Turnover of tracer (14C, 3H labelled) alanine in inshore marine sediments

The turnover rate constants (k) of alanine in coastal marine sediments were measured using ³H-and ¹⁴C-alanine in tracer amounts (less than in situ concentrations of alanine in the porewater). After incubation ¹⁴C-label was recovered in free dissolved alanine, adsorbed alanine, volatile fatty acids and carbon dioxide pools. Alanine left the free dissolved pool by two processes: 1) adsorption (k=0.06 min^-1) and 2) biological uptake (k=0.16 min^-1). Adsorption of alanine was deduced from the persistence of ¹⁴C-alanine, which was slowly metabolized after an initial rapid rate of degradation. Adsorption was confirmed in biologically inactivated sediments. The adsorbed ¹⁴C-alanine was only partially exchanged by the addition of excess non-labelled alanine, indicating the existence of at least 2 different adsorbed pools. The rates of adsorption and desorption were equal, but the k-values were different, indicating that the adsorbed pool was 2500 fold greater than the free pool. From the biological turnover rate constant (0.16 min^-1), the mineralization percentage (80%) and the concentration of alanine (800 nmol l^-1 of porewater) a mineralization rate in the sediment of 75 nmol cm^-3 d^-1 was determined. This was in excess of the measured total NH ₄ ⁺ production. It is concluded that much of the dissolved alanine (800 nm) was biologically unavailable and a more realistic free dissolved pool would be 10 nM.     

超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定污水中14种有机磷酸酯阻燃剂

建立了超高效液相色谱-串联质谱(UPLC-MS/MS)联用法同时测定污水中14种有机磷酸酯阻燃剂(OPEs)的分析方法.样品采集后,经GF/C膜过滤,HLB固相萃取小柱净化后进样分析.以BEH C18色谱柱为分离柱,乙腈和水混合液为流动相(0.2 mL min-1)梯度洗脱,15 min内可完成14种OPEs的分离.在电喷雾正离子模式下,采用多反应监测模式(MRM)进行质谱测定.在加标浓度为1.0μg·L-1时,14种OPEs在污水处理厂进水和出水中的回收率分别为52.1%—119%、43.6%—114%,相对标准偏差(RSD)分别为1.2%—16.2%、0.4%—9.2%,方法的检出限(LOD)在0.3—6.0 ng·L-1间.方法精密度好,准确度高,可满足同时对污水样品中的14种OPEs进行定性及定量分析的要求.     

14C and 125I Labelling of Humic Material for Use in Environmental Studies

Humic and fulvic acids are present in nearly all natural waters. These acids are known to affect the transport of environmental contaminants such as metals and hydrophobic organics through the terrestrial environment. an understanding of their role in the transport of contaminants is therefore essential and is facilitated if the acid is labelled with a suitable radioactive label. This paper reports the use of ¹⁴C-methylamine and ¹²⁵I to label humic acid with either ¹⁴C or ¹²⁵I and investigates factors which affect the yield of these reactions. the stability and mobility of the labelled humic material through sand is also reported.     

Coral illumination through an optic glass-fiber: incorporation of 14C photosynthates

The pathways of ¹⁴C incorporation into the three major compartments of the coral body were analysed in colonies of Stylophora pistillata. We used the optic glass-fiber method to carry out two sets of experiments: in the first, 11 different colonies were sampled immediately after incubation; in the second, 3 colonies were returned to the reef at the termination of incubation for a further period of 29 h. Within the tissue compartment, significantly more ¹⁴C labeled products were incorporated into illuminated tips or bases than into unilluminated sections. Tips located above illuminated bases contained amounts of ¹⁴C products similar to unilluminated tips. Within the organic matrix compartment, illumination of tip or base segments again resulted in increased amounts of ¹⁴C fixation, and again unilluminated tips located above the illuminated bases did not accumulate more ¹⁴C photosynthates than other tips on the same branches. The absence of detectable translocation was also confirmed after a post-incubation period of 29 h, and raises questions as to the validity of the widely accepted theory of upward translocation. Within the skeletal carbonate compartment, although the results were associated with a high coefficient of variation, significantly more ¹⁴C accumulated in the tips than in the bases. Illumination of tips or bases did not enhance ¹⁴C uptake. A light-independent carbon assimilation (dark fixation) is significant in S. pistillata within the three tested compartments (the tissue, the organic matrix of the skeleton, and the skeletal carbonate). It is suggested that the dark fixation process in corals in a result of accumulation of respiratory CO₂ and CO₂ from sea water as malate or other titratable acids during the night. During the day these acids are broken down, releasing free CO₂ for C₃ pathway photosynthesis.     

