发展循环经济实现经济与环境的"双赢"

经济发展一方面为人类提供了空前丰富的物质产品,另一方面却生产出同样空前大量的废气、废水、废渣和噪声.要使经济发展与环境保护由对立走向统一,实现经济与环境的"双赢",必须大力发展循环经济.分析了经济发展与环境保护对立的表现,阐述了经济发展与环境保护如何从对立走向统一,如何实现"双赢".     

对完善废旧物资税收政政策的意见和建议

废旧物资税收政策是关系到再生资源行业和企业生存与发展的重要问题,也是目前在保持经济可持续发展和建设节约型社会新形势下,政府机关主管部门和相关企业高度关注的一个重要问题.     

湿烟囱内衬防腐材料的选择

对国内湿烟囱防腐中应用较多的材料的化学成分、耐酸腐蚀性能、物理性能、焊接性能进行了比较分析,认为从技术角度而言,镍基合金优于钛金属.     

黄河三门峡段基于马尔科夫模型的水质预测

水质变化趋势预测是维护和管理当前水质状况的重要依据,影响水质的有物理学、化学、水力学、生物学、气象学以及人类活动等多方面的因素,在时间和空间上存在相当多的影响变量.现有的基于数学表达式的水质预测模型很难将这些因素都考虑进去,而且预测的是一个具体的数值.利用马尔可夫链预测水质所处状态概率,实质上是预测水质指标带有一定置信水平的置信区间,在可以完全满足实际需要的前提下,扩大了预测的范围,相对地提高了预测的精确度.介绍了马尔科夫模型的基本原理,并且将其应用到黄河三门峡河段的水质预测中,总体效果基本满意.     

“植筋技术”及其在脱硫烟道改造工程中的应用

提出了植筋技术在脱硫烟道改造、加固中所起的作用,阐述了植筋的工艺流程、施工要点及注意事项,认为植筋技术的应用和发展前景看好,其应用研究具有很高的实用价值.     

SNCR-SCR烟气脱硝技术及其应用

SNCR-SCR烟气脱硝技术是结合了SCR技术高效、SNCR技术投资省的特点而发展起来的一种新型、成熟的工艺.详细介绍了混合SNCR-SCR工艺的特点,并结合台湾某电厂的运行资料,将这种工艺与单一SCR和SNCR工艺进行了技术经济比较.     

天津滨海英驰集团被南开区政府授予2007年度重点企业称号

2008年2月22日下午,预备役高炮师举行合成党委全体（扩大）会议。天津市委副书记、市长、预备役高炮师党委第一政委黄兴国出席会议并讲话。天津市委常委、警备区司令员王小京,警备区政委谢建华,天津市委常委、常务副市长杨栋梁出席会议。     

国务院办公厅关于转发发展改革委等部门促进扩大内需鼓励汽车家电以旧换新实施方案的通知：促进扩大内需鼓励汽车、家电“以旧换新”实施方案

各省、自治区、直辖市人民政府，国务院各部委、各直属机构：发展改革委、财政部、商务部、工业和信息化部、环境保护部《促进扩大内需鼓励汽车、家电“以旧换新”实施方案》已经国务院同意，现转发给你们，请认真贯彻执行。     

战略环评与流域水电规划环评实践

简要介绍了战略环评在国内外的发展过程,论述了战略环评的概念和研究思路.在此基础上,针对目前云南省广泛开展的水电开发活动,论述了其带来的环境影响.根据云南省内几条流域水电开发的环评实践,提出了流域水电开发环评应关注的重点,包括相关部门的协调和正确掌握环评政策,关注流域水电建设可能对环境产生的累积影响,有效保护以鱼类为主的水生生物,确定流域的最小生态流量,重视公众参与等.     

湿式石灰石/石膏法烟气脱硫帮助系统的开发研究

为帮助工程技术人员全面掌握湿式石灰石/石膏法烟气脱硫技术,开发了湿法烟气脱硫帮助系统软件,该软件以Visual Basic 6.0作为开发平台,Access数据库为开发工具,实现了知识查询及知识库管理、维护等功能.     

