生态安全视角下的循环经济研究

生态安全是人类可持续发展的基石,目前,生态安全问题已成为中国经济可持续发展的瓶颈。在深入分析经济社会系统与生态系统之间关系的基础上,认为生态安全问题凸显的根源在于经济社会系统对生态系统的过度干预,且经济社会系统运行生态化和资源利用高效化是缓解经济发展与生态安全之间矛盾的关键;从系统的高度,围绕生态化与高效化剖析循环经济的内涵,并从理论上分析"3R"原则及其经济实践与生态安全的关系,认为循环经济是经济社会系统在资源利用方面的系统变革,可有效推动经济发展与生态安全协同共进。     

火电厂污染防治技术展望

国民经济要翻两番,电力必须先行,环境保护也要同时发展,做到经济效益、社会效益和环境效益的统一。环保设施需要大量的财力、物力,必然与经济发展产生矛盾。依靠技术进步,研究技术上可行、经济上合理的防治措施,对于解决这个矛盾是很重要     

福建省循环经济发展的能值分析

循环经济是实现以环境资源换取经济增长向以环境资源优化经济增长转变的发展模式。定量评价循环经济发展水平是循环经济的基本内容。基于能值理论,运用能值分析方法,从能值流量、经济社会能值、资源利用、环境压力和综合指数5个方面评价了福建省自2000年以来循环经济发展状况。结果表明:福建省经济的发展依靠的是消耗不可更新资源,系统可持续发展能力在不断下降;自然资源相对丰富,但是资源利用率低,净生态效益低下;废弃物还未对环境造成过大压力,环境压力主要来自于经济发展对不可更新资源的依赖以及人口数量的增加。改变经济发展模式,提高资源利用率,减少对不可更新资源利用,加强保护和开发可更新资源,逐步提升循环经济发展水平,是福建省提升可持续发展能力的重点。     

智能电网与环境安全关系综述

智能电网技术可以将各种分布式再生能源迅速接入电网,对环境安全具有重要的促进作用。介绍了智能电网的发展现状及关键技术,从能源防御体系、土地利用和电力生产等方面对智能电网与环境安全之间的关系进行了分析。智能电网技术的兴起与发展可以真正做到减少碳的排放量,提高用电系统的抗击灾害能力,同时也可以有效的保护环境、集约利用土地。智能电网技术是将来电力环境安全体系中重要的组成环节。     

山西省循环经济促进会成立

为进一步推广节能减排,大力发展循环经济,由山西省经济、环境等方面的专家学者、企业家共同发起的山西省循环经济促进会,日前正式成立。该机构旨在推动山西省循环经济发展,加强循环经济的理论研究和实践。同时,深入企业、困区、社区调查研究,为全省循环经济的发展提出对策和建议,并积极推广环保产业、环境标志产品、清洁生产和生态经济的发展,逐步建立循环经济信息网络。     

发展工农业复合循环经济 抢占经济和社会制高点

将农业和工业复合起来,是我国当前发展循环经济的一大特色。通过介绍工农业复合循环经济的典型案例,指出发展工农业复合循环经济,可有效缓解我国经济高速持续增长与资源供给和环境保护之间的矛盾,并且工农业复合循环经济模式特别适合在大城市郊区和县级城市集中发展。     

《中国再生资源行业发展报告(2015-2016)》书评

随着我国工业化和城市化进程的加快,资源环境的瓶颈约束日益突出,使再生资源产业在经济社会发展中显现出越来越重要的地位和作用.再生资源产业是经济发展到一定阶段,经济增长方式发生转变和产业结构进行调整的背景下产生的新型产业,是实施循环经济的重要内容.再生资源产业以社会生产和消费过程中产生的废弃物为原料,在经济和技术可行的条件下,进行回收、加工处理和再利用.大力发展再生资源产业对于节约资源、缓解资源短缺的矛盾及减轻环境承载压力具有重要意义.     

