岩石吸留烃气相色谱快速检测技术及其应用研究

在油气勘探有机地化实验室中 ,岩石中全烃制备分析方法主要有“岩石氯仿抽提物及气相色谱分析技术”、“岩石热解气相色谱分析技术”等 ,而这些技术都存在操作烦琐、不适合钻井现场分析等缺陷 ,而新开发的岩石吸留烃气相色谱快速检测技术 ,就是利用气相色谱仪特点研制出解吸装置及技术 ,省去了实验室中繁杂的烃类制备过程 ,直接进岩样测定岩石中吸留烃C3—C4 0单体烃化合物。本方法不仅适合实验室岩石中全烃分析 ,更适合现场分析 ,在柴达木盆地某深探井现场地化录井及识别真假油显示的实际应用效果好 ,是油气地球化学勘探的一种新方法。     

Fish protection technologies: a status report

Section 316(b) of the Clean Water Act has required that “best technology available” (BTA) be used to minimize adverse environmental impacts resulting from operation of the cooling water intake structure (CWIS). The primary effects of CWIS operations are the entrainment of small aquatic organisms through the cooling water system and the impingement of larger life stages on traveling water screens. Extensive research has been conducted since the early 1970s in attempts to develop technologies that will minimize entrainment and impingement. As a result, a suite of technologies is available that can be considered for application as the BTA at the CWIS. Available technologies include fish collection systems, fish diversion systems, physical barriers and behavioral barriers. The ability of a given technology to meet BTA requirements is influenced by a wide variety of biological, environmental and engineering factors that must be evaluated on a site-specific basis. The status of systems and devices in each category of fish protection alternatives is presented.     

太钢热连轧水处理泥系列改造新工艺

新工艺引入“一机两用”和“以废治废”的思想进行系统改造 ,实现改造后污泥处理系统的良性循环 ,根除了污泥外排的局面 ,降低了成本 ,节约了费用 ,创造了良好的社会效益和环境效益     

External heating closed-volume thermally activated tube forming: A fundamentally new approach for hydroforming thick-walled tubes

The underlying principles of water’s equation of state (ES) and its associated pressure–volume–temperature (PVT) relationship, are employed for the purpose of producing “ultra-high” pressure within the closed volume of a thick-walled metal tube, resulting in a new and innovative hydroforming process. The process, called “Closed-Volume Thermally Activated” (CVTA) Tube Hydroforming, involves conducting a high level of heat through the walls of a thick-walled, metallic, water-containing closed tube. Experimental validation of the concept is presented, and potential applications are discussed. This work represents a break-through in manufacturing technology, which, when further developed, is expected to enable manufacturers to expand significantly their manufacturing capability.     

应用海洋水库技术改善区域自然及供水环境研究——以澳大利亚莫瑞-达令盆地为例

澳大利亚的莫瑞-达令盆地具有极其重要的经济、资源、环境和生态价值,两条最重要的河流——莫瑞河（River Murray）和达令河（River Darling ）横贯其中。近年来,由于“千年干旱”引发了流域内盐度上升、鱼类大量死亡及土壤酸化等一系列生态环境问题,使得下游阿德莱德地区的淡水资源供应更加紧缺。本文吸取下游亚历山大湖水库设计失败的教训,试图通过多用途海洋水库技术改善区域自然环境及供水环境,增加阿德莱德地区高质量淡水供应量,缓解区域河流干涸现象,力求实现区域可持续发展的同时恢复区域环境流量。此外,通过海洋水库技术研究,为改善我国沿海地区的自然环境及供水环境提供相关建议,从而实现我国入海淡水资源的有效管理。     

稳河势、保水质、促生态——辽河保护区生态治理实践

继2009年辽河干流水质COD消灭劣V类后,目前地表水5项主要指标（COD、NH₃-N、BOD₅、DO、pH）经检测均达到Ⅳ类水质并相对稳定,鱼类已恢复到40种,具有标志性的河刀鱼已重现。辽宁省通过划定辽河保护区,并设立保护区管理局,成立了国内第一个以流域综合管理与行政区域管理相结合的河流管理机构,划区设局为治理保护辽宁人民的母亲河而实施的多目标集成与多措并举提供了体制保障。介绍了辽河划区设局以来实施的主要生态治理技术方法和实践经验,及划区设局在落实“大力推进生态文明建设”的国家战略,实现经济社会和环境协调发展、人与自然和谐相处中的重要作用。     

