圆满完成

编者按 主要污染物减排,是党中央、国务院统筹经济社会健康发展和保护环境的紧迫需要提出的重要任务,是贯彻落实科学发展观的具体行动,是实现可持续发展,建设资源节约型和环境友好型社会,最终实现建设社会主义和谐社会的重要保障.