可再生能源电力外部效益量化及系统评价

在系统解析可再生能源电力外部效益的基础上,深入探讨了可再生能源发电在能源、环境、经济和社会等系统的贡献,研究有效的方法来货币量化和测量可再生能源发电的外部效益,并构建了可再生能源电力外部效益系统评价指标体系,为制定具有可持续性和成本效益的可再生能源政策提供了有力支持,最后指出可再生能源外部效益量化下一步研究中需要解决的难点问题。     

低碳经济的误区与对策:发达国家的实践与我国的发展选择

低碳经济的目标是在经济发展中排放最少温室气体的同时获得最大产出,即追求低能耗、低污染、低排放和高效能。英日等发达国家在这方面已经取得了诸多经验。我国居民不环保的生活方式和生活理念成为低碳经济发展的困境,同时对低碳经济还存在很多误区,将低碳经济与高投入、贫困、贸易壁垒、完全抛弃传统经济等联系起来,并将低碳经济完全归结为政府的责任。为此我国在低碳经济的实践中必须在多方面做出理性选择:产业生态化、开发节能建筑、公交工具优先、开发低碳能源、发展低碳电力、实践循环经济、促进产业集群和健康生活方式。     

基于环境安全的微电网技术研究

阐述了环境安全的概念及特征,探讨了我国能源利用给环境安全带来的影响。从环境安全的角度研究了微电网技术发展,重点探讨了微电网产生背景、定义演化过程和微电网发展优势。研究指出,微电网技术发展应尽快制定相关技术标准和实施方案,形成一个环境安全高效灵活的新系统。     

Life cycle assessment of four municipal solid waste management scenarios in China

A life cycle assessment was carried out to estimate the environmental impact of municipal solid waste. Four scenarios mostly used in China were compared to assess the influence of various technologies on environment: (1) landfill, (2) incineration, (3) composting plus landfill, and (4) composting plus incineration. In all scenarios, the technologies significantly contribute to global warming and increase the adverse impact of non-carcinogens on the environment. The technologies played only a small role in the impact of carcinogens, respiratory inorganics, terrestrial ecotoxicity, and non-renewable energy. Similarly, the influence of the technologies on the way other elements affect the environment was ignorable. Specifically, the direct emissions from the operation processes involved played an important role in most scenarios except for incineration, while potential impact generated from transport, infrastructure and energy consumption were quite small. In addition, in the global warming category, highest potential impact was observed in landfill because of the direct methane gas emissions. Electricity recovery from methane gas was the key factor for reducing the potential impact of global warming. Therefore, increasing the use of methane gas to recover electricity is highly recommended to reduce the adverse impact of landfills on the environment.     

The circular economy in China

This article makes an attempt to answer the three questions of why China is devoting its full effort to promoting a circular economy, what a circular economy is, and how to implement a circular economy in China. The evolutionary process of a circular economy in China, from introduction of the concept and the relevant actions of national decision making to demonstration of the system nationwide, has taken only around 6 years, with strong encouragement from politicians and the urgent need to cope with environmental pollution and a severe shortage of natural resources. The circular economy in China is now being actively implemented at three levels: enterprises, eco-industrial parks, and regions. The consolidated theoretical bases of ecology and economics have helped the circular economy to define its position as a new economic model to effectively resolve the problems of resources and the environment. In this regard, material flow management is naturally a unique planning and management method for implementation of a circular economy, and eco-efficiency is a good indicator to measure circular economic activities. Of particular significance has been initiation of the legislative process for the Circular Economy Law, which is among a number of initiatives developing core policies for a circular economy in China. Stringent enforcement of a set of policies for energy saving and pollution abatement nowadays in China will certainly create an enabling environment for the development of a circular economy.     

陕西省发展低碳农业的路径选择

陕西是我国西部地区文化、科技的强省。虽然能源资源相对丰富,但是生态环境脆弱。农业经济发展受地理环境和发展理念的制约,发展水平较之东部发达地区存在很大的差距。低碳农业随着低碳经济的发展应运而生,发展低碳农业不仅是统筹城乡发展、实现社会循环经济发展一体化的切入点,而且是保护生态环境"双赢"的重要途径,同时也是转变陕西农业发展方式的必然选择。试析在建设陕西新农村背景下如何选择符合陕西省低碳农业发展的新模式和如何选择促进陕西区域经济又好又快发展的有效对策。     

Comparison of mass balance, energy consumption and cost of composting facilities for different types of organic waste

Mass balance, energy consumption and cost are basic pieces of information necessary for selecting a waste management technology. In this study, composting facilities that treat different types of organic waste were studied by questionnaire survey and via a chemical analysis of material collected at the facilities.The mass balance was calculated on a dry weight basis because the moisture content of organic waste was very high. Even though the ratio of bulking material to total input varied in the range 0-65% on a dry basis, the carbon and ash content, carbon/nitrogen ratio, heavy metal content and inorganic nutrients in the compost were clearly influenced by the different characteristics of the input waste. The use of bulking material was not correlated with ash or elemental content in the compost. The operating costs were categorised into two groups. There was some economy of scale for wages and maintenance cost, but the costs for electricity and fuel were proportional to the amount of waste. Differences in operating costs can be explained by differences in the process characteristics.     