Recent evaluations of physical and behavioral barriers for reducing fish entrainment at hydroelectric plants in the upper Midwest

Wisconsin Electric Power Company recognized the need to address fish protection options and commenced a proactive applied research program in the late 1980s. Within a few years, the company began evaluation studies of promising physical and behavioral alternatives. Stone and Webster Environmental Services and Alden Research Laboratory, Inc. played significant roles in identifying and evaluating the alternatives. The results from an evaluation of a barrier net installation at the Pine Hydroelectric Project indicated that the technology was effective in preventing downstream passage of a wide variety of species and sizes of fish, but was not as effective in preventing passage of YOY fish. The results of a separate Electric Power Research Institute tailored collaboration study of sound, strobe light, and air bubble behavioral devices were discouraging. None of the devices, either alone or in combination, were effective in significantly reducing entrainment of native riverine fish species at the White Rapids Hydroelectric Project.     

Avoidance behavior of Morone americana,Leiostomus xanthurus and Brevoortia tyrannus to strobe light as a method of impingement mitigation

The use of strobe lights and strobe light-bubble curtain combinations were evaluated as behavioral guidance systems to reduce impingement via avoidance behavior by estuarine fish. White perch (Morone americana), spot (Leiostomus xanthurus) and menhaden (Brevoortia tyrannus) were tested in an experimental flume for avoidance to strobe lights, bubble curtains and strobe light-bubble curtain combinations at different water velocities, strobe flash rates and light acclimation (light and dark). The possible accommodation of fish to strobe light was also tested using a microcomputer and on-line biomonitoring chamber examining alterations in breathing rates over time. Avoidance of strobe light ranged from 8–36% for white perch, 8–100% for spot and 8–68% for menhaden depending on the conditions tested. Statistical analyses indicated significant avoidance by white perch at most flash rates with a 0.2 ms⁻¹ flow rate and at 120 and 300 flashes min⁻¹ with 0.3 and 0.5 ms⁻¹ flows. Spot had significant avoidance under most conditions. Menhaden had significant avoidance for all flash rates at 0.2 ms⁻¹ flows and for 300 and 600 flashes min⁻¹ at flows of 0.3 and 0.5 ms⁻¹. All species exhibited little avoidance of bubble curtains alone. Strobe light-bubble curtain combinations had avoidance results of 3–58% for white perch, 21–85% for spot and 9–81% for menhaden. Spot and menhaden exhibited significant avoidance for most conditions at 0.2 and 0.5 ms⁻¹ flows. White perch had significant avoidance for most conditions at 0.2 ms⁻¹ flows, but no avoidance at 0.5 ms⁻¹. The biomonitoring system indicated that little, if any, accommodation took place during 24 h. Strobe light and strobe-bubble curtain combinations elicited the highest avoidance results at flash rates ≥300 min⁻¹ and low water velocities. Strobe light systems may reduce impingement rates but must be evaluated on site specific needs and conditions.     

“三门六科”水质基准最少毒性数据需求原则

MTDR(最少毒性数据需求)是水质基准推算中数据应用的重要原则. 以重金属Pb2+、Cd2+、Cu2+、Zn2+、Hg2+、Cr6+为例,在广泛搜集物种毒性数据的基础上,通过数据比较分析,初步研究了我国水生生物基准的MTDR. 结果表明:Hg2+、Pb2+和Cu2+基于“三门六科”推导的急性基准值与基于美国“三门八科”MTDR的推算结果相近,分别相差20.5%、25.2%和33.3%;Cd2+、Zn2+和Cr6+的计算结果差别较为明显,表明相对于美国“三门八科”MTDR,在我国生物毒性数据缺乏的情况下,“三门六科”MTDR对于部分污染物基本可行,但仍具有一定的不确定性. “三门六科”包括鲤科、除鲤科外的另一科鱼类(冷水鱼优先)、两栖类、浮游甲壳类、昆虫类和环节动物类.      