Fluxes of NO3-, NH4+, NO,NO2, and N2O in an Old Danish Beech Forest

The fluxes of the major nitrogen compounds havebeen investigated in many ecosystem studies over the world.However, only in few studies has attention been drawn to theimportance of the fluxes of minor gaseous nitrogen compoundsto complete the nitrogen cycle. In Denmark a detailed study onthe nitrogen cycle in an old beech forest has been implementedin 1997 at Gyrstinge near Sorø, Zealand. The study includesthe fluxes of the gases NO, N₂O and water mediatedtransport of NO₃ ^- and NH₄ ⁺. Measurementsof the fluxes of the gaseous compounds are performed withmicro-meteorological methods (eddy-correlation and gradient)and with chambers. Water mediated fluxes encompass rain,throughfall, stem-flow and leaching from the root zone. Thehydrological model is verified by TDR measurements. The findings show that the total water mediated N input tothe forest floor with throughfall and stemflow was 25.6 kg Nha^-1 yr ^-1, and open field wet deposition withprecipitation was 19.0 kg N ha^-1 yr ^-1. The internalcycling of N in the ecosystem measured as turnover oflitterfall and plant uptake was 100 kg N ha^-1 yr ^-1and 14 kg N ha^-1 yr ^-1, respectively. The fluxes ofthe gaseous N compounds NO and N₂O were of minorimportance for the total N turnover in the forest, NO_xemission being <1 kg N ha^-1 yr ^-1 and N₂Oemission from the soil being 0.5 kg N ha^-1 yr ^-1 withno significant difference between wet and dry soils.Concentrations of NO₃ ^- and NH₄ ⁺ in thesoil solution beneath the rooting zone are very small andconsequently the N leaching is almost negligible. It isconcluded that the nitrogen mass balance of this old beechforest ecosystem mainly is controlled by the input by dry andwet deposition and a large internal N cycle with a fast litterturnover. The nitrogen input tothe forest ecosystem which currently exceeds the critical loadby 5 kg N ha^-1 yr ^-1is mainly accumulated in the soil and no significant nitrateleaching is occurring.     

Winter and Spring Thaw Measurements of N2O,NO and NOx Fluxes using a Micrometeorological Method

The impact of nitrogen fertilizers on gaseous emissions duringwinter and spring-thaw is not well understood and was the objective of this research. Using a micrometeorological method,N₂O, NO and NO_x fluxes from ryegrass were measured from November 1997 to March 1998. Three different mineralfertilizers were applied in November: urea (U), slow-release urea(SRU) and ammonium nitrate (AN). N₂O emissions during the winter were small, increasing significantly in March. Total losses of N₂O-N were significantly higher from SRU and U plots, with winter N₂O emissions accounting for 50% of annual losses. Nitric oxide fluxes from all plots weresmall during the measurement period (<0.9 ng N m^-2 s^-1). The NO fluxes from U and AN fertilized plots were significantly higher than from SRU and control plots. NO₂ fluxes were always negative (–6 ng N m^-2 s^-1)indicating deposition, but decreased to –2 ng N m^-2s^-1 when snow was present on the soil surface. Our resultsindicate that the form of inorganic N applied has an effect on NO+ N₂O emissions but not on NO₂ fluxes.Sponsored by CAPES – Brasília, Brazil     

Atmospheric Deposition of Reactive Nitrogen on Turf Grassland in Central Japan: Comparison of the Contribution of Wet and Dry Deposition

