新疆乌鲁木齐市放射性水平调查

为建立公众相关的放射性本底数据库,掌握环境介质的放射性水平和变化趋势,科学评价放射性水平及对人群健康效应的影响,新疆辐射环境监督站持续开展了对乌鲁木齐市周围环境介质放射性监测工作.本文给出了2013—2017年乌鲁木齐市气溶胶、沉降灰、土壤和地表水、饮用水中放射性核素水平以及γ瞬时剂量率和γ累计剂量的调查测量结果.调查...     

静电加速器辐射污染环境监测系统

介绍了静电加速器辐射污染环境监测系统的结构与原理,采用合理的布局设置对静电加速器在运转中产生的γ、X和快中子等多种辐射实时监测,并按国际辐射吸收剂量率标准进行辐射污染防护.该系统实际运行效果良好,也适用于其他大范围场地多种辐射的监测.     

新疆城市放射性废物库环境放射性调查

本文分析了新疆城市放射性废物库2012—2016年的γ剂量率、中子剂量率、表面沾污、氡浓度、土壤中放射性核素比活度以及地表水核素含量变化情况。监测结果表明:新疆城市放射性废物库库区内新库、老暂存库以及库外周围γ辐射剂量率和中子剂量率均处于乌鲁木齐市正常本底水平,表面沾污和氡浓度均未见异常,库区周围环境地表水白鸟湖总α、总β放射性浓度均低于《生活饮用水卫生标准》,土壤中γ核素均在乌鲁木齐市环境土壤天然放射性水平范围中。通过废物库的监测,对掌握新疆城市放射性废物库周边放射性水平,开展环境辐射评价提供了科学依据。     

对医用加速器产生感生放射性的分析与探讨

通过对某医用加速器处于不同能量的电子束或X射线所产生的感生放射性在关机后的不同时刻,进行γ辐射剂量率和中子剂量当量率的测量,分析其随时间的变化趋势及对医务人员所造成的影响,并提出了有针对性的建议.     

鄂尔多斯市含密封源仪表辐射防护水平调查及分析

对鄂尔多斯市涉源企业的含密封源仪表使用场所进行监测,掌握各企业的辐射防护水平,并对辐射环境进行了评价。依据《含密封源仪表的放射卫生防护要求(GBZ 125-2009)》标准,使用AT1123型X,γ辐射剂量仪对含密封源仪表5cm、100cm及环境进行γ剂量率监测,并对工作人员个人剂量计算或监测。监测的31家企业,284台含密封放射源仪表表面5cmγ剂量率范围是0.071~75μSv/h,100cmγ剂量率范围是0.058~4.400μSv/h,仪表安装环境γ剂量率范围是0.060~0.280μSv/h,厂区环境剂量γ剂量率范围是0.076~0.164μSv/h;工作人员年有效剂量值0.008~0.640mSv。监测结果表明,鄂尔多斯市含密封源仪表防护状况良好,符合国家家标准,工作人员年有效剂量值均在国家规定范围内,应加强企业辐制度建设和辐射安全管理。     

厦门市区环境天然放射性水平监测

参照国家环保局颁发的<环境天然放射性水平调查规定>,在厦门城市建城区开展了原野、道路和建筑物室内γ辐射剂量率监测,查明了市区环境的天然放射性水平现状,为厦门市放射性环境管理提供了重要的资料.     

某核设施外围环境γ辐射剂量率分析

核设施外围环境γ辐射剂量率是环境保护工作中的重点监测对象。采用瞬时测量、热释光测量以及自动站连续测量3种方法分析了四川某核设施外围2011—2021年的环境γ辐射剂量率、周边居民辐射累积剂量以及这3种方法对监测结果的影响。结果表明,该核设施运行未对周围环境辐射水平造成显著影响;瞬时测量和自动站连续测量监测数据较为稳定,热释光测量易受周围环境影响造成数据波动。因此,在采用热释光测量法开展辐射环境监测时应加强对热释光剂量片布放、收取、运输、测量等环节的质量控制,并开展热释光剂量片宇宙射线响应值的测量。     

西藏地区原野天然γ辐射水平分析

统计分析了2007—2012年的西藏原野天然γ辐射水平监测数据,与原国家环境保护局1989年开展的西藏自治区环境天然放射性水平调查研究的数据进行比较表明,2008—2012年环境连续γ辐射剂量率年均值范围为186.5~190.9 nGy/h,未见异常升高,在正常波动范围内;原野γ辐射剂量率平均值为97.9~134.0 nGy/h,测值范围为51.6~197.7 nGy/h,保持稳定状态;宇宙射线所致居民年辐射剂量为1.29 mSv/a,为内地的5倍左右,但仍属于正常水平。     