玛纳斯县某棉浆粕化纤厂工业循环经济发展模式研究

以新疆玛纳斯进行试点实施循环经济示范县为背繁,以玛纳斯县某棉浆粕化纤厂为例,运用层次分析法、距离函数法建立棉浆粕化纤厂工业循环经济发展模式评价体系。通过实施循环经济生产模式的改造,分别对改造前和改造后的生产模式进行对比评价研究。在发展循环经济后,棉浆粕化纤厂在节能减排、资源再利用方面有了明显的改善,说明实施循环经济对棉浆粕化纤厂发展有一定的推动作用。     

Life cycle assessment of energy from waste via anaerobic digestion: A UK case study

Particularly in the UK, there is potential for use of large-scale anaerobic digestion (AD) plants to treat food waste, possibly along with other organic wastes, to produce biogas. This paper presents the results of a life cycle assessment to compare the environmental impacts of AD with energy and organic fertiliser production against two alternative approaches: incineration with energy production by CHP and landfill with electricity production. In particular the paper investigates the dependency of the results on some specific assumptions and key process parameters. The input Life Cycle Inventory data are specific to the Greater London area, UK. Anaerobic digestion emerges as the best treatment option in terms of total CO₂ and total SO₂ saved, when energy and organic fertiliser substitute non-renewable electricity, heat and inorganic fertiliser. For photochemical ozone and nutrient enrichment potentials, AD is the second option while incineration is shown to be the most environmentally friendly solution. The robustness of the model is investigated with a sensitivity analysis. The most critical assumption concerns the quantity and quality of the energy substituted by the biogas production. Two key issues affect the development and deployment of future anaerobic digestion plants: maximising the electricity produced by the CHP unit fuelled by biogas and to defining the future energy scenario in which the plant will be embedded.     

低碳经济是发展循环经济的必然选择——浅谈我国工业固体废物资源化

循环经济与低碳经济都是要求人类在考虑生产和消费时,还需考虑自然生态系统的承载能力,尽可能地节约自然资源,不断提高固体废物的利用效率,在固体废物减量化、资源化、无害化过程中,降低化石能源消耗,减少温室气体排放活动,建设资源节约型、环境友好型社会,促进人与自然的和谐发展。     

Environmental assessment of sewage sludge as secondary raw material in cement production--a case study in China

A life cycle assessment was carried out to estimate the environmental impact of sewage sludge as secondary raw material in cement production. To confirm and add credibility to the study, uncertainty analysis was conducted. Results showed the impact generated from respiratory inorganics, terrestrial ecotoxicity, global warming, and non-renewable energy categories had an important contribution to overall environmental impact, due to energy, clinker, and limestone production stages. Also, uncertainty analysis results showed the technology of sewage sludge as secondary raw material in cement production had little or no effect on changing the overall environmental potential impact generated from general cement production. Accordingly, using the technology of sewage sludge as secondary raw material in cement production is a good choice for reducing the pressure on the environment from dramatically increased sludge disposal. In addition, increasing electricity recovery rate, choosing natural gas fired electricity generation technology, and optimizing the raw material consumption in clinker production are highly recommended to reduce the adverse effects on the environment.     

活性炭用于烟气脱硫技术研究

随着我国经济的迅猛发展,以煤炭为主的能源消耗大幅攀升,大气中的污染物SO2含量越来越高。为了保护环境,我国政府对SO2排放总量的控制主要采取加大产业调整力度,加快淘汰落后产能,积极推进先进的SO2治理工艺。其中活性炭法脱硫技术被认为是极具开发前景的烟气脱硫技术,该技术的采用材料活性炭来源广泛,工艺过程无二次污染产生且可进一步回收硫资源,用过的活性炭也可再生并循环利用。该技术的研究应用符合我国国情的发展,具有一定的现实意义。阐述了活性炭用于烟气脱硫方面的机理及研究现状,并总结了存在的问题以及最新研究应用的实例。