鲅鱼圈热电厂温排水的现场观测和三维数值模拟

为研究鲅鱼圈热电厂温排水的热污染问题,对其附近海域潮流和水温进行了现场观测,并利用RMA-10三维有限元模型模拟热电厂附近海域海水温升场的分布。现场观测和数值模拟结果表明:（1）温排水对电厂邻近海域温度分布影响明显,模拟得出鲅鱼圈海域表层海水受电厂温排水影响温升在1℃和4℃上的面积平均值分别为0.648 km2和0.199 km2;（2）热羽面积变化趋势与涨、落潮过程呈现高度相关性,同一潮次中低潮时刻热羽面积大于高潮时刻。（3）海水温升分布呈现出较明显的垂向差异,表层温升面积为底层温升面积的2～4倍,表明由于温差所产生的浮力效应,温排水主要集中于海水表层流动。研究结果表明通常采用的基于垂向平均的二维温排水数值模型无法精确模拟温度分层,只有建立三维模型才能对温排水引起的温升场进行精确模拟。     

Impacts of a thermal power plant on the phosphorus TMDL of a reservoir

The Watershed Analysis Risk Management Framework (WARMF) was applied to calculate the total maximum daily load of total phosphorus discharged to a reservoir without violating the water quality criteria of 20 μg/l of chlorophyll-a (algae). In addition to a hydroelectric plant at the dam, the reservoir has a thermal power plant on the shore. To simulate the impact of the thermal power plant, WARMF withdraws 113 cms of cooling water from the lake bottom, adds heat to it, and discharges the thermal effluent to the reservoir surface. The circulating water brings the hypolimnion water, which is typically rich in nutrients but low in algae, to the epilimnion. The surface water is enriched in phosphorus but diluted with respect to algae concentration. For the example case, the dilutional effect on algae was found to be more significant than the stimulatory effect of phosphorus. As a result, the total maximum daily load of phosphorus was higher with a thermal power plant than without. Policy makers can learn, through this type of scientific analysis, about the impacts of a thermal power plant and make rational decisions about phosphorus TMDL.     

河口水域水环境状况模型研究进展

就河口水域水环境状况模型研究进展进行了述评和分析,包括二维和三维河口水动力数学模型以及描述水环境中介质运移的数学模型。本文以河口水域尾水海洋处置排放口近区和远区的模型研究为对象,对该水域模型研究进展进行了分析;另外,考虑到河口水域复杂的水动力状况、不同环境介质的相互作用等,本文对模型发展的趋势提出了一些建议,对河口水域资源管理和模拟预测具有一定意义。     

A comparative review of entrainment survival studies at power plants in estuarine environments

Steam-electric power plants drawing cooling water from surface waters entrain a variety of plankton and weak-swimming nekton. These small organisms pass through the intake screens and are carried along with the cooling water through the plant and are subjected to thermal, physical, and chemical (biocide) stresses. In once-through cooling systems, entrained organisms are returned to the source water body, where they are subjected to rapidly decreasing temperatures as cooling waters are mixed into receiving waters. With 4316(b) of the Clean Water Act as the impetus, studies were conducted at many power plants to quantify the number of entrained organisms. Early studies focused on simple abundance, and assumed total mortality. By the late 1970s and early 1980s, advances in sampling technology demonstrated that many entrained organisms survived. Continuing refinement of sampling techniques revealed impressive survival statistics for many species (>90% in some cases), with concomitant reductions in perceived impacts. This paper reviews state-of-the-art sampling methods and results of field entrainment studies at seven power plants. This review demonstrates that high entrainment survival of a variety of aquatic organisms does, in fact, occur and specifies the plant-operating and environmental conditions under which high survival occurs.     

