吉林省参考作物蒸散量时空分布及成因分析

为了研究吉林省参考作物蒸散量(ReferenceCropEvapotranspiration,ET_0)时空分布特征及成因,根据1961—2018年吉林省46个气象站点逐日气象数据,利用Penman-Monteith公式计算各气象站点ET_0,采用线性倾向估计和基于Arc GIS10.0的反距离加权空间插值方法分析ET_0时空变化特征,并利用敏感性分析方法对ET_0的变化成因进行分析。结果表明:吉林省ET_0呈由西向东逐渐降低的空间分布。1961—2018年ET_0平均值为955.7mm,年际变化呈降低趋势,变化率为-0.57mm·a~(-1)。年内变化夏季ET_0最高,冬季最低。ET_0对水汽压的敏感性在中部较高,西部和东部较低;对净辐射的敏感性在西部较低,东南部最高;对风速的敏感性在西部最高,东南部最低。ET_0年际变化对气象因子的敏感性为:水汽压净辐射风速平均气温。春季ET_0对水汽压和净辐射的敏感性相当,夏季ET_0对净辐射的敏感性最高,秋季和冬季ET_0对水汽压的敏感性最高。水汽压对ET_0的贡献较高区主要位于西部。风速对ET_0的贡献较高区位于中部。水汽压、净辐射、平均气温和风速对ET_0的贡献率分别为-2.45%、-3.65%、-0.08%和-7.49%。风速是ET_0年际变化的主导因子,其次为净辐射,水汽压和平均气温。春季和秋季ET_0变化的主导因子是风速,夏季ET_0变化的主导因子是净辐射。研究结果可为吉林省不同区域针对ET_0变化及其不同的主导因子制定相应的对策,以期能够合理利用水资源。     

近50年来山东省参考作物蒸散量变化及定量化成因

参考作物蒸散量(ET0)被广泛应用于估算生态需水、农业灌溉、区域气候干湿状况评价等方面,在气候和环境变化中起着非常重要的作用。基于山东省1961—2010年90个气象站的逐日气象观测数据,应用Penman-Monteith模型估算了区域内的ET0,研究了山东省ET0的空间分布特征和时间演变规律及主要影响要素,定量分析了各影响要素对ET0变化的贡献。结果表明,山东省年平均ET0为1 028.4 mm,由东南沿海向西北内陆递增;夏季最高,其次为春季、秋季,冬季最低。年平均ET0变化倾向率为-1.818 mm·a-1,减少趋势极显著(P0.01);各季节均呈减少的变化趋势,夏季最明显;鲁西和鲁西南ET0的减少趋势最显著,向东则减少趋势减弱,至半岛东部部分站点则有增加趋势。全省年平均ET0在1983年前后发生突变,春季、夏季、冬季分别发生在1969年、1987年、1971年,秋季没有突变。主振荡周期为12 a左右,不同年代表现出的周期性不一致,且多种周期尺度相互交叉。年际和各季节风速和日照时数呈极显著的减少趋势,对ET0变化的负贡献较大,是山东省ET0减少的主要影响因素;最高和最低气温、相对湿度对ET0变化表现为正贡献,在一定程度上消弱了风速和日照时数的负贡献。年际和季节各气象要素对ET0变化的总贡献率与ET0的实际变化率较接近,年际、春季、秋季、冬季对ET0减少变化的第一主导气象要素是风速,贡献率分别为-9.587%、-8.074%、-9.920%、-16.847%,夏季第一主导气象因素为日照时数,贡献率为-8.287%。     

