采用等离子体气化工艺从含氯废物中回收氯并产合成气

美国Dow Coming公司的硅制品制造厂将采用一套等离子体废物处理工艺,用于循环利用化学废物,以帮助该厂减少每年4×10^11 Btu（合4．22×10^11kJ）的天然气消耗量以及75％的总排放量。该技术的所有者综合环境技术公司（ITE）声称,该装置标志着等离子体技术在化工企业的首次应用。在初始阶段,将采用等离子体强化熔炉（PEM）消解医学废物及化学废物。     

国外新一代空气质量模式系统（三）

美国希嗄玛研究公式的Hanna和Paine（1989）曾发展了一套用于高架源的空气质量模式系统HPDM，并于1991年在此基础上进行了修改和完善，作为美国EPRI的行业规则模式体系（HannaandChang，1992）。这套模式基本上属于第二代空气质量模式。它的主要特点是：（1）抛弃了传统的Pasquill稳定度分类法，而是基本上将大气边界层分为稳定、近中性和不稳定三大类；（2）扩散参数体系也抛弃了Pasqull曲线或幂指数形式，而是采用普适函数或无量纲表达式（不稳定）的形式；（3）不稳定条件下（除近中性外）基本上抛弃了高斯模式体系，而是采用PDF…     

可见光分解-氯碱氧化法去除废水中的铁氰化物

采用可见光分解（光解）-氯碱氧化法去除模拟废水中的Fe（CN）63-。考察了光解过程中反应时间、初始Fe（CN）63-质量浓度和初始废水pH对Fe（CN）63-去除效果及表观反应速率常数（k（Fe（CN）63-））的影响,以及光解-氯碱氧化法对Fe（CN）63-模拟废水中总氰化物（TCN）的去除效果。实验结果表明：在初始Fe（CN）63-质量浓度6.7 mg/L、初始废水pH 12、反应时间8.0 h的条件下,Fe（CN）63-的去除率为83%,光解过程符合表观一级动力学模型;在初始Fe（CN）63-质量浓度6.7 mg/L、初始TCN质量浓度4.90 mg/L、初始废水pH 12、反应时间12.0 h的条件下,采用光解-氯碱氧化法可使Fe（CN）63-模拟废水的TCN质量浓度降至0.14 mg/L,低于GB 16171—2012的要求（0.2 mg/L）,该过程的限速步骤为Fe（CN）63-的光解破络过程。     

头孢拉定荧光猝灭法测定铁(Ⅲ)

基于铁（Ⅲ）对水溶液中头孢拉定（CEPC）的荧光猝灭作用,建立了测定微量铁（Ⅲ）的荧光分析方法。在以pH为3．0的盐酸为介质、最大激发波长为351nm、发射波长为431nm、CEPC质量浓度为0．11g／L的条件下,相对荧光强度与1gc呈良好的线性关系,测定铁（Ⅲ）浓度的线性范围为1．60×10^-6～6．30×10^-4mol／L,检出限为6．25×10^-7mol／L,相对标准偏差为2．10％（n=11）,加标回收率为94．3％～106．9％。该法具有良好的选择性,其他常见的共存离子不干扰测定,可直接用于测定环境水样中的铁（Ⅲ）含量。     

一种去除废水中杂环芳香化合物的方法

该发明公开了一种去除废水中杂环芳香化合物的方法。包括如下步骤：（1）将膨润土原土投加到0．05～1．00moL／L的KCl溶液中,膨润土原土质量与KCl溶液体积的比为（1：1）～（1：100）,经搅拌、过滤,合成膨润土吸附剂;（2）将膨润土吸附剂投加到含杂环芳香化合物的废水中,膨润土吸附剂质量与废水体积的比为（1：100）～（1：20000）,搅拌,吸附去除废水中的杂环芳香化合物,     

锰矿浸渣中水溶性锰的回收

采用水洗—生石灰沉淀法回收锰矿浸渣中的水溶性锰,考察了液固比、水洗时间对锰矿浸渣中水溶性锰洗出率（洗出液与锰矿浸渣中水溶性锰的质量比）的影响,并探讨了n（生石灰）∶n（水溶性锰）、聚丙烯酰胺絮凝剂加入量、反应温度和反应时间对洗出液中水溶性锰回收率（沉淀与洗出液中锰的质量比）的影响。实验结果表明：水洗工段,在去离子水体积（mL）与锰矿浸渣质量（g）比为5∶1、水洗时间5 min的条件下,水溶性锰洗出率达到92%;生石灰沉淀工段,n（生石灰）∶n（水溶性锰）对水溶性锰回收率的影响最大,其次为反应温度、絮凝剂加入量和反应时间,在n（生石灰）∶n（水溶性锰）=1.8、絮凝剂加入量0.2 mg/L、常温、反应时间10 min的条件下,水溶性锰回收率达90%以上;锰矿浸渣中水溶性锰的总回收率达83%以上。     