江苏省2011年环境γ辐射剂量率测量比对

为了保证辐射监测数据的准确,江苏省辐射环境监测管理站组织了2011年全省环境γ辐射剂量率测量比对。结果表明,22台仪器测量结果满意,1台仪器测量数据可疑,所有仪器均未出现不满意或离群结果。测量比对有效地发现了测量存在的问题,保证监测工作结果的准确性。     

基于Zigbee技术的无线辐射监测系统的建立

基于Zigbee技术的无线辐射监测系统可对众多辐射监测仪的监测数据进行实时采集和统计分析,无需布线,组网灵活。该辐射监测系统包括多台辐射监测仪及上位机监测平台。辐射监测仪负责测量辐射信息,并将辐射测量结果通过Zigbee模块发送出来。辐射监测平台负责接收辐射测量结果,并将数据在监测平台上进行显示和存储。对辐射监测仪和辐射监测系统进行测试,测试结果表明:辐射监测仪可对在环境本底的基础上增加0.1 μSv/h的γ辐射给出可靠报警;辐射监测系统可自动进行无线网络连接,整体运行稳定,数据采集准确,可实现对各个辐射监测仪监测数据的实时采集和存储。     

Topsoil and Housedust Metal Concentrations in the Vicinity of a Lead Battery Manufacturing Plant

The aim of the study was to determine the extent of heavy metal pollution in the vicinity of a lead battery manufacturing plant in the Czech Republic, both in the general environment and within homes. Topsoils (0–5 cm) were sampled from 100 sites along 4 transects which crossed the battery factory, the town centre and outlying rural areas. Housedust samples were collected from 15 plant-workers' homes and 15 non plant-workers' homes located at various distances from the factory. Samples were analysed for levels of Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu, As and Sb, using ICP-AES. Soil concentrations of Pb, Cd, As and Sb peaked at the perimeter fence of the battery factory with Pb levels of up to 12 650 g g> ^-1. Concentrations of these metals decreased exponentially within 500 m of the plant. Whilst the battery factory does appear to be a source of all the metals with the exception of Zn, emissions do not appear to be transported to any great extent over distances of more than 0.5 km. Topsoil and housedust concentrations of Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu, As and Sb in the general Mlada Boleslav area do not appear to be significantly different from those recorded in a large scale survey of urban soils in the United Kingdom. A comparison of housedust Pb concentrations in homes of plant workers and non-plant workers suggests that there may be a small input of Pb into the home environment by battery plant employees.     

An Overview of Contaminant-Related Issues Identified by Monitoring in San Francisco Bay

The San Francisco Estuary Regional Monitoring Program for Trace Substances (RMP) began in 1993 and is sponsored by 74 local, state, and federal agencies and companies through their discharge or Bay use permits. The RMP monitors water, sediment, toxicity, and bivalve bioaccumulation at 25 sites in the Bay that are considered to represent "background" conditions. Several major environmental issues have been identified by the RMP. Polychlorinated biphenyls and mercury were often above water quality guidelines, and often occurred in fish tissues above U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) screening values. Concentrations do not appear to be decreasing, suggesting continuing inputs. Episodes of aquatic toxicity often occurred following runoff events that transport contaminants into the Bay from urbanized and agricultural portions of the watershed. Sediment toxicity occurred throughout the Bay, and has been correlated with concentrations of specific contaminants (chlordanes, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons) at some locations; mixtures of contaminants were probably also important. Since the RMP does not monitor all ecosystem components, assessments of the overall condition of the Bay cannot be made. However, in terms of contamination, the RMP samples suggest that the South Bay, and North Bay sites are moderately contaminated.     

Biomagnification factors (fish to Osprey eggs from Willamette River,Oregon, U.S.A.) for PCDDs,PCDFs, PCBs and OC pesticides

