长白山背景站大气VOCs浓度变化特征及来源分析

挥发性有机物(VOCs)是臭氧和二次有机气溶胶的重要前体物.为研究中国东北背景地区大气中VOCs浓度和变化特征,应用苏码罐采样技术、三步冷冻浓缩和GC/MS联用技术测定了长白山大气本底站中的VOCs组成、浓度及季节变化,并利用PCA(principal component analysis)受体模型初步解析了白山大气中VOCs来源.结果表明,长白山地区TVOCs年平均浓度(体积分数)为10.7×10~(-9)±6.2×10~(-9),其中卤代烃所占比例最高,占VOCs总浓度的37%,其次是烷烃33%、芳香烃15%、烯烃15%.长白山地区TVOCs呈现明显的季节变化,变化特征为春季﹥秋季﹥夏季﹥冬季,春季大气中的TVOCs浓度显著(P﹤0.05)高于其他季节.利用主成分分析VOCs物种,提取出5个因子,分别归纳为交通源、液化石油气(LPG)、生物源、燃烧源和区域工业输送.结合HYSPLIT-4.0后向轨迹模型,分析周边区域传输对VOCs物种浓度的影响,发现来自西南向气团传输是长白山VOCs物种浓度增加的主要原因.     

江西景德镇站大气CH4和CO季节变化及源解析

基于江西景德镇温室气体站2017年12月~2018年11月筛分获得的CH₄及CO大气本底和污染浓度数据,对大气CH₄和CO浓度季节变化及其排放源特征进行研究,结果表明：大气CH₄和CO本底浓度季节变化特征与浙江临安本底站类似,即夏季低而冬季高,而夏季江西地区水稻田和湿地排放导致CH₄污染浓度显著抬升,相比本底浓度抬升幅度可达133.9×10^-9,冬季受西北部地区取暖排放的区域输送的影响,1月CO污染平均浓度较本底浓度抬升达227.2×10^-9.基于本底数据及污染数据,结合后向轨迹模型分析发现景德镇站大气CO潜在排放源主要分布在湖北东南部（四季）、安徽（秋冬季）、山东中部（秋季）、长江三角洲上海及杭州（夏秋季）、湖南东部和江西地区（冬季）等区域,其中冬季湖南东部和江西地区贡献率达53.7%,CH₄排放源主要集中在江西地区（夏季）、长江三角洲杭州、南京及安徽南部覆盖区域（夏季）、湖北东南部（夏秋季）以及安徽（秋季）、山东中部（秋季）等区域,夏季南京、杭州及安徽南部覆盖区域的CH₄排放对景德镇站CH₄浓度抬升的贡献率达到69.5%.大气CH₄及CO呈现较好的相关性,冬季其相关系数可达0.86,受CH₄和CO源汇季节变化影响,CH₄/CO排放比呈现冬季低值（0.31）、夏季高值（1.06）.     

南京北郊大气VOCs变化特征及来源解析

利用2011-03-01~2012-02-29南京北郊大气VOCs观测资料,对大气VOCs浓度变化特征和特征物比值差异展开研究,并应用PCA/APCS受体模型对不同季节VOCs来源进行了解析.结果表明,南京大气总VOCs体积混合比为43.52×10-9,其中烷烃占45.1%、烯烃占25.3%、炔烃占7.3%和芳香烃占22.3%.总VOCs体积混合比呈现夏季高,冬季低的季节变化.VOCs组分中烷烃在冬季最高,烯烃夏季最高,芳香烃春季最高,炔烃冬季最高.特征物比值(VOCs/乙炔)和T/B比值反映出观测点受周边工业区影响较大.VOCs源解析表明,主要来源来自工厂生产、机动车排放、燃料燃烧、生产活动挥发、溶剂使用和自然源.虽然有季节变化,但与工业生产活动相关的来源占大气VOCs 45%~63%,其次为机动车来源占34%~50%.     