14C of grasses as an indicator of fossil fuel CO2 pollution

Measuring the amount of fossil fuel carbon stored in the vegetation is now crucial to understand the mechanisms ruling climate changes. In this respect, highly polluted areas such as major towns represent “natural” laboratories because fossil fuel CO₂ (¹⁴C-free) is isotopically distinct from mean atmospheric CO₂ (¹⁴C-labeled). Here, a¹⁴C study of urban grasses near a major highway in Paris, France, shows that plants store up to 13% of fossil fuel carbon. The ¹⁴C composition of urban grasses is thus a novel parameter to assess the fossil fuel CO₂ pollution.     

Note on the variability of heterotrophic activity measurements by the 14C method in sea water

Twenty five measurements in triplicate of heterotrophic activity in sea water showed good reproducibility. The mean coefficient of variation was 6.2%, which is lower than the coefficient of variation obtained with a similar method for primary production measurements. This result indirectly confirms that most heterotrophic activity can be attributed to a great number of small cells, i.e., bacteria which, if not free-swimming, are fixed to particles of smaller size than the average phytoplankton. The good reproducibility obtained also suggests that there was no extraneous contamination despite non-sterile working conditions.     

Variations in the progress of 14C uptake as a source of error in estimates of primary production

The progress curves of ¹⁴C retention for samples of phytoplankton from the Irish Sea incubated at contrasting light intensities have been obtained by two methods. The first method (A) involved the incubation of the samples for various periods up to 6 h, while the second method (B) consisted of making a series of short-term incubations over the same 6 h period. Over this period, the cumulative uptake was tenerally less when estimated by Method A than by Method B. The difference was greater in the samples incubated at the lower light intensity, the light history of the samples having no effect on the difference. The differences has a kinetic basis, with two combinations of progress curves obtained by use of the two methods. The first combination was associated with samples collected in the early morning, while the second combination was exhibited by samples taken in the afternoon irrespective of sampling depth. In certain samples, no increase in the ¹⁴C retained by the cells as measured by Method A was observed after 4 h. The cumulative retention of ¹⁴C by the cells after 2 h was generally greater when estimated by Method A than by Method B, this situation being reversed after 4 h. This reversal indicated a change in uptake kinetics between 2 and 4 h and it is suggested that this interval represents the time necessary for the ¹⁴C to work through the cellular pool of carbon. The findings are discussed in relation to the methodology for obtaining both estimates of primary production and ¹⁴C uptake-light intensity curves for marine phytoplankton.     

Pharmacokinetics of [14C]-atrazine in rhesus monkeys,single-dose intravenous and oral administration

This is the first study regarding the pharmacokinetics of [¹⁴C]-atrazine conducted with rhesus monkeys. The animals received one dose (0.25 mg) intravenously (IV) or three doses (1, 10, or 100 mg) orally. Plasma, urine, and feces were collected at defined times up to 7 days post-dosing. Sample radioactivity was measured to determine the mass equivalent. IV administered [¹⁴C]-atrazine disappeared rapidly from blood, with an elimination half-life of about 5.5 ± 1.1 h. The pharmacokinetic profiles of [¹⁴C]-atrazine following oral administration at the three dose levels show that kinetic parameters such as AUC and C _max are linearly correlated with the dose. Seven days after dosing, urinary and fecal excretion of [¹⁴C]-atrazine reached 99% of total administered dose in the IV group and 91–95% in the three oral dose groups. In the IV-administered monkeys, approximately 85% of the dose was excreted in urine and 12% in feces. In three oral dose groups, urinary and fecal radioactivity recoveries approximated 57% and 21%, 58% and 25%, and 53% and 35%, respectively. More than 50% of the total urinary excreted radioactivity was found within the first 24 h after dosing. In conclusion, the principal elimination of [¹⁴C]-atrazine, IV and orally administered, is via urine. The oral bioavailability was 60% or higher. There was a significant linear correlation between administered oral dose and plasma concentration. Overall oral dose accountability ranged from 91% to 95%. Data generated may be useful in the risk assessment of human exposure to environmental atrazine contamination.     