A migratory population of 78 pairs of Osprey (Pandion haliaetus) nesting along the Willamette River in westernOregon was studied in 1993. The study was designed to determinecontaminant concentrations in eggs, contaminant concentrationsin fish species predominant in the Ospreys diet, andBiomagnification Factors (BMFs) of contaminants from fish specieseaten to Osprey eggs. Ten Osprey eggs and 25 composite samplesof fish (3 species) were used to evaluate organochlorine (OC)pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinateddibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), and polychlorinated dibenzofurans(PCDFs). Mercury was also analyzed in fish. Geometric meanresidues in Osprey eggs were judged low, e.g., DDE 2.3 g g^-1 wet weight (ww), PCBs 0.69 g g^-1, 2,3,7,8-TCDD 2.3 ng kg^-1, and generally well below known threshold values for adverse effects on productivity, and the population was increasing. Osprey egg residue data presentedby River Mile (RM) are discussed, e.g., higher PCDDs were generally found immediately downstream of paper mills and eggsfrom the Willamette River had significantly elevated PCBs and PCDDs compared to reference eggs collected nearby in the CascadeMountains. Prey remains at nest sites indicated that the Largescale Sucker (Catostomus macrocheilus) and NorthernPikeminnow (Ptychocheilus oregonensis) accounted for an estimated 90.1% of the biomass in the Osprey diet, and composite samples of these two species were collected from different sampling sites throughout the study area for contaminant analyses. With the large percentage of the fishbiomass in the Osprey diet sampled for contaminants (and fisheaten by Ospreys similar in size to those chemically analyzed),and fish contaminant concentrations weighted by biomass intake, a mean BMF was estimated from fish to Osprey eggs for the largeseries of contaminants. BMFs ranged from no biomagnification(0.42) for 2,3,7,8-TCDF to 174 for OCDD. Our findings for themigratory Osprey were compared to BMFs for the resident HerringGull (Larus argentatus), and differences are discussed. Webelieve a BMF approach provides some basic understanding ofrelationships between contaminant burdens in prey species offish-eating birds and contaminants incorporated into their eggs,and may prove useful in understanding sources of contaminants inmigratory species although additional studies are needed.     

The Draft of the New German Guideline VDI 3782/8 to Model Automobile Exhaust Dispersion

The draft of the German guideline to calculate automobile exhaust dispersion is explained. It contains a two-stage-system: For first quick estimates the guideline contains the simple models MLuS and STREET. In case these models are not applicable or their results shows concentration levels close to the air quality standards, the more complex models PROKAS_V and MISKAM are recommended. PROKAS_V is a Gaussian plume model, MISKAM is a 3-dimensional microscale non hydrostatic flow model for built-up areas with an Eulerian dispersion model. The guideline comprises cases in rural areas without or with few adjacent buildings as well as urban areas with buildings near the roads. The contribution gives information about the models, typical results and some of the problems showing up presently.     

Hydrocarbon Utilization in Yeast Isolates Found to Grow in Association with Petroleum in a Polluted Ultisol of Midwestern Nigeria

The population counts of hydrocarbon-utilising yeasts weremonitored at six sampling stations in the Benin City municipalarea over a four-week period. Although the population countswere relatively constant in each locality, the highest countsoccurred in areas heavily polluted by domestic and industrialeffluents. A total of thirty-five hydrocarbon-degrading yeastswere isolated from soil at the sampling stations usingn-hexadecane as sole carbon source. The isolates were identifiedas belonging to the genera Candida (27 strains), Endomycopsis (4 strains). All the organisms grew on long-chainn-alkane, kerosene, diesel oil and crude oil but failed to growon short-chain n-alkane, aromatic and alicyclic hydrocarbons.Measurement of growth attributes of the isolates usingn-hexadecane, diesel oil and crude oil as substrates showed thatthe Candida species were better utilizers of hydrocarbonsubstrates relative to Endomycopsis and Schizosaccharomyces species.     

火焰原子吸收光谱法测定苏州开发区26种蔬菜中铜锌铁锰镍

用火焰原子吸收光谱法测定了苏州开发区26种蔬菜中的铜、锌、铁、锰和镍的含量。蔬菜样品用硝酸高氯酸混合酸进行消解。4次测定值的相对标准差<5%,加标回收率在92%～107%之间。26种蔬菜中铜、锌、铁、锰、镍的含量基本均在世贸组织规定的范围内。     

Using Multiple Taxonomic Groups to Index the Ecological Condition of Lakes

Biological indicators of communitiestypically reflect a common environmental signalreflecting the general condition of the ecosystem, as well asindividual signals by indicators differentiallysensitive to particular environmental conditions. Wedescribe here a method of integrating and interpretingsuch indicators from 19 New England lakes for fivetaxonomic groups (diatoms, benthos, zooplankton, fish,and birds). Our approach provides a systematicstandardized way to integrate multiple metrics fromdifferent taxonomic groups by addressing four elementscrucial to analyzing data from multiple indicators: covariate control, re-scaling of data, standardizing the sign of responses, and dimensional reduction. We evaluated the biologicalmetrics against individual environmental stressors andagainst multivariate physicochemical metricscharacterizing general anthropogenic stress among thelakes. The method detected a response to variationin the gross environmental condition of the lakes thatwas correlated across taxa and metrics. In addition,a differential response to near shore conditions wasdemonstrated for fish. The success of the approach inthis study lends support to its general application toecological monitoring involving complex data sets.     