The atmospheric deposition of reactive nitrogen on turf grassland in Tsukuba, central Japan, was investigated from July 2003 to December 2004. The target components were ammonium, nitrate, and nitrite ions for wet deposition and gaseous ammonia, nitric and nitrous acids, and particulate ammonium, nitrate, and nitrite for dry deposition. Organic nitrogen was also evaluated by subtracting the amount of inorganic nitrogen from total nitrogen. A wet-only sampler and filter holders were used to collect precipitation and the atmospheric components, respectively. An inferential method was applied to calculate the dry deposition velocity of gases and particles, which involved the effects of surface wetness and ammonia volatilization through stomata on the dry deposition velocity. The mean fraction of the monthly wet to total deposition was different among chemical species; 37, 77, and 1% for ammoniacal, nitrate-, and nitrite-nitrogen, respectively. The annual deposition of inorganic nitrogen in 2004 was 47 and 48 mmol m⁻² yr⁻¹ for wet and dry deposition, respectively; 51% of atmospheric deposition was contributed by dry deposition. The annual wet deposition in 2004 was 20, 27, and 0.07 mmol m⁻² yr⁻¹, and the annual dry deposition in 2004 was 35, 7.4, and 5.4 mmol m⁻² yr⁻¹ for ammoniacal, nitrate-, and nitrite-nitrogen, respectively. Ammoniacal nitrogen was the most important reactive nitrogen because of its remarkable contribution to both wet and dry deposition. The median ratio of the organic nitrogen concentration to total nitrogen was 9.8, 17, and 15% for precipitation, gases, and particles, respectively.     

催化氧化法去除烟气中NOx的研究进展

针对烟气中NOx的特点,从催化机理、催化活性和抗硫性能等角度分析了分子筛、活性炭、金属氧化物和贵金属等不同类型催化剂催化氧化NO的特点及存在的问题,指出：在保证NOx氧化度为50%~60%的前提下,降低催化反应的反应温度（低于200℃）和提高催化剂的抗硫性及抗水中毒性仍是今后研究的主攻方向;在活性组分方面应将Mn,Co,Cu,Cr,V等过渡金属氧化物作为研究重点,应选择酸性较强的或不易硫酸盐化的T iO2,S iO2等作为催化剂载体。     

Influence of sewage inputs and fish farm effluents on dissolved nitrogen species in a chalk river

Nitrate, ammonium and dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) concentrations were measured in the lower reaches of the River Test in Hampshire to assess the impact of two effluent point sources. An 18-month survey from July 2001 to December 2002 was carried out at locations above and below fish farm inputs and a sewage effluent outfall. The concentration of nitrate exceeded 400 M at the four sites on all sample dates. A consistent increase in ammonium concentration was measured downstream of the fish farm, but not the sewage effluent input. DON samples collected downstream of the fish farm did not show a consistent increase in concentration, compared with the upstream sampling location, whereas the sewage effluent input at Romsey was a point source of DON to the River Test with a mean increase of 15 M. Nitrate was the major component of dissolved nitrogen in this aquifer-fed chalk-bed river system, with up to 10% being DON and ammonium comprising <1%.     

Critical Loads Exceedances in Germany and their Dependence on the Scale of Input Data

Critical load exceedances have been used as an effects-related parameter for guiding international air emission control negotiations. High-resolution critical load data are combined with low-resolution deposition data.This article shows that doing so systematicallyunderestimates `true' critical load exceedances as obtainedfrom combining critical load and deposition data of identicalhigh spatial resolution. 95th percentile critical loadexceedances in EMEP grids based on high resolution depositiondata are 60 and 150% higher (mean values for nutrientnitrogen and acidity, respectively) than critical loadexceedances based on the low resolution EMEP depositionmodel. The latter are used in international negotiations. Differences in individual EMEP grid squares vary betweeninsignificantly different from zero and 340%, depending onregional deposition and critical load characteristics andcritical load types (nutrient nitrogen versus acidity).Exceedances based on high-resolution deposition values arealso compared to EMEP grid averages of these values forforests only. This comparison excludes the effect ofsystematically higher depositions to forests. Still, thescale difference of (averaged, low-resolution) deposition and(high-resolution) critical loads data yields underestimatesof the 95th percentiles by on average ca. 20%.These systematic errors due to the scale dependence should beborne in mind when interpreting effects of internationalemission control measures.     

