大屯海和长桥海表层沉积物粒度和营养盐分布特征

为揭示大屯海和长桥海表层沉积物粒度及营养盐分布特征，测定蒙自盆地两大浅水湖泊共计65个样品的粒度、总有机碳(TOC)和总氮(TN),分析上述指标的空间分布及其相关性。结果显示，湖泊表层沉积物以粉砂和黏土为主，粉砂是研究区表层沉积物的优势粒度，反映了水动力状况；粒度空间分布特征与入湖河流有关。大屯海表层沉积物TOC和TN质量分数分别为1.91%～8.78%、0.21%～0.81%,而长桥海为0.17%～4.70%、0.01%～0.53%。大屯海表层沉积物TN、TOC与黏土呈负相关，与砂呈正相关。两大湖泊属于浅水型湖泊，水动力强，TN和TOC分布主要受控于表层沉积物中粗颗粒和水动力状况；表层沉积物中TN和TOC主要分布在远岸深水至较深水的湖心静水区，形成类似于同心圆状的分布特征，表层沉积物是湖泊富营养化的潜在内源。     

东部平原湖区沉积物中溶解性有机氮分布特征

选择东部平原湖区11个湖泊进行水质和表层沉积物调查,采用综合营养状态指数(TLI)对各湖泊营养状态进行评价,研究了沉积物溶解性有机氮(DON)和游离氨基酸(FAA)的含量分布及DON分子质量分级特征,并探讨了不同湖泊沉积物有机质来源。结果表明:除固城湖和骆马湖处于中营养水平外,东部平原湖区其他湖泊均处于富营养化状态。沉积物DON浓度差异较大,在9.98~182.00 mg·kg-1之间波动,均值为57.25 mg·kg-1,太湖、滆湖、阳澄湖沉积物DON含量较高,均在140 mg·kg-1以上,其他湖泊沉积物DON含量均在50 mg·kg-1以下。区域内氨基酸(FAA)分布比较均匀,FAA浓度在3.58~13.28 mg·kg-1之间,平均值是8.14 mg·kg-1。沉积物DON和FAA含量与沉积物其他形态氮、溶解性有机碳(DOC)等污染指标均表现出显著正相关性。东部平原湖区沉积物分子质量分级结果表明:该湖区沉积物DON、DOC和SUV254基本都分布在1 k Da和30 k Da 2个范围内。东部平原湖区C/N比的值介于2.31~89.02之间,除滆湖外其他湖泊沉积物C/N值均大于10,说明该地区湖泊沉积物有机质主要来自外源。     

长荡湖沉积物重金属污染特征及生态风险评价

为明确长荡湖重金属污染特征及生态风险,于2018年9月至2019年8月采集长荡湖入湖河流、湖泊水体及表层沉积物样品,分析8种重金属(Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Cd、Pb和Hg)含量,采用正定矩阵因子(PMF)模型和主成分分析多元线性回归(PCA-MLR)模型对湖泊重金属污染来源进行解析,评估长荡湖沉积物重金属污染程度及风险等级。结果表明,8种重金属有7种超出江苏省土壤环境本底值,秋季长荡湖沉积物中重金属含量普遍较低。Cr、Cd、Zn和Ni的分配系数较高,现阶段不易从沉积物中释放到水体中,但由于Cd多为可交换态且在沉积物中含量较大,因此仍具有从沉积物中释放到水体中的潜力;Cu、As和Hg的分配系数较低,具有从沉积物中释放到水体中的潜力。Hg、Cd、As和Cu污染来源中农业生产占比最高,Pb和Zn交通污染占比最高,Ni自然来源占比最高,Cr工业活动占比最高。长荡湖春季和夏季受重金属污染程度更高,Cd和Hg的生态风险较高,需重点关注。     