A computational model for supercritical water oxidation of organic toxic wastes

A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model was proposed to simulate the supercritical water oxidation (SCWO) process for organic wastes. The SUPERTRAPP code (by NIST) for thermodynamic and transport properties of hydrocarbon mixtures was incorporated into the commercialized general purpose CFD code CFD-ACE for flow under supercritical pressure. The global kinetic models for supercritical water oxidation of methanol and methane (developed at MIT Energy Lab) were implemented and validated in the CFD-ACE framework against experimental data from a tubular reactor. A series of parametric studies to investigate flow rates, thermal boundary conditions and reactor geometry was performed for methane SCWO in a co-axial reactor and the optimized operating conditions and reactor geometry were obtained. Detailed three-dimensional flow, heat and chemistry simulations of methanol SCWO in the CSTR at MIT Energy Lab were also performed with predicted conversions comparable to measurements.     

滨海电厂温排水影响下的温升平面分布和垂向变化研究——以罗源湾可门电厂为例

本文以罗源湾可门电厂温排水为研究对象,基于现场调查和数值模拟手段,研究了温排水对电厂周边海域水体环境温升的影响,分析了温升的平面分布和垂向变化特征,并绘制了最大温升包络线图。研究结果表明,温升平面分布与电厂海域潮流特征及岸线地形有关。温排水入海后,表层温升水基本上沿与岸线平行方向的电厂上下游海域扩散,沿岸方向扩散距离远大于离岸方向扩散距离。温升最大的区域位于排水口附近,并沿离岸和沿岸方向温升减小,且离岸方向减小更快。在剖面方向上,海水温升影响最大的区域在表层,并沿垂直方向影响区域迅速减小,对水面3 m以下的区域影响很小。潮差对水温的扩散趋势及范围有影响,总体上,潮差越小,温升水的扩散面积越大。     

Surplus production,compensation, and impact assessments of power plants

For over 60 years, fishery scientists have been using the argument that nature creates surplus, and that the surplus can be used as justification to impose anthropogenic sources of mortality (power plants, fishing, pollution, etc.) on fish populations; otherwise, it is wasted. Surplus production is closely tied to the concept of compensation, a form of density-dependent mortality in which the mortality rate of a cohort is directly related to abundance of that cohort. Scientific arguments have been put forth in assessments of power plant impacts that compensation can at least partially offset impacts imposed by power plants. Although we cannot dismiss the existence of surplus production outright, since in some years environmental conditions are such that a surplus in reproductive effort may occur, we should be assessing the reproductive effort of fish populations in the context of the ecosystem in which they reside. In terms of addressing the risks of power plant mortality, we may be at a point in collection and analyses of biological data, coupled with a greater flexibility in managing power plant technology, to modulate the risks of power plant mortality on fish populations on a more-or-less real-time basis by taking into account environmental influences. For these reasons, assessments of power plant impacts should include analyses of predation forgone and production forgone.     

Historical overview of the efficacy of two decades of power plant fisheries impact assessment activities in Chesapeake Bay

The Chesapeake Bay is world renowned as an estuary that historically yielded large harvests of a wide variety of fish and shellfish species. Thirteen power plants are located on the mainstem of the Bay and its tributaries in Maryland, drawing out of and discharging into the Bay eight billion gallons per day of the Bay’s waters for cooling purposes. Maryland DNR’s Power Plant Research Program (PPRP) has, since 1974, funded a wide variety of fisheries assessment, entrainment and impingement studies. PPRP’s Potomac River Fisheries Program (PRFP) encompassed multi-year, statistically rigorous, quantitative studies of all life stages of striped bass, from egg to adult, together with estuarine hydrodynamics modeling and water quality assessments, all yielding data integrated to project potential entrainment impacts from a proposed nuclear power plant. PPRP and utility-sponsored monitoring programs at BGE’s Calvert Cliffs NPP, PEPCO’s Chalk Point SES and DP&L’s Vienna SES, as well as other generating facilities throughout the state have provided comprehensive data on impingement, entrainment and receiving water populations of all life stages of potentially impacted resource species. These studies have resulted in unusually complete and long term data sets being available for impact assessment applications, and provide a basis for confirming and validating impact assessment findings and conclusions based on much shorter time series. The state/federal Chesapeake Bay Program has extensively characterized the status and trends of all important resource species in the Bay. We compare and contrast impact conclusions and projections from studies conducted in the 1970s and 1980s with current data and information on the status of and trends in affected fish stocks in Chesapeake Bay. We use that comparison to establish the role that power plant impacts play as factors driving changes in species abundance over time. These comparisons and contrasts between historical and current data and information also illustrate and confirm the methodologies that have proven to be most and least useful for assessing entrainment and impingement impacts.     