紫外辐射在气-水界面衰减因素分析及预测模型

为研究紫外线从大气进入水体的衰减状况,利用SpectroSense2光谱仪测量了大气及水体表层的UVR(UV-A+UV-B)、UV-A、UV-B强度,同时测定相关水体环境因子,并进行了相关因素分析。结果表明:UVR、UV-A、UV-B从大气进入水体表层后随即产生衰减,其中UVR平均衰减率达27.6%,UV-A达29.2%,UV-B达30.8%。3种水体中,以清洁水体衰减最多,富营养化水体衰减最少。水体藻类含量对紫外线衰减影响较大,水体藻类含量越高,对紫外线吸收率越低,紫外线进入水体衰减率越低。因此,清洁水体对紫外线吸收率最高,衰减率最大;富营养化越高水体,藻类含量越高,对紫外线吸收率越低,衰减率越低。太阳紫外线在气水界面穿透过程中,紫外线入射角度越大,在气水界面穿透过程中衰减量越大。利用一元线性回归方程建立UVR、UV-A、UV-B在气-水界面衰减模型,3个回归模型均通过F检验、R检验和t检验,可用于紫外辐射在气-水界面衰减量的预测。     

2种短周期工业用材林种植恢复过程对林内小气候的影响

在广西南宁市北郊的杉木林采伐迹地上,经过炼山清理,营造厚荚相思林和尾巨桉林以及灌草坡自然恢复3种植被类型,分别对主要气象要素进行连续4 a的对比观测.结果表明:(1)厚荚相思林和尾巨桉林内太阳辐[射]照度日平均值分别为126.6和90.8 W·m-2,分别占灌草坡植被的50.4%和36.1%;并随着林龄增大林内太阳辐[射]照度呈波浪式下降趋势.(2)厚荚相思林和尾巨桉林内年平均空气温度和地面温度分别比灌草坡植被降低0.7～0.8和1.8～2.7 ℃,并随着林龄增大温度逐渐降低.2种林分各年份空气相对湿度比灌草坡植被提高1～3百分点;并随着林龄增大而使林分内的增湿作用越明显.(3)2种短周期工业用材林种植恢复到5年生时,对林内小气候的调节作用已达到了成熟林分的水平,且厚荚相思林优于尾巨桉林.     

甘肃黄土高原各级降水和极端降水时空分布特征

利用甘肃黄土高原地区1960－2011年12个及周边4个站点的逐日降水观测资料,用阈值检测方法计算出甘肃黄土高原地区极端降水的阈值并运用气候线性趋势、多项式拟合、反距离加权法、Mann-Kendall检验、Morlet小波、R／S方法分析了近52a甘肃黄土高原各级雨量和R95极端降水的时空变化特征及对未来进行预测。结果表明：①近52a来甘肃黄土高原春季以小雨为主,夏、秋季以暴雨为主,冬季以大雪为主,R95极端降水主要集中在夏季;②春、秋季主要以大雨降水强度最强,夏季暴雨降水强度最强,冬季则为大雪;R95极端降水强度夏季降水强度最强。③小雪呈显著增加,微雨、中雨、大雨、微雪、R95极端降水量均呈显著减少;④微雨量、小雨量、中雨量、大雨量、R95极端降水量与年降水总量有很好的相关性,对年降水总量有很好的响应;⑤在空间分布上,各量级降水和R95极端降水大部分存在减小趋势,减小区主要集中在西南部和东北部;⑥各量级降水和R95极端降水突变年份不尽相同;⑦各量级降水和R95极端降水在不同的时间序列存在长短不同的周期震荡;⑧R／S分析表明不同量级降水和R95极端降水的未来变化趋势和过去一致。     

近45年山西省气候生产潜力时空变化特征分析

利用山西省108个气象台站1961-2005年逐年年平均气温、年降水量资料,应用Thornthwaite Memoriai模型估算了山西省气候生产潜力(TSPV),探讨气候生产潜力与实际产量的关系,分析气候生产潜力的时空变化特征以及对气候变化的响应.分析结果表明:该模型能够较好地反映区域农业生产实际;生产潜力空间分布特征表现出较为明显的纬向递减特征,南高北低、东高西低;近45 a变化趋势并不显著,北部和晋东南中部增加趋势,晋中以及晋南为递减趋势;境内各地热量条件充足,降水是作物产量的主要限制因素,降水增减1 mm,气候生产潜力增减0.473 8～1.138之间,变率空间差异明显,表现出以东西-西南方向为斜轴向两侧递减的趋势,为全省受降水限制最显著区域.     