无锡市农村黑臭河流沉积物营养盐垂向分布与污染特征分析

为揭示太湖流域农村黑臭河流沉积物中碳、氮、磷营养盐的垂向分布与污染特征,以无锡市周铁镇掌下浜(北段)为例,沿河流上游至下游共采集13个沉积物柱状样,分析总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)、氨氮(NH_4~+-N)、硝氮(NO_3~--N)、有机氮(Org-N)、有机碳(TOC)的垂向分布特征,并对沉积物中碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)的组分分布进行相关性分析。结果表明:TN、TP、Org-N含量在各点位间变化幅度不同,但均表现出随深度增加减小的趋势,即出现明显的"表层富集"现象,TN、TP、OrgN含量在沉积物中的最大降幅分别为55.82%、69.59%和68.12%;相反,沉积物中NH_4~+-N含量在垂直距离上呈现随深度加大升高的趋势,上升幅度在25.39%~72.77%;在垂直方向上,NO_3~--N含量在1号、4号~8号采样点处含量随深度加大而升高,增幅最大为107.51%,在2号、3号和9号~13号采样点处含量随深度增加降低,降幅最大为65.17%;TOC含量呈现随深度增加递减的趋势,含量在13.12~37.52 g·kg~(-1)变化;沉积物中C/N在8.31~19.90之间,均值为13.21,有机物以外源有机质为主;C/P比在12.24~51.84之间,均值为26.71;N/P在1.04~2.86之间,均值为2.02;沉积物中TOC、TN、TP含量两两具有极显著正相关关系(p0.01,n=13),表明C、N和P具有同源性。     

中国典型淡水湖泊沉积物中生物标志物组成特征及源解析

分别采集鄱阳湖、太湖和巢湖表层沉积物样品,对沉积物样品的总有机碳(TOC)、TN、总有机碳同位素(δ13 Corg)和总氮同位素(δ15 Ntotal)等参数以及脂肪烃、脂肪醇、脂肪酸等主要生物标志物进行了分析研究。研究表明,鄱阳湖、太湖和巢湖表层沉积物有机质均呈现出陆源、内源有机质混合来源特征;鄱阳湖、太湖和巢湖表层沉积物中的脂肪烃主要来自藻类源和细菌源,太湖和巢湖沉积物脂肪烃组成受人类活动石油烃影响明显。藻类源是鄱阳湖沉积物中游离态、结合态脂肪醇和巢湖沉积物中游离态脂肪醇的主要来源,太湖沉积物中游离态、结合态脂肪醇和巢湖沉积物中结合态脂肪醇主要来自细菌源。脂肪酸是鄱阳湖、太湖和巢湖表层沉积物样品可溶性有机质的主要组分,主要以结合态脂肪酸形式存在,细菌源是结合态脂肪酸的主要来源。     

邛海表层沉积物营养盐分布特征及污染评价

以四川邛海为研究对象,研究了表层沉积物中总有机碳(TOC)、TN和TP的分布特征,对邛海表层沉积物中营养盐的污染状况进行了评价,并分析了表层沉积物碳-氮-磷两两之间的耦合关系。结果表明:邛海表层沉积物中TOC、TN、TP分别为1 479~15 197、270~2 030、380~630mg/kg;表层沉积物TOC与TN具有极显著的正相关关系(r2=0.98,P0.010),除海南乡和鹅掌河河口外TOC和TP呈现了显著的正相关关系(r2=0.94,P0.025),有机质主要来源于浮游植物,海南乡和鹅掌河河口表层沉积物受面源影响较大;邛海表层沉积物有机指数均值为0.120,属于较清洁范畴,有机氮质量分数平均为0.114%,属于尚清洁范畴,污染相对严重,具有造成较小生态风险的可能性。因此,邛海的保护中应注意控制沉积物中外源性氮、磷的输入。     

苏州市各功能区水环境中碳氮磷分布特征与污染评价

为了解苏州市水环境中营养元素的时空分布特征及潜在生态风险,于苏州市城区、城郊和郊区共设置16个采样点,并对全年水样和沉积物样进行各形态碳、氮、磷含量的测定。结果表明:(1)时间尺度上,水体中春季溶解性有机质(DOC)极显著低于秋、冬季,TN季节性差异不显著,春、夏季TP极显著高于秋、冬季。沉积物中总有机碳(TOC)、TN和TP均在冬季最高、春季最低。(2)空间尺度上,水体中城区TP高于城郊和郊区。沉积物中TOC、TP均呈现城区郊区城郊的分布特征。(3)水体富营养化评价综合指数表明,1个采样点为极富营养级,11个为重富营养级,4个为富营养级,春、夏两季富营养化风险高。(4)苏州市整体有机氮污染较严重,城区沉积物中生物有效性磷最高,对上覆水的磷释放风险最高。(5)相关性分析表明,沉积物中TP、无机磷和铁铝磷来源可能相同。     