Resource translocation in a marine bryozoan: quantification and visualization of 14C and 35S

Colonial marine invertebrates are characterized by their ability to share resources among the modules of a colony. In most colonial groups, but particularly the Bryozoa, the dynamics of resource transport among modules is unknown. We developed radioisotope techniques to visualize and quantify the movement of carbon and sulfur-based compounds within colonies of the marine bryozoan Membranipora membranacea. The research was conducted in 1991 and 1992 in Friday Harbor, Washington, USA. Autoradiography, using X-ray film, was used to visualize the transport of both ¹⁴C and ³⁵S, and a liquid scintillation counter was used to quantify transport of metabolites. We were able to localize feeding by introducing 10 l aliquots of labelled algal cells with a microinjection syringe into a containment ring on the surface of the colony. The labelled cells were consumed by zooids feeding within the ring, but not by those outside. In time-course within the ring, but not by those outside. In time-course experiments, 15% of the ingested carbon radioisotope was transported from a source in the center of the colonies to the growing edges over a period of 48 h. Approximately 10% of the sulfur was transported from central to edge regions of colonies over 72 h. Transport of carbon isotope was unidirectional in all experiments, irrespective of whether colonies were fed near the edge or the center. Pulse-chase experiments revealed that up to 46% of the initial ¹⁴C radioisotope was lost from the colony to respiration and egestion in the 24 h following ingestion.     

混合酸溶-电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法测定粉煤灰样品中的微量元素镓

粉煤灰是我国最大的工业固体废弃物之一,准确测定粉煤灰中镓(Ga)的含量对实现粉煤灰的高附加值利用具有重要的意义.通常采用分光光度法测定粉煤灰样品中的Ga,需使用多种有机试剂,易造成环境污染.本文采用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法(ICP-OES)测定Ga,不使用有机试剂.通过考察HNO_3、HCl、HF、HNO_3-HCl、HNO_3-HF-HClO_4、HNO_3-HF-HCl-HClO_4的溶样效果,确定使用HNO_3-HF-HClO_4溶解样品.本方法的检出限为0.0042μg·g~(-1),相对标准偏差为1.8%,加标回收率为95.4%—106.0%.方法简便、快速,应用于粉煤灰中Ga的分析,结果与X射线荧光光谱法(XRF)的测定值相符.     

栗钙土不同土地利用方式下土壤活性碳酸钙

土壤活性碳酸钙是指土壤中不稳定的、处于自由态、易发生化学反应的那部分碳酸钙。研究用KMnO4滴定法测定了内蒙古栗钙土的活性碳酸钙质量分数,目的是分析土地利用方式对土壤活性碳酸钙的影响。结果表明：201个土壤样品中活性碳酸钙质量分数的均值为20.57g·kg-1,变幅为0.63～135.59g·kg-1;不同土地利用方式下土壤活性碳酸钙质量分数的大小顺序为：退耕地锡林草地乌盟草地耕地;不同土地利用方式下土壤活性碳酸钙质量分数与碳酸钙质量分数均呈现极显著正相关关系;退耕地、乌盟草地、锡林草地的土壤活性碳酸钙质量分数分别与pH以及土壤粘粒质量分数呈现极显著正相关关系,而耕地的则未达到显著性水平,说明土地利用方式影响了土壤中碳酸钙的活性。土壤总碳酸钙质量分数（n=201）、pH（n=198）和粘粒质量分数（n=191）分别可以解释活性碳酸钙73%、13%和27%的变异。碳酸钙活度指数（CAI）包括了碳酸钙质量分数、pH和粘粒质量分数（CAI=pH＋0.01wCaCO3＋0.11wClay）,是基于每个变量对活性碳酸钙的相对影响而构建的,可以解释活性碳酸钙36%的变异（n=191）。     

Removal of C.I. acid brown 75 from aqueous solution by kaolinite

The adsorption of acid brown 75 onto kaolinite in aqueous solution was studied with respect to the pH, adsorbent dosage, contact time, initial concentration, and operating temperature. Desorption of dye from dye-saturated kaolinite was observed. Experimental data indicated that the adsorption capacity of kaolinite for the dye was higher in acidic rather than in basic solution. The maximum adsorption capacity of kaolinite towards the dye was found to be 96.5 mg g^?1 (pH 1.0). At the optimal adsorption condition, the dye removal ratio was 95.5%. Dye-saturated kaolinite could desorb at aqueous NaOH, the desorption ratio of dye was 78.8%. The linear Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models are well fitting to represent the experimental data.     