南黄海辐射沙脊群潮汐通道水流输运示踪模拟

将三维水动力模型MIKE3耦合粒子追踪模型,模拟辐射沙脊群海域西洋、陈家坞槽、苦水洋、黄沙洋四个主要潮汐通道和沙脊群顶点处的粒子运动轨迹,探讨潮汐通道间的水流运动、物质输运及交换特性。结果表明:潮汐通道内涨潮期表层粒子净位移大于落潮期;小潮期间,表、底层粒子运动轨迹相似,主要为潮汐通道内的往复运动;大潮期间,各通道粒子轨迹主要为往复运动和顺时针螺旋状横向运动两种形式,不同通道或同一通道的表、底层轨迹均不同,且不同的释放时刻粒子越出通道的程度也不同,表层粒子的运动范围更大,而底层相对集中。粒子运动轨迹由西洋通道的往复流和其余区域不同程度的旋转流所控制。与小潮相比,大潮期间潮汐通道的水体垂向环流及水体交换更为明显。通道内的水流横向输运能力主要取决于横向环流流速与纵向主流流速的相对强弱,同时也受局部地形影响。辐射沙脊群顶点处粒子大多数向岸,少量向南、北沿岸运动,表明近岸水流和物质迁移的主要向岸趋势。本研究结果可为辐射沙脊群海域水环境的管理提供理论支撑。     

Three-dimensional hydrodynamic and water quality model for TMDL development of Lake Fuxian, China

Lake Fuxian is the largest deep freshwater lake in China. Although its average water quality meets Class I of the China National Water Quality Standard (CNWQS), i.e., GB3838-2002, monitoring data indicate that the water quality approaches the Class II threshold in some areas. Thus it is urgent to reduce the watershed load through the total maximum daily load (TMDL) program. A three-dimensional hydrodynamic and water quality model was developed for Lake Fuxian, simulating flow circulation and pollutant fate and transport. The model development process consists of several steps, including grid generation, initial and boundary condition configurations, and model calibration processes. The model accurately reproduced the observed water surface elevation, spatiotemporal variations in temperature, and total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), and chemical oxygen demand (COD) concentrations, suggesting a reasonable numerical representation of the prototype system for further TMDL analyses. The TMDL was calculated using two interpretations of the water quality standards for Class I of the CNWQS based on the maximum instantaneous surface and annual average surface water concentrations. Analysis of the first scenario indicated that the TN, TP and COD loads should be reduced by 66%, 68% and 57%, respectively. Water quality was the highest priority; however, local economic development and cost feasibility for load reduction can pose significant issues. In the second interpretation, the model results showed that, under the existing conditions, the average water quality meets the Class I standard and therefore load reduction is unnecessary. Future studies are needed to conduct risk and cost assessments for realistic decision-making.     

地下含水层中过硫酸盐运移数值模拟及其影响半径综合模型研究

过硫酸盐被广泛应用于有机污染土壤和地下水的原位化学氧化(ISCO)修复.过硫酸盐在地下含水层中发生复杂的物理和化学过程,其运移受地下含水层介质和氧化药剂输送技术参数的影响,过硫酸盐影响半径(即地下水中1 g/L过硫酸盐的边界处)预测与评价的技术难度大.本研究围绕ISCO过硫酸盐单孔连续注射情景,采用FEFLOW软件,开展了过硫酸盐在砂质、粉质含水层等代表性场地含水层中运移数值模拟研究.考虑了11个涉及地下含水层介质、氧化剂消耗和输送技术参数的影响,筛选了相关的参数及其组合项,分别表征地下水弥散、过硫酸盐衰减及二者复合作用对含水层中过硫酸盐影响半径的影响.基于模拟结果数据,构建了地下含水层中过硫酸盐影响半径时空演变的综合模型,涵盖了氧化剂注射作用、地下水弥散、过硫酸盐衰减及二者复合作用的影响,其拟合优度R²为0.990(n=2 083),对流-弥散方程的模型外部验证结果 R²为0.992(n=11).参数敏感性分析显示,地下含水层介质的有效孔隙度、过硫酸盐注入流量及注入时间、含水层厚度等参数对扩散阶段过硫酸盐影响半径的影响较大,它们的影响随扩散...     