1961─2010年降水和土地利用变化对淮河干流上中游径流的影响

为了研究近50a来降水和土地利用变化对淮河干流上中游径流变化的影响程度,利用逐日径流和降水资料,采用线性趋势、累积距平、Mann-Kendall非参数检验法和t检验等统计方法,探讨了淮河干流上中游径流的变化趋势、突变等,并基于双累积曲线,构建了降水-径流关系模型,定量估算了降水和土地利用变化对径流的贡献程度。结果表明,(1)淮河干流上游径流量呈增加趋势,其线性倾向率为0.08×10~8 m~3·a~(-1),而中游呈减少趋势,其线性倾向率为-0.38×10~8 m~3·a~(-1),且中游径流量C_v大于上游;上游和中游降水量均呈增加趋势,其线性倾向率分别为0.34和1.72 mm·a~(-1);径流量的年际波动均大于降水量。(2)上游径流量突变年份为1972年,降水对径流量影响的基准时段为1961-1972年;中游径流量突变年份为1985年,降水对径流量影响的基准时段为1961-1985年。(3)相对于基准时段,降水有利于径流增加,而土地利用变化导致径流减少。(4)土地利用变化是引起径流变化的主导因素,对上游和中游径流量变化的贡献率分别为76%和74%;降水对径流量变化起着次要作用,但其影响也不容忽视。     

淮河流域南部作物生长季农业气候资源特征分析

为了提高农业气候资源利用率、降低农业生产风险、确保粮食安全,利用淮河流域南部33个站点1971—2015年逐日气象资料,采用Mann-Kendall突变检测和气候倾向率方法,分析淮河流域南部主要粮食作物生长季的农业气候资源时空分布特征。结果表明,(1)作物生长季45 a热量资源均呈北少南多,山区多于平原的空间分布,淮北北部、东部以及西部的部分地区热量资源增加相对缓慢,淮北西北部和东北部局部以及沿淮中部为显著增加区。冬小麦Triticum aestivum生长季上世纪90年代末增暖趋势更加显著,夏玉米Zea mays和一季稻Oryza sativa生长季的增暖趋势则在本世纪00年代中期达到极显著趋势。(2)初霜日呈北早南迟、平原早山区迟的分布特点,随年代有推迟趋势;终霜日的时空分布与初霜日相反,使得无霜期呈增加趋势,初终霜日在本世纪00年代中期的推迟、提前趋势更加显著。(3)作物生长季45 a降水量均呈明显的纬向分布(北少南多),气候倾向率呈微弱的增减趋势,随年代变化趋势不明显,但波动较大。冬小麦生长季降水变率除山区明显偏小外,其他差异不明显,2000年以前呈增加趋势,其后大多年份基本稳定在15%左右;夏玉米和一季稻生长季降水变率呈西部大中东部小、平原大山区小的分布特点,2005年以前呈增加趋势,其后呈下降趋势。(4)作物生长季45 a辐射资源呈北多南少、西部和山区少的分布特点,大部分站点的气候倾向率呈下降趋势,其中西部地区下降速率高于其他地区;冬小麦生长季辐射资源下降趋势不明显,年代际间变化不大;夏玉米和一季稻生长季下降趋势明显,本世纪00年代以后更加显著。     

Spatio-temporal variation of near-surface wind speed over Qinghai-Tibet Plateau from 1970 to 2020北大核心CSCD

基于1970-2020年青藏高原区域及其附近154个气象站点的风速风向观测数据,采用线性拟合等方法,分析该地区年平均和季节平均近地面风速的时空分布特征和日变化特征.结果表明:(1)青藏高原区域1970-2020年年均风速在0.6-4.2m/s之间,青藏高原主体年均风速较高,高原周边地区风速较低;(2)青藏高原区域1970-2020年间近地面风速呈极显著下降趋势,2000年以后呈极显著增加趋势;(3)青藏高原区域1970-2020年间近地面风速春季最大,冬、夏次之,秋季最小,不同季节平均风速均是高原主体大于高原周边,4个季节的平均风速均呈极显著降低趋势,春季平均风速降低的速率最大;(4)大气环流驱动力的减弱可能是青藏高原区域地面风速呈减弱趋势的主导性因素.青藏高原近地面风速显著的变化特征可为青藏高原风能资源开发利用、农林生态系统开发与保护等提供科学依据.(图5参46)     