Concentrations of Cadmium, Mercury and Selenium in Blood, Liver and Kidney of Common Eider Ducks from the Canadian Arctic

We determined concentrations of selected trace elements inlivers, kidneys and blood samples from common eiders (Somateria mollissima borealis) from the eastern Canadianarctic during 1997 and 1998. Concentrations of totalmercury and organic mercury were generally low in the liversof these birds (less than 6 and 4 g g^–1 dry wt,respectively). Selenium ranged between 11–47 g g^–1 inlivers. Renal cadmium concentrations were among the highestever published for this species (range: 47–281 g g^–1). The regressions of log-transformed concentrations ofthese trace elements in blood samples on those in liver orkidney were significant (all P-values < 0.05) andpositive. However, except for organic mercury (RM ² = 0.83), the co-efficients of determination were low tomoderate (range of R ²: 0.26–0.52), suggesting poorto moderate predictive capability. Furthermore, therelationships between total mercury in blood and liverchanged between 1997 and 1998, suggesting that it would notbe possible to predict consistently, concentrations ofmercury in blood from those in liver based on samples takenin one year. Blood samples can be used to determineconcentrations of these trace elements in common eiders (andprobably other sea duck species as well). The use of bloodsamples is especially warranted when it is undesirable tokill the animal such as when working with rare or endangeredsea duck species or when the objective is to relate traceelement exposure to annual survival rates. However, thepredictive equations developed here should not be used topredict expected concentrations in one type of tissue fromthose in the other.     

Impact of Pollution Caused by Uranium Production on Soil Macrofauna

Thirty years of mining and milling activities of the Priargunsky Mining-Chemical Production Company (South-Eastern Siberia, Russia) have resulted in an enrichment of uranium in adjacent steppe soils by a factor of up to 600. A number of attendant pollutants (thorium, arsenic and heavy metals) also have high concentrations in the soil. To estimate the effects of this pollution on soil-living macroinvertebrates, pitfall trapping and core sampling were applied. The element composition of four beetle species was analysed. Soil macroinvertebrates had 3–37 times lower abundance and biodiversity at the contaminated sites compared with the control. Ground beetle communities at the contaminated sites were reduced compared to the control site. The concentrations of uranium and arsenic in beetles collected at the contaminated sites were 2–41 and 2–26 times higher, respectively, than at the control site. There is strong evidence that the contamination caused by uranium production has severe negative biological effects on important groups of the soil food web.     

Eutrophication and Sedimentation Patterns in Complete Exploitation of Water Resources Scenarios: An Example from Northwestern Semi-arid Mexico

Water requirements to supply human needs lead water stakeholders to store more water during surplus periods to fulfil the demand during – not only – scarcity periods. At the reservoirs, mostly those in semi-arid regions, water level then fluctuates extremely between rises and downward during one single year. Besides of water management implications, changes on physical, chemical and biological dynamics of these drawdown and refilling are little known yet. This paper shows the results, throughout a year, on solids, nutrients (N and P), chlorophyll-a, and sedimentation changes on the dynamics, when the former policy was applied in a reservoir from the semi-arid Northwestern Mexico. Water level sinusoidal trend impinged changes on thermal stratification and mixing, modifying nutrient cycling and primary producer responses. According to nitrogen and phosphorus concentration as well as chlorophyll-a, reservoir was mesotrophic, becoming hypertrophic during drawdown. Nutrient concentrations were high (1.22 ± 0.70 and 0.14 ± 0.12 mg P l⁻¹), increasing phosphorus and lowering N:P significantly throughout the study period, although no intensive agricultural, no urban development, neither industrial activities take place in the watershed. This suggests nutrient recycling complex mechanisms, including nutrient release from the sediment–water interface as the main nutrient pathway when shallowness, at the same time as mineralization, increases. Outflows controlled nitrogen and phosphorus availability on the ecosystem while organic matter depended on river inflows. As on other subtropical aquatic ecosystems, nitrogen limited primary productivity (Spearman correlation R = 0.75) but chlorophyll-a seasonal pattern showed an irregular trend, prompting other no-nutrient related limitants. Shallowness induced a homogeneous temporal pattern on water quality. This observed temporal variability was mainly explained statistically by changes on solids (mineral and organic), chlorophyll-a and flows (62.3%). Annual sedimentation rates of total solids ranged from 11.73 to 16.29 kg m⁻² year⁻¹ with organic matter comprising around 30%. N:P ratio on sedimentation rates were as high as could be expected in a resuspension dominated ecosystem, and spatially inverse related with N:P ratio on bottom sediments. Distance from river inlet into the reservoir reveals a marked spatial heterogeneity on solid and nitrogen sedimentation, showing the system dependence on river inflows and supporting resuspension as the main phosphorus pathway. Accretion rates (2.19 ± 0.40 cm year⁻¹) were not related to hydrological variability but decreased with the distance to the river input. Total sediment accumulation (9,895 tons km⁻² year⁻¹) denotes siltation as other serious environmental problem in reservoirs but possibly not related with operational procedures.