Modeling of air pollution from the power plant ash dumps

A simple model of air pollution from power plant ash dumps is presented, with emission rates calculated from the Bagnold formula and transport simulated by the ATDL type model. Moisture effects are accounted for by assumption that there is no pollution on rain days.Annual mean daily sedimentation rates, calculated for the area around the ‘Nikola Tesla’ power plants near Belgrade for 1987, show reasonably good agreement with observations.     

感潮河段盐度和缺氧水体时空分布规律研究

感潮河段水体的物质输运规律及其时空分布不仅受径流、潮汐动力的双重影响,还受水闸调度等人类活动的影响.针对水闸调度影响下感潮河段复杂的水动力学及其伴随的物质输运过程,提出一种新的算盘式网格结构,建立了水动力学和物质输送的三维数学模型,考察了在径流、潮汐及水闸调度综合作用下,感潮河段水流密度分层的特点,并对水体中溶解氧和盐度的时空分布规律及其影响因素进行研究.结果发现,数值模拟计算结果与观测值吻合良好,表明所建立的三维数值模型可以很好地预测感潮河段的水流运动和物质输运规律.研究表明,感潮河段的缺氧水体首先出现在盐水楔的前端,在盐-淡水分层强度、盐水停留时间及水闸调度的综合作用下,出现溶解氧浓度持续降低的趋势,并导致缺氧水体范围从河口上游向下游扩展,随水闸的放流缺氧水体被冲刷的现象.     

Three-dimensional unstructured-mesh eutrophication model and its application to the Xiangxi River, China

The Xiangxi River is one of the main tributaries in the Three Gorges reservoir, with the shortest distance to the Three Gorges Project Dam. Severe and frequent algal bloom events have occurred frequently in the Xiangxi River in recent years. Therefore, the current study develops a three-dimensional unstructured-mesh model to investigate the dynamic process of algal bloom. The developed model comprises three modules, namely, hydrodynamics, nutrient cycles, and phytoplankton ecological dynamics. A number of factors, including hydrodynamic condition, nutrient concentration, temperature, and light illumination, that would affect the evolution of phytoplankton were considered. Moreover, the wave equation was used to solve the free surface fluctuations and vertical Z-coordinates with adjustable layered thicknesses. These values, in turn, are suitable for solving the algal bloom problems that occurred in the river style reservoir that has a complex boundary and dramatically changing hydrodynamic conditions. The comparisons between the modeling results and field data of years 2007 and 2008 indicate that the developed model is capable of simulating the algal bloom process in the Xiangxi River with reasonable accuracy. However, hydrodynamic force and external pollution loads affect the concentrations of nutrients, which, along with the underwater light intensity, could consequently affect phytoplankton evolution. Thus, flow velocity cannot be ignored in the analysis of river algal bloom. Based on the modeling results, building an impounding reservoir and increasing the releasing discharge at appropriate times are effective ways for controlling algal bloom.     

基于Mike21FM的来宾电厂扩建工程温排水数值模拟研究

应用Mike21FM 2008对来宾电厂温排水的环境影响进行数值模拟,建立了以三角形/四边形混合网格为基础的地形文件,率定了模型参数(糙率和涡粘系数),建立了水动力模型,开展了温排水的数值模拟预测,模拟2种工况(夏季90%枯水和全年90%枯水)条件下的温排水对河流水环境的影响过程,根据模型预测结果可以得出不同温升线包络的范围以及不同河流来水量情况下电厂温排水对河流水环境的影响程度. 提出把Mike21FM模型软件应用到环境影响评价领域的实现方法和应用过程,明确在环境影响评价过程中二维水域环境影响预测应该关注的重点,以及对原始数据资料的需求.      