若尔盖高原实际蒸散量变化规律研究

蒸散发是若尔盖高原湿地重要的水文过程,但目前缺乏对若尔盖地区实际蒸散发量的相关研究结果。为计算若尔盖高原实际蒸散量,利用1967—2011年若尔盖高原地区红原、玛曲和若尔盖3个地面气象站的逐日气象资料,应用FAO56推荐的Penman-Monteith(P-M)公式,依据单作物系数法计算若尔盖地区实际蒸散量,利用累积距平、Mann-Kendall趋势检验、回归分析等方法分析其变化规律。结果表明,草地蒸散量是若尔盖高原实际蒸散量的主要构成部分,草地蒸散量达362.3mm·a-1,占74.28%。湿地蒸散量为116.6 mm·a-1,占23.85%;近45年来若尔盖高原3个气象站的ET_c显著相关,ET_c平均值为488.6 mm·a~(-1)。ET_c的变化并不明显,呈缓慢增加趋势,绝对变率为12.75 mm,相对变率为2.62%。若尔盖高原ET_c变化与植被生长周期密切相关,高强度蒸散过程集中在短暂的夏季,7月份平均值达3.73 mm·d~(-1)。4、10月份气温低于0℃,ET_c为1.5~2.0 mm·d~(-1);通过回归分析得出ET_c与气象因子间的关系式,相关系数r0.9,P0.05,相对误差均低于0.6%;年ET_c与年均气温相关性达到0.01的显著性水平,年ET_c与年降水量、相对湿度呈负相关性;1968—1971年ET_c增加36.09 mm,相对降水量增加5.82%;1971—1981、1981—2005年ET_c分别减少12.22 mm和16.34 mm;2005—2011年ET_c增加41.75 mm,相对降水量增加6.41%。该地区水文过程中蒸散发相对于水分补给变化较小。     

On the association between the column ozone and the spectral solar ultraviolet radiation

An estimation of the increase in the daily spectral solar ultraviolet radiation reaching the ground is attempted, by using the daily total ozone observations made by the Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) flown on the satellite Nimbus‐7 during 1978–1992. This investigation has been performed for the high latitudes by employing a recently proposed parametric model for the estimation of the spectral solar ultraviolet radiation at the earth's surface considering the total ozone content and various meteorological parameters.     

The role of the cloud optical thickness in the attenuation of the solar ultraviolet radiation reaching the ground: Implications to the human health impacts

Cloud optical depth, as it is derived from the King's method, is compared with that deduced from the simple two stream approximation for the greater Athens, Greece area. The results show that King's method overestimates the cloud optical thickness, in comparison to the two stream approximation. These estimations were also compared with satellite observations provided by the International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project. This comparison showed that there are large deviations between ground‐based and satellite observations. These deviations are probably due to the uncertainty introduced by the integration procedure of the satellite spatial analyzing resolution (distinctness). Furthermore, values of the simple scattering albedo were calculated by employing a recently proposed theoretical method and using the solar ultraviolet irradiance measurements performed at the Athens University on a routine basis. These results are of great importance for the densely populated areas like Athens, in a sense of health impacts, from enhanced incident solar ultraviolet radiation.     

UVR-induced toxicity of sludge and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on seed germination and seedling growth of Triticum aestivum L.

The depletion of the ozone layer and enhancement of solar radiation may exert an adverse influence on the ecosystem. Phototoxicity of sludge and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) under ultraviolet radiation (UVR) to seedling was studied. Seeds of wheat (Triticum aestivum) were planted in sludge and PAHs (anthracene (An), benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) and pyrene (Py)) with and without UVR. Toxicity of sludge increased in the presence of UVR in wheat. UVB radiation was found to be more hazardous than UVA radiation. Results demonstrated that An, BaP and Py induced phototoxicity at various concentrations (1–10?µg/mL) under UVA (1.5?mW/cm²) or UVB (1.08?J/cm²) exposure. The pattern of phototoxicity was An?>?Py?>?BaP to shoot length, root length, and fresh weight; chlorophyll, protein content, enzyme activity of catalase and α-amylase were reduced while the activity of superoxide dismutase and starch was enhanced. Reduction in seedling growth and biochemical parameters may be related to less photosynthesis, less nutritional uptake, and distortion of root cap. Thus, the synergistic effect may be due to alterations in photosynthesis, phytohormones, or nutritional uptake.     