S–O–C isotopic picture of sulphate–methane–carbonate system in freshwater lakes from Poland. A review

Microbial oxidation of organic compounds (including methane), in freshwater sediments, may result in precipitation of carbonates, which may become an important geochemical archive of paleoenvironmental variations. Most probably low δ¹³C value in calcite in eutrophic systems results from an advanced oxidation of organic compounds in turbulent or/and sulphate-rich conditions. Likewise, high δ¹³C value in calcite from organic-rich sediments may evidence low redox potential of the freshwater system. Oxidation of methane and organic matter results in significant isotope effects in sulphates dissolved in water. Therefore, to better understand the origin of carbon isotope signal in carbonates, concentration and stable isotope measurements in dissolved sulphate (water column), bubble methane and calcite (freshwater sediments) have been carried out in 24 lakes, 2 ponds and 4 rivers in Poland. The highest concentration of sulphate has been detected in rivers (85.47 SO₄ ²⁻ mg/l) and an artificial lake (70.30 SO₄ ²⁻ mg/l) located in the extremely SO₄ ²⁻-polluted region called the “Black Triangle”. The lowest concentration of sulphate is found in dystrophic and mountain lakes (from 0.5 SO₄ ²⁻ to about 3 mg/l). The lowest δ³⁴S(SO₄ ²⁻) and δ¹⁸O(SO₄ ²⁻) values occur in unpolluted lakes in eastern Poland (−0.94 and 1.38‰, respectively). The highest S and O isotopic ratios are found in a polluted lake in western Poland (δ¹⁴S(SO₄ ²)=12.95‰) and in a dystrophic lake in eastern Poland (δ¹⁸O(SO₄ ²) = 16.15‰) respectively. It is proposed that δ³⁴SO₄ ²⁻ and (¹⁸O(SO₄ ²⁻) values in lakes represent a good tool to assess and quantify anthropogenic impact by acid precipitation and to monitor variations in the trophic state and redox processes controlled by biodegradation of organic compounds in sediments and water column. In general, increasing depth (up to 12 m) of the water column is associated with decreasing trend the δ¹³C(CH₄) value from about –35 to about –78‰. However, δ¹³C value in sedimentary calcite (δ¹³C vary from –10 to 0.5‰) shows opposite trends as compared to the corresponding methane. This is probably due to redox processes and distribution of heavy isotopes between methane and calcite. Likewise, turbulent water (river) show high δ¹³C value in methane and low δ¹³C value in calcite—this is probably due to an enhanced oxidation of methane producing ¹³C-depleted CO₂. In contrast to clean lakes, it is observed that an increase of the δ¹³C(CH₄) value occurs with increasing depth of the water column in a strongly SO₄ ²⁻-contaminated lake. This is probably due to a loss of biological buffering potential of the lake accompanied by an active oxidation of methane precursors.     

在线固相萃取-超高效液相色谱法检测水中14种有机磷酸酯

与传统固相萃取耗时长、工作量大、有机溶剂使用量多相比,本文建立了一种在线固相萃取-超高效液相色谱串联质谱方法同时测定地表水中14种有机磷酸酯的新方法.地表水样过膜后,直接注入在线固相萃取净化装置,经净化后进入分离柱分离,用乙腈和0.1%的甲酸水溶液梯度洗脱,采用电喷雾离子源正离子多反应监测模式,对14种有机磷酸酯类化合物进行检测,内标法定量.该方法分析时长13.0 min,方法的线性相关系数R~20.98,地表水和自来水样品的加标回收率在64.8%—113%,相对标准偏差RSD在1.2%—9.3%,检出限为0.1—2.7 ng·L~(-1).与常规方法相比,该方法提高了分析通量和灵敏度,准确度好,操作简便,适用于地表水和自来水中有机磷酸酯的检测.     