丰水期长荡湖入湖河流微生物群落结构特征及影响因素

为探究长荡湖入湖河流微生物群落结构特征及与环境因子的响应关系,在综合考虑主要入湖河流和污染源类型等因素的基础上进行分组,分析入湖河流中溶解氧(DO)、pH、氮磷比(TN/TP)、水温(WT)、总有机碳(TOC)、总氮(TN)和总磷(TP)共7个理化因子的分布特征。基于16S rRNA高通量测序技术并结合Circos、ANOSIM和冗余分析(RDA)等方法分析微生物群落结构特征的差异以及微生物群落与理化因子的关系。结果表明：不同污染类型的长荡湖入湖河流中优势菌门、菌属种类相似,但相对丰度却有所差别。优势菌门包括变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria)和拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes);优势菌属包含hgcIclade、 CL500-29marinegroup、 Acinetobacter、Comamonadaceae-Unclassified和Hydrogenophaga。ANOSIM分析表明长荡湖入湖河流微生物群落结构特征与污染源类型相关。冗余分析(RDA)结果显示pH、TP与长荡湖入湖河流的优势菌门呈显著相关(P<0.05);DO、...     

关于磷自沉积物的释放

一般说来,沉积物在湖泊营养物循环中的重要性随水深减少和湖水停留时间增加而增大.我国湖泊多为浅水型,而且湖水在湖泊中的停留时间颇长,因此为防治湖泊富营养化,有必要开展沉积物释磷的研究. 一、研究沉积物释磷的意义 湖泊沉积物(即底泥,或称底质)是湖水磷的重要来源之一.Frink曾指出,湖泊底泥能起植物营养源的作用.并推断:在无外来营养物输入的时期,底泥对上复水层的供磷能力或许能维持水生生物的生长.细见正明等则强调,在封闭性水域的     

云贵高原湖区典型湖泊沉积物溶解性有机氮分布特征研究

选择云贵高原湖区程海、泸沽湖、杞麓湖沉积物样品,用1 mol/L KCl溶液提取沉积物中溶解性有机氮(DON),研究了DON和氨基酸(AA)的含量变化,探讨了沉积物样品的DON分子量分级特征。结果表明:云贵高原湖区沉积物DON为9.63~103.61 mg/kg,均值为39.80 mg/kg;AA为4.02~25.78 mg/kg,均值为10.88 mg/kg;DON和AA均低于东部平原湖区。污染严重的杞麓湖DON和AA含量较高,主要来自流域内依湖而建的村落生活污水的输入;程海和泸沽湖沉积物中DON和AA污染相对较轻。沉积物DON和AA含量与沉积物其他形态氮、溶解性有机碳(DOC)等污染指标均表现出显著正相关性。DON分子量分级结果显示:该湖区沉积物DON以分子量1、30 ku为主,其中杞麓湖受人类活动影响较大,沉积物中分子量1 ku的DON占主要部分,而程海和泸沽湖污染较轻,沉积物中分子量30 ku的占比更高。     

Optimization of Height of Release of Air Pollutants

A number of key projects in the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) particulate R&;D program having applicability to industry are presented. For electrostatic precipitators (ESP) there is presented the result of work on large diameter discharge electrodes which provide a decrease in penetration of up to a factor of 4 when compared to conventional small diameter electrodes. Also discussed is the multistage ESP which provides a collection efficiency that would require a collecting plate area 4 or 5 times larger with conventional ESP technology. The E-SOX technology makes use of the multistage concept to free up space in the ESP for SO₂ removals of up to 90%. Electrostatically augmented fabric filtration provides a reduction in pressure drop of about 5 0% as compared to conventional fabric filtration. Wind tunnel modeling of windbreaks for material storage piles indicates a potential for providing engineering design data that would allow significant emission reduction caused by wind erosion     

Investigation of the characteristics of the reflectivity of clouds

This paper investigates some of the reflectivity characteristics that clouds (when modelled as solid bodies) must exhibit to be compatible with observations that the reflecting surface of a cloud (i) appears almost equally bright across its face, (ii) is brightest when the cloud is opposite to the Sun but decreases in brightness as the cloud moves to other positions and (iii) increases in brightness with increasing optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight. These observations, respectively, are shown to imply that the peak value of the bidirectional total reflectivity from a cloud surface (i) increases in inverse proportion to the cosine of the angle between the Sun and the normal to the cloud surface, as the incident angle increases, (ii) appears to be directed back in the direction of the incident radiation, and (iii) increases as optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight increases. The results could have application in many fields (e.g. modelling diffuse radiance distributions for cloudy skies).     

