北京上空气溶胶浓度垂直廓线特征

利用2008—2010年北京地区3.5 km高空内飞机探测的气溶胶(粒径范围为0.10～3.00 μm)数据,分析了该地区气溶胶的时空分布特征. 结果表明:①气溶胶浓度(以数浓度计,下同)均随高度增加而减小,在1.5 km以上高空的气溶胶浓度垂直梯度变化明显低于1.5 km以下的垂直梯度变化. 4—11月气溶胶浓度季节变化表现为夏季最高、秋季次之、春季最低. ②气溶胶浓度廓线逐时(09:00—19:00)变化较清晰地反映出其受大气边界层演变的影响. 在0～1.5 km高空,白天气溶胶浓度高值出现在09:00—11:00,低值出现在13:00—14:00;而在1.5～3.5 km高空的气溶胶浓度时段分布与其相反. ③人为活动是影响气溶胶浓度区域水平分布的重要因子. ④将气溶胶浓度廓线垂直分布分为a、b、c 3类. 类型a的近地面气溶胶浓度(0～4 000 cm-3)低,垂直方向上变化很小;类型b的近地面气溶胶浓度(4 000～9 000 cm-3)较高,垂直递减明显;类型c的近地面气溶胶浓度特别高,量级达到104 cm-3,并在大气边界层顶(约1.5 km)附近迅速递减. 北京地区气溶胶浓度廓线以类型b居多.      

车载激光雷达对北京地区边界层污染监测研究

介绍了自行研制的车载差分激光雷达AML-2探测原理及技术参数,于2006-08、2006-09在不同天气因素条件下对北京西南郊榆垡地区大气边界层污染物O3、NO2、SO2进行了实时监测,对比分析了3种污染物浓度垂直分布及日变化特征.结果表明,无外来污染输送时,3种污染物在阴雨天气总体浓度较小,O3和NO2浓度随高度升高而减小,SO2浓度垂直分布少见此特征,但在近地面0.6 km左右有较强SO2污染层.南部气流输送对北京地区大气环境影响明显,2006-08-23～2006-08-25这次强污染气流输送高度约1～1.5 km,3种污染物浓度垂直分布及日变化特征受到干扰,北京榆垡地区边界层O3、NO2、SO2总体浓度明显上升.     

北京大气中NO、NO2和O3浓度变化的相关性分析

臭氧(O3)是城市污染大气中的首要光化学污染物,其变化规律与氮氧化物(NOx=NO NO2)关系密切.采用49C臭氧分析仪和42CTL氮氧化物分析仪对北京城区O3和NOx浓度进行了连续观测,时间为2004-08～2005-07.结果显示,O3和OX(O3 NO2)浓度在午后15:00左右出现峰值,NOx呈双峰态日变化,在07:00和23:00左右出现峰值.不同季节污染物的浓度变化存在差异,O3和NOx浓度分别在夏季和冬季达到最大.NOx浓度存在100×10-9(体积分数)的"分界点",NOx低浓度时以NO2为主,NOx高浓度时NO占大部分.OX区域贡献和局地贡献存在明显的季节变化,前者主要受区域背景O3的影响,在春季最大,后者主要受局地NOx光化学反应的制约,在夏季最强,同时OX组分呈现显著的昼夜差异.     

天津城市大气污染物浓度垂直分布特征

利用2007年10月10日~2008年9月30日天津边界层气象观测塔得到的PM2.5质量浓度、O3和NO2体积分数等梯度资料,对比分析了不同高度上各污染物数据统计特征,并对各污染物数据的时间变化特征及垂直分布进行了讨论.结果表明,天津市PM2.5污染严重,且易发生光化学污染事件.各高度层PM2.5浓度在12、1和2月份存在较大差异,其他月份差异较小;O3体积分数均表现出夏季高冬季低的典型特征;NO2体积分数在220m高度处变化较为复杂且全年波动较大,120m处变化平稳,40m处则表现出春夏季高、秋冬季低的特点.PM2.5体积分数和NO2体积分数日变化均呈现双峰型,峰值的出现与早晚出行高峰以及边界层的变化有关,且污染物出现峰值的时间由低到高存在2~3h的延迟.O3体积分数与太阳辐射强度关系密切,各层均在14：00前后达到最大,而夜间的还原反应使各层臭氧体积分数下降.40m和120m处NO2体积分数变化较为一致,全天波动很小,而220m处波动较大,昼夜差异明显.     

佛山惠景城大气污染物浓度时序特征

基于佛山市惠景城区2013年1月1日-12月31日SO2、NO2、O3、PM2.54种大气污染物的时序监测数据,分析其时序特征,4种污染物质量浓度的平均水平和离散程度表现为NO2PM2.5O3SO2。不同时间际的浓度变化以及污染物之间的互相关、自相关分析结果表明:(1)细颗粒污染、臭氧污染分别集中于冬春季和秋季。周一、周二的SO2、NO2、PM2.5浓度高于一周内的其他时日,O3则相反。尤其是周二NO2浓度显著高于其他日该值,可能与周一车流高峰期机动车直接排放NO转化耗时导致NO2峰值延迟有关。在12:00-15:00时段,SO2、NO2、PM2.5浓度最低,O3浓度最高,可能原因为中午高气温可促使地表污染物向高空扩散,而O3作为NO2的光解反应产物,其浓度水平更大程度上受制于太阳辐射强度。(2)4种污染物的自相关系数各不相同,整体上间隔期为1、3(天或时)的历史污染物浓度能够有效影响当前时刻的污染物浓度。SO2、NO2、PM2.5三者之间存在明显的正相关关系,而O3与NO2呈现弱负相关关系,可能与站点地理位置有关,即该站点PM2.5受机动车直接排放影响为主。O3除受NO2的制约外,更大程度上受太阳辐射的影响。     