Effects of oxygen,mannitol and ammonium concentrations on nitrogenase [C2H2] activity in a marine skeletal carbonate sand

Following a lag of 3 to 18 h, acetylene reduction in mannitol-amended sand systems proceeded at approximately constant and high rates for periods up to 4 days. Carbon dioxide production and O₂ consumption were low in these systems in comparison to similar systems additionally amended with ammonium, indicating N-limitation of growth in the former. Thus, long-term acetylene assays of mannitol-amended sand and suspensions from the sand incubated at various partial pressures of oxygen could be used to characterize the O₂-sensitivity of the N₂-fixing bacterial population as a whole, in batch-type systems with a minimal degree of enrichment or change in pO₂ during the course of the assays. Results of various studies suggested that aerobic or microaerophilic N₂-fixing bacteria were absent or scarce in the sand, and that nitrogenase activity occurring in aerobically incubated systems occurred in anaerobic microenvironments. Hydrogen stimulated acetylene-reducing activity, but the time course differed from that of mannitol-supported activity, and proceeded with shorter lags in systems incubated at 0.2 and 0.05 atm O₂ than in systems incubated anaerobically. Efficiency of N₂ fixation [C₂H₂] increased with decreasing initial mannitol concentration. For sand washed with seawater to remove native combined inorganic nitrogen, and amended with 0.015% mannitol, 374 μmoles added NH₄-N/kg wet sand caused almost complete repression of nitrogenase activity, while concentrations as low as 12 μmoles added NH₄-N/kg wet sand appeared to cause at least partial repression of nitrogenase activity. Some implications of these results for the existence of anaerobic microenvironments in the cavities of skeletal carbonates, and for N₂-fixation in the seagrass rhizosphere are discussed.     

球磨零价镁/石墨(ZVMg/C)降解水中三氯乙烯

利用机械球磨法制备了零价镁/石墨(ZVMg/C)材料,并将其用于水溶液中三氯乙烯(TCE)的降解.研究通过SEM、BET和XRD等分析手段解析了ZVMg/C的表面形态结构和成分组成;采用正交实验方法优化了ZVMg/C的制备参数,比较了石墨含量对材料性能的影响;并考察了ZVMg/C投加量、溶液初始pH和地下水中常见阴(C...     

Calcium and magnesium carbonate concentrations in different growth regions of gorgonians

Four of the most abundant gorgonian species from the southwestern Cape waters, Eunicella papillosa (Esper, 1797), E. alba (Esper, 1797), E. tricoronata Velimirov, 1971 and Lophogorgia flamea (Ellis and Solander, 1786) were analysed for Ca and Mg by atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) and ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA) titration. The total mineral content in the peripheral tissues, excluding the axial skeleton, expressed as the sum of CaCO₃ and MgCO₃ of dry matter was between 65.5 and 83.5%. The mineral content varied in different growth regions and all specimens showed a higher degree of mineralization at the base than at the branch tips. The MgCO₃ concentration varied with genus and species and was between 9 and 11 mol %. The variation of the MgCO₃ concentration within different growth regions of the same species was small and generally did not exceed 0.8 mol %. From the branch to the stem, CaCO₃ and total mineral content was found to increase. The CaCO₃:MgCO₃ rations in different growth regions of all species indicated that the composition of the mesoskeleton with regard to the relative concentration of CaCO₃ and MgCO₃ is constant throughout the animal. Mineralogically, the mesoskeleton consists of high magnesian calcite as identified by X-ray diffraction. MgCO₃ concentrations determined by the peak shift method and by AAS were in fair agreement. The MgCO₃ data in gorgonian samples from the cold Atlantic Ocean and the warmer Indian Ocean show a linear relationship between water temperature and MgCO₃ concentration already demonstrated by Chave (1954). However, our data were consistently lower by 1 to 2% than expected.     

Long-term organic fertilizer-induced carbonate neoformation increases carbon sequestration in soil

Environmental Chemistry Letters - Soil carbon is major driver of climate in the long term because soil can either decrease global warming by carbon sequestration or increase warming by...