Estimation of uncertainty of sampling for analysis of pesticide residues

Abstract

A computer model was used to take random samples from primary sample populations obtained from field trials to simulate the uncertainty of sampling for residue analysis of plant commodities and soil. The results indicate about 40%, 30% and 20% relative uncertainty when random samples of size 5, 10 and 25 are taken respectively, from a single lot. Therefore the sample size should be the same for establishing and enforcing legal limits.     

扬中生态环境建设的思考与实践

结合扬中生态环境的基本情况和存在的不足，进行了具体分析，对扬中未来生态建设的发展方向提出了建议及实施措施。     

实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实施

在实施ISO／IEC17025：1999标准《检测和校准实验室能力的通用要求》过程中，通过实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实践与系统分析，识别出内部审核实施阶段的关键环节，提出召开首次会议、收集审核证据、确定审核发现和召开末次会议的技术方法，对提高内部审核的质量和有效性、获得可靠的审核结论具有重要意义。     

次氯酸钠发生器的研制

介绍了电解法生产次氯酸钠的原理 ,并在原有生产工艺的基础上进行了重新设计和对设备的重新选择、改造 ,得出了各个工艺参数的最佳值 ,生产出高品质的次氯酸钠     

An application of the theory of kinematics of mixing to the study of tropospheric dispersion

The most common technique used for numerical simulations of tracer mixing is that of the numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation with the unresolved fluxes parameterized using the similarity theory. Despite correct predictions of the overall directions of transport, models based on a numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation lack sufficient accuracy to correctly reproduce the coupling of mixing with small scale processes which are sensitive to the microstructure of the tracer distribution. The objective of this paper is to revisit the basic formalism employed in numerical models used to investigate atmospheric tracers. The main mathematical method proposed here is the theory of kinematics of mixing which could be applied effectively for simulations of atmospheric transport processes. At the beginning of the paper, we introduce simple mathematical transformations in order to demonstrate how complex topological structures are created by mixing processes. These idealistic flow systems are essential to explain transport properties of much more complex three-dimensional geophysical flows. An example of the application of the kinematics of mixing to the analysis of tracer transport on a planetary scale is presented in the following sections. The complex filamentary structures simulated in the numerical experiment are evaluated using some commonly applied statistical measures in order to compare the results with the data published in the literature. The results of the experiment are also analysed with the help of simple conceptual models of fluid filaments. The microstructure of the tracer distribution introduced in the paper is essential to increase our understanding of atmospheric transport and to develop more realistic parameterizations of small-scale mixing. The presented results could also be used to improve calculations of the coupling between microphysical processes and tracer mixing.     

Impact of overexploitation of shellfish: northeastern coast of India

India has a very extensive coastline of about 7515 km, rich in diverse living resources. These resources continue to deteriorate with rampant harvesting or are altered for other uses such as aquaculture and fisheries. The present paper deals with degrading coastal habitats in northeastern India, and projects the intensity of the stress arising from the collection of tiger prawn seeds (Penaeus monodon) for aquacultural farms and molluskan shells for poultry feed and edible lime. Indiscriminate exploitation of these resources leads to a heavy reduction of the species concerned and other associated marine communities. The magnitude of such destruction has been quantified. The impacts of biodiversity loss and their after-effects on the ecobalance of this coastal system have become a matter of great concern to ecologists to maintain security and sustainability. The authors propose a public awareness program on themes relating to the importance of biodiversity for human livelihoods.     

Comparison of methods for evaluation of activity of photocatalytic films

Objective

This work aims to investigate the correlation between the photocatalytic activity determined by methylene blue bleaching (DIN 52980), stearic acid degradation, and degradation of acetone in gas phase.

Method

The photocatalytic TiO₂ coatings included in this investigation ranged from thin commercially available coatings (Activ^TM and BioClean^TM) and ready to use suspensions (Nano-X PK1245) to lab-produced PVD and sol?Cgel coatings. XRD analysis of the photocatalytic coatings showed that all the coatings consisted of nanocrystalline anatase, although the thickness and porosity varied considerably.

Results

The study showed that the reproducibility of the activity measurements was good. However, more importantly, the investigation showed that there is a good correlation between the activities determined by the different methods even though the characteristics of the photocatalytic coatings and the organic probe molecules varied considerably.

Conclusion

The overall findings of this work suggest that there is a good correlation between the investigated methods. These results are promising for the future work concerning standardization of methods for determination of the activity of photocatalytic films.