钼蓝分光光度法测定水中As（Ⅲ）含量

采用钼蓝分光光度法测定水中的As（Ⅲ）含量。以10.8%（质量分数,下同）的抗坏血酸、3%的钼酸铵、0.56%的酒石酸锑钾和13.98%的硫酸按照体积比为2∶2∶1∶5配制的混合溶液为显色剂,在P（Ⅴ）加入量为10.00 μmol/L、显色时间为30 min的条件下,As（Ⅲ）质量浓度与吸光度的线性相关性最好。该方法的As（Ⅲ）质量浓度检测范围为0~4 mg/L,加标回收率为92%~103%,相对标准偏差为3.0%~5.6%。     

炉渣去除废水中六价铬

采用炉渣处理模拟含Cr（Ⅵ）废水,确定了炉渣去除Cr（Ⅵ）的适宜条件,并对去除机理及动力学规律进行了探讨。实验结果表明,对于初始质量浓度为10mg／L的含Cr（Ⅵ）废水,在室温、废水初始pH=1．00、炉渣加入量为8g/L、反应时间为240min的条件下,Cr（Ⅵ）去除率达99．2％。对于初始质量浓度低于50mg／L的含Cr（Ⅵ）废水,投加适量的炉渣,可使处理后出水中的Cr（Ⅵ）质量浓度降至排放标准以下。炉渣对Cr（Ⅵ）的去除机理主要是炉渣中溶出的Fe^2＋对Cr（Ⅵ）的还原作用,炉渣对Cr（Ⅵ）的吸附作用很小。炉渣对Cr（Ⅵ）的还原反应符合一级反应动力学规律,在pH分别为0．55,1．00,2．00的条件下,反应速率常数分别为6．0×10^-3,3．3×10^-3,4．0×10^-4min^-1．     

浙江省推进生态环境导向开发（EOD）模式的思考与建议

生态环境导向的开发（EOD）模式是一种创新性区域综合开发模式,研究了EOD模式的国家政策要求和地方实践进展,分析了EOD模式破解的主要特点,并提出下一步浙江省探索实践的意见建议。     

用上流式生物反应器降解甲基叔丁基醚

用上流式生物反应器（UFBR）降解甲基叔丁基醚（MTBE）,研究了水力停留时间（HRT）和进水中MTBE质量浓度对MTBE去除率的影响。实验结果表明：在进水中MTBE质量浓度为25mg／L、HRT为18．6h的条件下,MTBE的去除率为84．13％;在HRT为18．6h、进水中MTBE质量浓度低于15mg／L的条件下,MTBE的去除率达92％以上。UFBR符合Eckenfelder动力学模型。     

提高火电厂设计和校核煤质重要性的几点认识

分析锅炉设计煤质在电厂建设各方面的重要性,阐述了燃用煤质偏离设计要求对火电厂安全、经济运行的影响。结合工程实际分析燃用煤质偏离设计煤质的原因,并提出了解决措施。     

Impact of increased collection rates and the use of commingled collection systems on the quality of recovered paper. Part 1: increased collection rates

The recovery and utilization of recovered paper have increased over past decades all over the world due to economic, environmental, and social issues. However, it is well known that an extended recovered paper collection is detrimental to its quality, either by the exploitation of lower quality sources such as households, or the spreading of commingled systems instead of selective collection systems. The influence of these two factors was assessed by analyzing the quality of different recovered paper grades used as raw material in a mill located in Madrid (Spain) producing newsprint and light weight coated paper from recovered paper. Part 1 of the paper deals with the impact of increased collection rates on the quality of recovered paper and Part 2 with the use of commingled collection systems. Results of Part 1 show that increased collection rates have a large impact on the quality of the recovered paper. The quality, measured as total unusable material and moisture contents, had deteriorated very rapidly in only 4 years (2005–2008) as a consequence of increased collection rates. Collection rates increased in Spain from 58.5% to 68.6% during this period, resulting in more than 50% increase of total unusable material and 25% of moisture content. The downgrading of the quality of recovered paper is one of the major threats for extending the current limits of paper recycling. Therefore, future challenge is to increase its availability but maintaining its quality.     