珠三角产业重镇大气VOCs污染特征及来源解析

2019年在珠三角典型产业重镇佛山市狮山镇在线监测大气挥发性有机化合物（VOCs）,并开展大气VOCs污染特征、臭氧生成潜势（OFP）及来源贡献分析.观测期间共测得56种VOCs物种,总挥发性有机物（TVOCs）体积浓度为（39.64±30.46）×10^-9,主要组成为烷烃（56.5%）和芳香烃（30.1%）.大气VOCs在冬季和春季浓度较高.VOCs各组分呈“U”型日变化特征,污染时段的日变化幅度明显大于非污染时段.相对增量反应活性（RIR）结果表明研究区域的O₃生成处于VOCs控制区.2019年VOCs的OFP为107.40×10^-9,其中芳香烃对总OFP贡献最大（54.6%）.OFP浓度最高的10种VOCs占总OFP的80.3%,占TVOCs体积浓度的59.9%,高反应活性的VOCs物种在研究区域具有较高的大气浓度,应重点控制.正交矩阵因子分析模型（PMF）来源解析结果表明,溶剂使用源（42.4%）和机动车排放源（25.8%）是研究区域2019年大气VOCs的主要来源,其次为工业过程源（14.6%）、汽油挥发（7.9%）和天然源（1.7%）,控制上述源的VOCs排放是缓解该地区臭氧污染的有效策略.     

长沙大气中VOCs研究

应用大气采样罐采样技术和色谱-质谱联用（GC-MS）技术,对2008年长沙市大气中76种挥发性有机物（VOCs）的组分及其质量浓度水平进行测试,比较了各组分对臭氧产生的影响潜势,同时对其主要来源进行简单分析.结果表明,长沙大气总VOCs在上午和下午的浓度分别是38.4×10-9（体积分数）和22.7×10-9（体积分数）,下午大气中VOCs浓度显著低于上午;季节变化呈现VOCs冬季浓度远高于夏季VOCs浓度,组分中以卤代烃最高,烷烃、芳烃次之,烯烃最低,OH消耗速率最高的物质是间、对二甲苯（10.71×10-9 C,碳单位体积比,下同）;其次为1,2,4-三甲苯（6.04×10-9 C）和1,3,5-三甲苯（2.23×10-9 C）.芳烃对大气O3生成贡献最大（66%）,其次是烯烃（26%）,烷烃最低（8%）.高浓度的异戊烷和丙烷说明了机动车排放和液化石油气是VOCs来源之一,苯/甲苯的特征比值接近0.8,远高于机动车尾气排放特征比值0.5;说明溶剂和涂料挥发是其主要来源之一.     

成都市城区大气VOCs季节污染特征及来源解析

为研究成都市城区大气VOCs季节变化特征,本研究在2018年12月至2019年11月对VOCs组分进行监测,并对VOCs的浓度水平、各化学组成、化学反应活性和来源进行分析.结果表明,成都市城区春、夏、秋和冬季VOCs的平均体积分数分别为32.29×10^-9、 36.25×10^-9、 40.92×10^-9和49.48×10^-9,冬季的浓度明显高于其他季节,春季和夏季的浓度水平相差不大,各季节VOCs的组分浓度水平有所差异,冬季烷烃占总VOCs的比例最大,可能受机动车排放的影响较明显;夏季和秋季含氧(氮)挥发性有机物占比远高于春、冬季,一次源的挥发排放和二次转化的生成贡献较大;成都市城区不同季节大气中VOCs平均浓度排名靠前的关键组分基本无变化,主要是C₂～C₄的烷烃、乙烯、乙炔及二氯甲烷等,可能受机动车尾气、油气挥发、溶剂使用和LPG燃料等影响明显,夏季丙酮以及乙酸乙酯等含氧有机物浓度贡献突出;根据·OH消耗速率和OFP计算可知关键活性物种主要为间/对-二甲...     

长白山地区大气VOCs 的观测研究

为了解我国东北内陆背景大气中挥发性有机物(VOCs)的浓度水平和变化形式,采用3 步冷冻浓缩和GC/MS 联用技术对长白山地区大气中VOCs 进行了为期1 年的采样分析.结果表明,长白山地区大气中总挥发性有机物(TVOCs)年平均浓度为(181.7±69.6)×10-9C(碳单位体积比),其中烷、烯、芳香和卤代烃4 类物质的百分含量依次为43%、22%、31%和4%.烷烃类物质中异戊烷、2-甲基戊烷、正戊烷和3-甲基戊烷等机动车尾气或汽油挥发特征性物质浓度最高;芳香烃类物质中苯/甲苯的特征比值略高于机动车尾气排放特征比值0.5;烯烃类物质以植物排放的蒎烯、异戊二烯为主.从高浓度VOCs 种类分析,长白山地区大气VOCs 受汽车污染和森林排放双重控制.TVOCs 浓度年度峰值出现在春季,为(206.0±58.9)×10-9C;谷值出现在冬季,为(152.3±53.9)×10-9C.根据等效丙烯浓度的计算,烯烃对该地区O3 生成贡献最大,而含量丰富的烷烃、芳香烃则在光化学反应中贡献较小.     