深圳湾TIN和PO43--P数值模拟及减排效果分析

采用EFDC模型建立深圳湾三维水动力和营养盐模型,模拟总无机氮(TIN)和正磷酸盐(PO43--P)等主要营养盐在深圳湾不同水文条件下的输运规律.计算结果表明,TIN和PO43--P的计算值和实测多年月均值枯、丰水期都吻合较好.内陆河流TIN和PO43--P减排方案的计算表明,珠江口TIN提高至三类海水标准是深圳湾水体...     

湛江电厂温排水对滨海水体生态环境的影响

2011年1月对湛江电厂温水排放口附近水域的生态环境进行了采样调查,分析了温排水对受纳水体的水温、溶解氧、营养盐、叶绿素a以及浮游植物的细胞密度、群落组成多样性和均匀度的影响。结果表明:电厂温排水主要影响表层水且范围较小;溶解氧虽随水温的变化稍有变化,但含量均在5.00 mg/L以上,符合渔业水域水质标准;温排水促进了受纳水体的富营养化,自然水温处至排水口中心,营养盐(无机氮、活性磷酸盐)、叶绿素a和浮游植物的细胞密度、种类数呈递增趋势;从浮游植物群落的多样性指数和均匀度分析,温排水提高了群落的多样性和抗干扰能力;在对浮游植物与主要环境因子间的偏相关性分析发现,浮游植物细胞密度和水温呈极显著正相关,相关系数为0.941 8(p<0.01),与活性硅酸盐呈显著负相关,相关系数为-0.892 4(p<0.05),与其他因子相关性不明显。     

Estimation of a quantitative air quality impact assessment score for a thermal power plant

A case study on air quality impact assessment for a proposed expansion of a thermal power plant situated in Bombay is presented. The major aim was to finally estimate a total impact assessment score, which is easy for interpretation and communication. The assessment variables chosen for the power plant are concentration levels of the pollutants SO₂, NO_x and total suspended particulate matter (TSP), as well as visibility, episode potential and noise. The changes in these parameters for future years, ‘with’ and ‘without’ the power plant, have been estimated. The parameter estimates are then normalized in commensurate units to get a final impact assessment score.     

电动与内燃机汽车的动力系统生命周期环境影响对比分析

以国内某两款同一车型的电动与内燃机汽车的动力系统为研究对象,通过生命周期分析软件GaBi建立生命周期评价(LCA)模型,在清单数据分析的基础上,采用CML2001模型对两种动力系统分别进行了定量的生命周期环境影响评价.评价结果表明,电动汽车动力系统的全生命周期综合环境影响比内燃机汽车动力系统高60.15％,并分别通过回收阶段分析、电能结构分析和敏感性分析对这一结果进行了解释:回收阶段中酸化、富营养化和光化学臭氧合成3种环境影响类型的直接排放大于回收得到的环境效益;电动汽车动力系统的环境影响随着火力发电比例的下降而减小,增大水能、风力和核能发电在电力系统中所占比例能有效降低电动汽车对环境的影响;动力系统重量对电动汽车动力系统的环境排放影响最为敏感,电池充电效率次之,制造阶段能耗的敏感度最小.将动力系统使用阶段的环境影响分配到整车,则电动汽车的生命周期环境影响比内燃机汽车低0.14％,且主要环境影响类型是全球变暖、酸化和富营养化.     

直接空冷机组火电厂的噪声控制及评价方法探讨

做为火电厂环境影响评价的重点之一,如何才能使环评提出的噪声控制措施更合理,如何才能更科学地评价火电厂噪声对周围环境的影响,尤其是采用直接空冷机组的火电厂,是一个实际工作中常遇到的问题。本文根据近几年从事火电厂环评工作经验,对直接空冷机组噪声控制和环境影响评价方法进行了讨论。