Graviperception and motility of three Prorocentrum strains impaired by solar and artificial ultraviolet radiation

The effects of solar and artificial ultraviolet radiation on the motility and graviorientation of three strains of the dinoflagellate Prorocentrum were studied. P. micans isolated from the Baltic Sea shows a pronounced negative gravitaxis which switches to a positive one even after short exposure times to either solar or artificial UV irradiation. In constrast P. minimum strains isolated from the Kattegat and the Atlantic coast off Portugal showed only a weak upward orientation. In all three strains the linear swimming velocity decreases after short exposure times and, in addition, the percentage of motile cells in the populations drastically decreases. Removing the ultraviolet component of solar radiation with a cut-off filter prolongs the tolerated exposure times.     

Effects of ultraviolet radiation on skin structure and ultrastructure in Caspian Sea Salmon,Salmo trutta caspius,during alevin stage

Ozone reduction enhances the amount of ultraviolet (UV) radiation reaching the aquatic ecosystems, which can induce adverse effects on fish. In order to study the UV radiation effects on skin structure and ultrastructure, the alevins of Salmo trutta caspius were exposed to two different doses of UV radiation (low doses of: 60 µW cm^?2 UVC; 100 µW cm^?2 UVB; and 40 µW cm^?2 UVA and high doses of: 90 µW cm^?2 UVC; 130 µW cm^?2 UVB; and 50 µW cm^?2 UVA) for 15 min once a day in dark condition. Alevins with no exposure to either solar light or UV exposure served as the control group. No mortality was observed in the control group, whereas all of the alevins died in the 9th day in both UV exposure groups. Light microscopic and scanning electron microscopic studies showed significant reduction in the epidermis thickness, number of skin mucous cells, and percentage of mucus secreting cells in both UV exposure groups. Sunburn cells, lifting epidermis from basal membrane, and disappearance of pavement cell microridges were also observed. Our results showed that UV radiation caused intensive skin cell lesions in the Caspian salmon alevins. Since the skin cells of trout alevins possesses essential roles in respiration, osmoregulation, excretion and defense, the observed damages to the skin could be attributed to their sudden mortality in the UV exposure.     

中国东南部太阳辐射变化特征、影响因素及其对区域气候的影响

基于8个站点1961年以来的长期太阳辐射及其它气象观测数据,通过线性回归、相关分析等方法,探讨近半个世纪以来中国东南部太阳辐射的变化特征,并分析了太阳辐射变化的影响因素以及对区域气候的影响。结果表明：该地区地表总太阳辐射自1961年以来呈下降趋势,变化率为-10.17MJ·m-2·a-1。太阳辐射下降主要集中在1961到1990年间,该时间段的下降趋势达到-39.43MJ·m-2·a-1,主要表现为直接辐射显著下降,散射辐射则变化不大;1990年代以后,地表总太阳辐射开始呈现上升趋势,变化率为13.21MJ·m-2·a-1。该地区太阳辐射变化与全球范围内太阳辐射＂变暗＂及＂变亮＂的变化是一致的。从云量对太阳辐射的作用来看,该地区太阳辐射的变化很有可能是受到低云量变化的影响;而太阳辐射的这种变化直接导致气温发生变化,使得最高气温和最低气温的变化出现不一致,日较差随之发生改变。     

Potential solar radiation pattern in relation to the monthly distribution of giant pandas in Foping Nature Reserve, China