增蓝剂抑制藻类生长效果及对斑马鱼的急性毒性

增蓝剂溶水后降低水下光照度,减弱入射光中370~440nm和530~680nm波段透射光.分析增蓝剂在0.1,1,5mg/L浓度及0.4,0.7,1m水深条件下,对自然水体原生藻类生长抑制效果,并测定其生物毒性.结果表明:在增蓝剂作用下水下光照度衰减明显,衰减系数(k)从0.25m-1增至0.7m-1.水深为0.4,0.7m时,增蓝剂抑藻效果显著(P<0.05),0.1,1,5mg/L浓度对藻类抑制率在第6d后迅速上升,在15d后稳定在65%以上,增蓝剂在0.4m水深抑藻效果较好.当水深至1m时,21d抑藻效果较差.急性毒性试验表明,增蓝剂对斑马鱼96hLC50为442.8 mg/L.     

工业废水污染治理途径与技术研究发展需求

根据工业废水的特点,构建科学合理的废水处理模式,不断完善和发展废水处理技术及水质安全评价与管理技术是水环境污染防治领域的重要课题. 在分析工业废水特点和阐述废水污染治理基本策略与途径的基础上,重点介绍了工业废水处理特性评价、工艺优选方法、水质安全管理等方面的研究进展,并探讨了废水污染治理思路和技术的发展方向. 指出工业废水污染治理应实现以下5个方面的转变和发展,即处理模式从不同种类废水混合收集集中处理向分类收集分别处理优先转变;研究开发从重视废水处理单一技术研发向同时重视废水处理技术集成与处理工艺优化方法研究转变;水质有机污染评价从重视综合浓度指标向同时关注和重视“有机物特征指标”转变;废水排放控制指标从重视常规指标向同时关注和重视水质安全和综合生物毒性指标转变;工艺设计理念从“处理工艺”向“生产工艺”转变.      

环境监测质量控制问题研究

环境监测是环境保护工作的重要基础和核心组成部分,贯穿于环境管理的各方面和全过程。环境监测质量控制是环境监测的“生命线”,贯穿于环境监测全过程。基层环境监测站应着眼于实际工作特点,重点做好现场监测质量控制,在此基础上,加强实验室分析质量控制力度,重视仪器设备管理等环节的质量控制,精细化实施质量控制计划,切实提高环境监测质量水平,更好地为环境管理服务。     

油田采出水处理技术与进展

在简要总结国内主要油田的采出水治理技术的基础上,着重介绍了国外近年来油田采出水治理的一些新工艺、新设备、新技术,提出油田外排采出水的治理应采用生化技术,国内应注意高效一体化的采出水治理设备和稠油污水处理药剂的研究。     

Adaptations for marine habitat and the effect of Triassic and Jurassic predator pressure on development of decompression syndrome in ichthyosaurs

Decompression syndrome (caisson disease or the “the bends”) resulting in avascular necrosis has been documented in mosasaurs, sauropterygians, ichthyosaurs, and turtles from the Middle Jurassic to Late Cretaceous, but it was unclear that this disease occurred as far back as the Triassic. We have examined a large Triassic sample of ichthyosaurs and compared it with an equally large post-Triassic sample. Avascular necrosis was observed in over 15?% of Late Middle Jurassic to Cretaceous ichthyosaurs with the highest occurrence (18?%) in the Early Cretaceous, but was rare or absent in geologically older specimens. Triassic reptiles that dive were either physiologically protected, or rapid changes of their position in the water column rare and insignificant enough to prevent being recorded in the skeleton. Emergency surfacing due to a threat from an underwater predator may be the most important cause of avascular necrosis for air-breathing divers, with relative frequency of such events documented in the skeleton. Diving in the Triassic appears to have been a “leisurely” behavior until the evolution of large predators in the Late Jurassic that forced sudden depth alterations contributed to a higher occurrence of bends.     