The GaNE programme in a global perspective

This paper provides the background to this special issue, outlining the extent to which the global atmospheric nitrogen cycle has been modified by human activity and outlining the range of effects. The global total emissions of reduced and oxidized nitrogen, amount to 124 Tg N, and exceed those from natural sources (34 Tg N) by almost a factor of four showing the extent to which anthropogenic activity has taken over the global N cycle. Of the 124 Tg N, 70 Tg N is emitted in the oxidized form, largely as NO and 70% of which results directly from anthropogenic activity. The remaining 54 Tg N is emitted as NH₃, (66% anthropogenic). The enhanced nitrogen emissions are associated with a range of local, regional and global issues including, acidification, eutrophication, climate change, human health and tropospheric O₃. The paper also places the Global Nitrogen Enrichment (GaNE) research programme in the UK in a wider perspective.     

A Chronology of Nitrogen Deposition in the UK Between 1900 and 2000

Measurements of the concentrations of nitrogen compounds in air and precipitation in the UK have been made since the mid-19th century, but no networks operating to common protocols and having traceable analytical procedures were established until the 1950s. From 1986 onwards, a high-quality network of sampling stations for precipitation chemistry was established across the UK. In the following decade, monitoring networks provided measurement of NO₂, NH₃, HNO₃ and a satisfactory understanding of the dry deposition process for these gases allowed dry deposition to be quantified. Maps of N deposition for oxidized and reduced compounds at a spatial scale of 5 km × 5 km are available from 1986 to 2000. Between 1950 and 1985, the more limited measurements, beginning with those of the European Air Chemistry Network (EACN) provide a reasonable basis to estimate wet deposition of NO ₃ ^– –N and NH ₄ ⁺ –N. For the first half of the century, estimates of deposition were scaled with emissions assuming a constant relationship between emission and deposition for each of the components of the wet and dry deposition budget at the country scale. Emissions of oxidized N, which dominated total nitrogen emissions throughout the century, increased from 312 kt N annually in 1900 to a peak of 787 kt for the decade 1980–1990 and then declined to 460 kt in 2000. Emissions of reduced N, largely from coal combustion were about 168 kt N in 1900, increasing to a peak of 263 kt N in 2000 and by now dominated by agricultural sources. Reduced N dominated the deposition budget at the country scale, increasing from 163 kt N in 1900 to 211 kt N in 2000, while deposition of oxidized N was 66 kt N in 1900 and 191 kt N in 2000. Over the century, 68 Mt (Tg) of fixed N was emitted within the UK, 78% as NO _x , while 29 Mt of nitrogen was deposited (43% of emissions), equivalent to 1.2 t N ha^–1, on average, with 60% in the reduced form. Deposition to semi-natural ecosystems is approximately 15 Tg N, equivalent to between 1 and 5 t N ha^–1, over the century and appears to be accumulating in soil. The N deposition over the century is similar in magnitude to the total soil N inventory in surface horizons.     

人工湿地污水处理系统脱氮研究进展

系统地介绍了人工湿地去除污水中氮污染物的机理及国内外研究进展，详细阐述了影响人工湿地污水处理系统脱氮的内、外界因素，对于人工湿地污水处理工艺的推广应用提供科学依据。     

Cr（Ⅵ）对活性污泥系统反硝化过程的影响

采用反硝化反应器,研究了Cr（Ⅵ）对活性污泥系统反硝化过程的影响。在进水Cr（Ⅵ）投加量2.5 mg/L条件下,活性污泥反硝化过程中COD和硝酸盐氮的去除率受到的影响较小,而在10.0 mg/L条件下受到的影响较大,COD和硝酸盐氮的去除率分别从最初的97.1%和99.0%降至70.6%和24.7%。在停止投加Cr（Ⅵ）后的恢复期内,反硝化系统可以逐渐恢复对COD和硝酸盐氮的去除,亚硝酸盐氮仍会有积累,但随着时间的延长可恢复至初始状态。硝酸盐氮还原为亚硝酸盐氮的过程比亚硝酸盐氮的还原过程更易受到Cr（Ⅵ）的影响。