Solar radiation is an important parameter in ecological process modeling, hydrological modeling and bio-physical modeling. However, models focusing on solar radiation in relation to giant panda habitat and seasonal distribution are limited. The research aims to form spatial models of 12 month solar radiation patterns and to investigate the relation between the solar radiation patterns and the monthly distribution patterns of giant pandas. The solar radiation model of Kumar et al. was adopted for this study in Foping Nature Reserve (NR), China. By comparing twelve monthly solar radiation patterns and calculating statistics such as maximum, minimum, mean and standard deviation of the solar radiation, diversified solar radiation patterns over different months were obtained. Maximum solar radiation occurred in June and July, while minimum solar radiation occurred in December and January. The annual sum of solar radiation was 6954 MJ/m² in Foping NR. The range in solar radiation was smaller in hot months and larger in cold months. Radio tracking data of giant pandas were collected for twelve months and the ensuing maps were overlaid with the twelve-month solar radiation map to analyze the relation between the giant panda's monthly distribution and solar radiation. Our results showed that giant pandas prefer areas with lower solar radiation in warm months and select areas with higher solar radiation in cold months, which illustrates that the distribution of giant pandas is indeed affected by solar radiation. To a certain degree, it also explains the behavior of seasonal movement by giant pandas in Foping NR.     

Effect of solar ultra-violet radiation on the kelp Ecklonia radiata

During spring and summer, 1982–1986, experiments were carried out near Marmion Reef, Western Australia. In summer, nearly 30% of the surface solar ultraviolet radiation (280 to 400 nm) penetrates offshore waters to 5 m depth. Experimental removal of the mature Ecklonia radiata kelp canopy in summer results in tissue damage, photopigment destruction, reduced growth, and low survivorship of subcanopy kelp sporophytes. These effects do not occur with canopy removal in winter. Laboratory experiments revealed that the UV component of radiation, rather than intense photosynthetically active radiation, was responsible for the inhibition of growth and photodamage. UV radiation probably affects survival of the settlement stages of E. radiata sporophytes, thus excluding them from otherwise suitable substrata in shallow waters. UV radiation is implicated in the reduction of canopy productivity in summer.     

Ambient Ultraviolet B Radiation and Prevalence of Infection by Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in Two Amphibian Species

Abstract: Chytridiomycosis, the emerging disease caused by the chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) is responsible for declines and extirpations of amphibian populations worldwide. Environmental covariates modify the host‐Bd interaction and thus affect the ongoing spread of the pathogen. One such covariate may be the intensity of ultraviolet B (UV‐B) radiation. In a field experiment conducted in Laguna Grande de Peñalara (central Spain), a mountainous region where the presence of Bd has been documented since 1997, we analyzed the potential effect of environmental UV‐B (daily maximum 2.5–3.9 W/m²) on the susceptibility of larvae of the common toad (Bufo bufo) to Bd. The proportion of infected individuals increased as tadpoles developed. The prevalence of Bd was significantly lower in tadpoles exposed to environmental UV‐B intensities (2.94%) than in tadpoles not exposed to the radiation (9.72%). This finding mirrors that seen for a second amphibian species, the European midwife toad (Alytes obstetricans), for which conditional prevalence (i.e., prevalence of infection conditioned on the probability of a site being infected) across the Iberian Peninsula was inversely correlated with the intensity of UV‐B.     

Identification and ecotoxicity assessment of intermediates generated during the degradation of clofibric acid by advanced oxidation processes

The aim of this study was to identify the intermediates in clofibric acid degradation under various advanced oxidation processes, namely ultraviolet (UV), UV/H₂O₂, vacuum ultraviolet (VUV), VUV/H₂O₂, and solar/TiO₂ processes, as well as to assess the toxicity of these intermediates. Eleven intermediates have been detected by gas chromatography-mass spectrometer, most of which were reported for the first time to our best knowledge. Combining the evolution of the dissolved organic carbon, Cl^- and specific ultraviolet absorption at 254 nm, it could be deduced that cleavage of aromatic ring followed by dechlorination was the mechanism in solar/TiO₂ process, while dechlorination happened first and accumulation of aromatic intermediates occurred in the other processes. Different transformation pathways were proposed for UV-, VUV-assisted and solar/TiO₂ processes, respectively. The acute toxicity was evaluated by means of Photobacterium phosphoreum T₃ spp. bioassay. It was believed that aromatic intermediates increased the toxicity and the ring-opening pathway in solar/TiO₂ process could relieve the toxicity.