剩余有机污泥“零排放”工程性试验

采用活性污泥法处理有机废水产生的剩余污泥 ,一般较难处置 ,缺少有效的处理方法。通过实验室试验成功的基础 ,经过为期 1a的现场运行考核 ,采用常温兼氧酸化水解—生物反应的新工艺 ,解决了有机废水处理过程中产生的剩余污泥 ,实现了污泥“零排放”。将污泥处理与废水生物处理组合在同一系统 ,不仅操作管理方便 ,而且可提高原处理系统的CODCr达标率约 5%～ 1 5%。该工艺特别适用于含氮有机废水处理系统 ,可使NH_3 -N进一步脱氮去除。     

传统过滤器改造连续动态过滤器的研究

结合国外先进的连续过滤技术,针对原有的传统过滤器进行设备改造,过滤过程改为"上向流过滤",滤料清洗技术采用"气提洗砂"技术.与改造前相比,该滤塔结构简单,维护和检修方便,工艺处理效率增加50%,效果稳定,运行成本降低50%.在相关的滤料过滤器系统中,连续动态过滤器改造技术符合我国水处理过滤行业现状,并充分利用原有设备和设施,通过最小投资获得新技术革新,使过滤工艺简单化,更适用于小型再生水回用系统.      

某麦芽生产厂废水管理与处理实践研究

麦芽生产过程包括清选、浸麦、发芽、烘干以及除根等工序,废水主要来自于浸麦、发芽等工序。某麦芽生产厂根据麦芽过程用水和废水产生的特点,采用设备改进、加强工艺管理、用水管理、废水回用、提高员工技能等措施,通过源头削减和生产全过程控制,合理调节生产用水,降低生产用水量和废水产生量,麦芽生产水耗指标为2.4 m3水/吨麦芽。麦芽废水采用SBR工艺进行处理,出水水质满足排放标准要求。该麦芽企业废水管理和处理经验为同行业提供了较好的案例。     

Partnerships in creating agile sustainable development communities

The key to clean, renewable and healthy futures for society(s) can be seen in the need to consider how all infrastructure areas such as water, waste and transportation, energy are treated. And to focus attention on the emerging commercial technologies (such as hydrogen fuel cell vehicles) that will be available regionally and then globally within the next five to ten years. Planning and investing now for that future will prove to be prudent and cost effective. Public-private partnerships, known as “civic markets“ can create and provide “funds” such as public bonds along with private sector innovation and markets on the regional, state and national levels. Similar bond funds have been passed by the electorate in California, most recently for stem cell research (USA$3 billion). Public support to promote funding for sustainable communities has also been demonstrated with bond funds for water, forests and land preservation.“Agile energy systems” are flexible and adapt to change effectively and efficiently for economic, environmental and social benefits, the triple bottom line. However, there needs to be collaboration between the pubic and private sectors in creating them. Such civic markets can from new associations of communities, cities and nation-states that might be useful to plan public policies and create the “government market“ in terms of procurement and coordination of public resources for renewable energy on-site and central grid power generation. One suggestion is to form an “Association of Agile Energy Cities or communities.”     

Field and laboratory evaluations of the effects of “cold shock” on fish resident in and around a thermal discharge: an overview

In the 1970s, resource agencies suggested that thermal discharges could affect aquatic life including macrophytes, plankton, and fish. It was suspected that heat and cold shock would affect fish health and behavior, and that thermal plumes might affect migration. From 1978 to 1985, Rochester Gas & Electric Corporation (RG&E) conducted field and laboratory studies on fish to evaluate a power plant’s rapid winter shutdown. Lake Ontario studies included observations of fish in the near-field plume during a shutdown, and resident fish were tagged and used to study immediate and acclimated cold shock. Over 500 fish representing 17 species, captured in and around a power station plume, were used in these cold-shock studies. Five coldwater species accounted for approximately 65% of the tested fish, although clupeids, and coolwater and warmwater fish were evaluated when captured. The internal temperature of many fish was recorded upon capture. Survival for the dominant species was ≃100%, although clupeid survival was ≤10% (n=128). Tagged fish also provided long-term survival, migration, and plume-residence data. To confirm field data, laboratory cold-shock tests were conducted under controlled conditions using hatchery-reared juvenile rainbow trout. The results indicated, for example, that the lower lethal limit for rainbow trout was slightly below 1.0°C, corroborating field data for rainbow trout. These cold-shock studies suggest that previous generic guidelines, such as those provided by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), are probably too conservative.     

废LED的环境风险与资源化研究进展

随着LED照明技术的快速发展与LED在照明领域的广泛应用,未来必将有数量庞大的废弃LED待处理,由此产生的资源与环境问题及其回收处理与处置技术值得关注。系统介绍了废LED的材料组成及其环境风险、其潜在资源化价值与回收可行性,并综述了当前废LED中有价金属回收技术研究进展与国内外废LED的回收管理现状。