北京市城区春季大气挥发性有机物污染特征

"2+26"城市联防联控措施的实施及北京市产业结构的调整,使得北京市大气中VOCs（volatile organic compounds,挥发性有机物）质量浓度、组成特征及来源发生了变化.运用AirmoVOC（GC-866）在线自动监测仪对2017年3-5月北京市城区大气中的VOCs进行观测.结果表明:①北京市城区春季大气中ρ（TVOCs）（TVOCs为总挥发性有机物）为34.36 μg/m3,ρ（烷烃）、ρ（芳香烃）、ρ（烯烃）、ρ（炔烃）分别占ρ（TVOCs）的57.13%、33.18%、7.54%、2.15%.质量浓度最高的前3位VOCs物种分别为苯、丙烷和乙烷,其质量浓度分别为5.97、3.51、2.63 μg/m3.②ρ（TVOCs）的日变化有3个较明显的峰值,分别出现在05:00、11:00和23:00,ρ（TVOCs）最低值出现在18:00,并且夜间ρ（TVOCs）高于白天.VOCs日变化特征表明,北京市VOCs污染受凌晨时段柴油车尾气排放和早晚交通高峰期汽油车尾气排放的影响较为明显.③春季VOCs的OFP（ozone formation potential,臭氧生成潜势）分析表明,芳香烃对OFP的贡献率（44.22%）最大,其次是烯烃（31.06%）,最后是烷烃（23.86%）;北京市VOCs污染的关键活性组分是丙烯、正丁烷、环戊烷、苯、甲苯、二甲苯.④PMF（正矩阵因子分析法）分析表明,溶剂使用源是北京市春季大气中VOCs最主要的排放源,对TVOCs的贡献率为39.06%,其次是移动源（33.79%）和油气挥发源（17.85%）,燃烧源的贡献率（9.30%）最低.研究显示,控制移动源、溶剂使用源和燃烧源的排放是控制北京市环境空气中VOCs污染的关键.      

重庆市北碚城区大气中VOCs组成特征研究

2012年3月~2013年2月,使用特制的不锈钢钢瓶采集重庆市北碚城区大气样品,并采用三步预浓缩-气相色谱/质谱法对所采集的气体样品进行检测.本研究共检出78种挥发性有机物(volatile organic compounds,VOCs),其中烷烃25种,烯烃15种,芳香烃28种,卤代烃10种.结果表明,重庆市北碚大气中年均浓度最高的前7种VOCs分别为:二氯甲烷(3.08×10-9,体积分数,下同)、苯(2.09×10-9)、异戊烷(1.85×10-9)、甲苯(1.51×10-9)、丙烷(1.51×10-9)、间/对-二甲苯(1.43×10-9)、苯乙烯(1.39×10-9).北碚大气中总挥发性有机物(total volatile organic compounds,TVOCs)浓度为33.89×10-9,季节变化表现为:春季(42.57×10-9)>秋季(33.89×10-9)>冬季(31.91×10-9)>夏季(27.04×10-9).从组成来看,烷烃和芳香烃对TVOCs贡献最大,分别达到31.5%和30.7%;其次是卤代烃类,占27.4%;含量最少的组分是烯烃,所占比例仅为10.4%.采用臭氧生成潜势对VOCs组分活性分析结果表明,烯烃类和芳香烃类化合物是对北碚大气O3生成贡献最大的物质.利用主成分分析法对大气样品中VOCs来源进行分析,发现北碚大气VOCs主要源于机动车尾气排放,贡献比为50.41%.北碚大气中T/B年均值为0.73,表明大气中的苯类物质主要来源于机动车的尾气排放,受溶剂挥发的影响较小.     

临安区域大气本底站CO_2浓度特征及其碳源汇变化研究

通过分析2006年8月～2009年7月临安区域大气本底站Flask瓶采样获得的CO2浓度特征,结合碳追踪模式的模拟结果,研究了长三角地区碳源汇变化对CO2浓度的影响.结果表明,临安区域大气本底站的CO2浓度分布在368.3×10-6～414.8×10-6之间,具有较明显的季节波动变化特征,冬季高、夏季低,浓度年较差接近...     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.