沈阳市O3时空分布特征及其与NOx的相关性研究

利用2013年沈阳市11个空气质量自动监测站的大气O3自动连续监测数据,对O3浓度的区域分布、季节变化、日变化及其与NOx相关性等特征进行分析.结果表明,中心城区O3浓度低于外围.O3和大气氧化性OX（O3＋NO2）浓度在午后15：00左右出现峰值,NOx呈双峰态日变化,在7：00和23：00左右出现峰值.不同季节污染物的浓度变化存在差异,O3和NOx浓度分别在夏季与冬季达到最大.NOx浓度存在200 μg/m3左右的“分界点”,NOx低于分界点时以NO2为主,高于分界点时NO占大部分.OX区域贡献主要受区域背景O3的影响,局地贡献主要受局地光化学反应制约.     

V_2O_5/ACF低温选择性催化还原烟气中NO的研究

文章对V2O5/ACF(活性炭纤维)进行低温选择性催化还原(SCR)NO的影响研究。实验表明:ACF用硝酸处理形成ACFN,然后采用等体积浸渍法制备V2O5/ACFN催化剂,NO脱除率明显增加。同时研究了V2O5负载量、反应温度、NH3初始浓度、NO初始浓度、O2含量等因素对NO脱除效率的影响,发现V2O5/ACFN在180℃低温时,在NH3/NO为1.1、NO初始体积分数1000×10-6和O2体积分数5%时NO脱除效率较高。     

低温等离子体改性对Fe2O3/ACF低温选择性催化还原NO的影响

利用N2低温等离子体对过量溶液浸渍法制备的Fe2O3/ACF（活性炭纤维）催化剂进行了改性,运用BET比表面积、扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、X射线衍射光谱（XRD）和傅立叶变换红外光谱（FT\|IR）对催化剂进行表征.同时,对催化剂的NH3选择性催化还原（SCR）NO的催化性能进行了研究.结果表明,活性组分最佳负载量的质量分数为10.3%;N2等离子体改性最优改性电压为6kV,改性时间为3min;随着反应温度的升高,空白ACF上NO转化率先升高再下降,而催化剂上NO转化率呈上升趋势.在NO体积分数1000×10-6、NH3体积分数1000×10-6、O2体积分数5%、空速10040h-1和反应温度240℃的条件下,催化剂3.7%Fe2O3/ACF和10.3%Fe2O3/ACF经N2等离子体改性后,其NO转化率（相对于未改性的）分别提高了16.43%和6.84%.N2等离子体改性催化剂提高了活性组分在ACF上的分散度,增加了ACF表面的含氮官能团,从而提高了催化剂的SCR低温活性.     

北京城区臭氧日变化特征及与前体物的相关性分析

对2012年12月至2013年11月北京城区12个自动空气监测子站的臭氧及其前体物的浓度进行了分析,探讨北京城区臭氧浓度的日变化特征以及与前体物的关系.研究发现,北京市城区臭氧在5~8月份维持相对较高浓度,其他月份则较低.臭氧浓度呈现单峰型分布,基本在15:00、16:00达到峰值;同时臭氧呈现较明显的“周末效应”,即周末臭氧浓度高于工作日浓度. CO、NO、NO2和NOx等前体物多呈现双峰型分布,与O3均呈显著的负相关性,相关性在夏季较低.通过大气氧化剂OX和NOx的拟合方程发现,冬季北京市城区OX在白天受区域O3影响相对较大,在夜间受局地NOx污染影响相对较大.计算了在理想情况下的城区NO2光解速率,春季、夏季、秋季和冬季的平均值分别为0.180,0.209,0.169,0.149min-1.在白天臭氧的高浓度时段城区O3、NO和NO2体现出近似光化学平衡态的特征.     

北京市夏季O3、 NOx等污染物“周末效应”研究

采用了2000-06-25~2000-07-07以及2000-07-26~2000-08-22在北京325 m气象塔观测平台观测到的O3、NOx(NO和NO2)、CO和SO2数据,分析了周末与工作日O3、NOx、NO、NO2、CO和SO2浓度变化的差异及成因.结果表明,除SO2之外,O3、NOx、NO、NO2和CO的周末浓度与对应工作日浓度相关性显著,均通过了显著性水平α=0.05的t检验,相关系数(R)依次为0.99、0.61、0.56、0.80和0.61.交通高峰时段(06:00~08:00)NOx和CO的周末浓度明显低于工作日浓度,该时段NOx和CO的周末浓度与工作日浓度的平均偏差分别为-28%和-9%.O3周末浓度与工作日浓度的回归系数为1.25±0.02.此外,周末O3的最大小时浓度值与最大8 h平均浓度值分别比工作日高23%和26%,表现出十分明显的"周末效应".     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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