Comprehensive quality assessment of municipal organic waste composts produced by different preparation methods

In the first part of this work, the effect of municipal organic waste (MOW) composts on plant growth was evaluated in a greenhouse trial. The treatments included soil amended with 14 different composts (prepared by shredding, adding wood shavings, cocomposting with biosolids or vermicomposting), an inorganically fertilized soil, and a control soil. All of the treatments significantly increased plant growth compared to the control, and yields of three of the amended treatments were as high as that of the inorganic fertilizer treatment. When comparing differently prepared composts to the conventional compost, it was found that cocomposting MOW with biosolids was the method which most positively influenced yields (26-41% yield increases). In the second part of this work, we evaluated the effects of the different preparation methods on compost quality, using a multivariate approach. Three main quality aspects were considered collectively in a principal component analysis: organic matter and nutrient concentrations, degradability and capacity to mineralize these nutrients, and plant growth. The model was restricted to the first and second components (PC1 and PC1) which accounted for 94% of data variance. On the resulting factorial plane, four groups were distinguished. Each of the groups was compared to the reference compost to determine quality increases or decreases. Based on this analysis, it was found that cocomposting MOW with biosolids produced the highest quality products (higher total nutrient and OM concentration, nutrient mineralization potential, and plant growth). Addition of wood shavings increased OM concentration, but reduced quality in terms of the other aspects studied. Shredding was only effective to increase product quality when it was not combined with other methods, whereas vermicomposting only increased quality when MOW was not mixed with biosolids.     

海水法烟气脱硫排水水质的估算和分析

对烟气海水法脱硫的排水水质进行了定量估算,并讨论了工艺排水对附近海域水质的影响.     

物元分析法在大气环境质量评价中的应用

应用物元分析方法构建大气环境质量的综合评价模型，并将该方法用于唐山市大气环境质量评价中，获得了与实际情况基本符合的评价结果。     

2×600MW机组脱硫石膏亚硫酸钙含量超标原因分析及对策

石灰石—石膏湿法脱硫系统工艺复杂,影响石膏中亚硫酸钙含量的因素很多,各因素之间又相互作用。分析了某电厂2×600MW机组脱硫石膏亚硫酸钙含量超标的原因,在试验研究及系统改造的基础上指出了石灰石原料不合格是石膏品质变差的主要原因。应加强石灰石原料质量监督,以满足脱硫系统要求。     

水质评价中的宽域灰色决策法

依据灰色决策的基本原理，结合环境质量评价的实际情况，用宽域式结构建立隶属函数，提出宽域灰色决策法，并以水质评价为例进行了尝试。结果表明，宽域灰色决策法的评价结果比较符合实际状况，比模糊数学法和灰色聚类法的评价结果更为合理。     

海水烟气脱硫系统排水水质试验研究

介绍了海水烟气脱硫技术在国内外的应用情况,探讨了海水烟气脱硫系统的基本原理及工艺流程,并以海水水质标准为参照通过试验方法研究了脱硫排水对海水本底浓度的影响。     

Quality improvement of recycled fine aggregate using steel ball with the help of acid treatment

There is a need to promote high-value added utilization of recycled aggregates, considering the aspect of effective use. It should be noted, however, that recycled fine aggregates are generally low in quality due to the presence of cement paste attached to the aggregate surface. Based on this, there have been studies, which aimed to improve the quality of recycled aggregates using mechanical abrasion methods of removing the cement paste based on the principles of crushing, grinding and abrasion and beneficiation method using heat or acid. Accordingly, this study was performed as part of the research to improve the quality of recycled fine aggregates with the aim to effectively remove cement paste using steel ball as mechanical method and acid as chemical method. The results of the experiment showed that the oven-dry density and absorption ratio obtained after the abrasion process using sulfuric acid solution were 2.51 g/cm³ and 2.3%, respectively. This evidenced the quality improvement of the recycled aggregates as they satisfied the quality criteria of over 2.2 g/cm³ and under 5%, respectively, for Class I concrete proposed in the quality standards for recycled aggregates as well as natural sand proposed in Korea Standard criteria of over 2.5 g/cm³ and under 3%.     

Improving decision quality: Making the case for adopting next‐generation site characterization practices

Better site characterization is critical for cheaper, faster, and more effective cleanup. This fact is especially true as cleanup decisions increasingly include site redevelopment and reuse considerations. However, established attitudes about what constitutes “data quality” create many barriers to exciting new tools capable of achieving better characterization, slowing their dissemination into the mainstream. Traditional approaches to environmental “data quality” rest on simplifying assumptions that are rarely acknowledged by the environmental community. Data quality assessments focus on the quality of the analysis, while seldom asking what impact matrix heterogeneity has had on analytical results. Assessments of data quality typically assume that chemical contaminants are distributed nearly homogeneously throughout environmental matrices and that contaminant‐matrix interactions are well behaved during analysis. Yet, these assumptions seldom hold true for real‐world matrices and contaminants at scales relevant to accurate risk assessment and efficient remedial design. For the site cleanup industry to continue technical advancement, over‐simplified paradigms must give way to next‐generation models that are built on current scientific understanding. If reuse programs such as Brownfields are to thrive, the scientific defensibility of individual projects must be maintained at the same time as characterization and cleanup costs are lowered. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) offers the Triad Approach as an alternative paradigm to foster highly defensible, yet extremely cost‐effective reuse decisions. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.