大尺寸通风管网中障碍物对瓦斯爆炸冲击波传播特性影响的数值模拟

为了研究大尺寸通风管网中的瓦斯爆炸传播规律,采用数值模拟方法,针对具有不同障碍物数量的大尺寸通风管网模型,利用Fluent分析管网中各个监测点的超压变化曲线以及障碍物附近的速度矢量图,分析爆炸冲击波传播规律。研究结果表明:初期瓦斯爆炸后,障碍物的存在改变了通风管网内未燃瓦斯的积聚区域;高温和高压发生耦合作用,在氧气相对充足的进气管道中形成二次爆炸;障碍物与火焰波以及管网自身结构变化等多种因素形成复合作用,改变了通风管网内瓦斯爆炸冲击波的传播路径和叠加区域的位置;无障碍物时高压区域出现在进气管道中,有障碍物时高压区域出现在中部直管与斜管的交汇处附近,且数值相对较大。     

基于安全保障的分布式电源选址定容优化研究

分布式电源的发展是我国智能电网发展中的重要方面之一,基于安全保障性,合理地对分布式电源进行选址定容,对于中低压配电网规划具有重要意义。分析了分布式电源对配网的具体安全性影响。提出以安全第一、成本最小、网损最小、电压偏移最小为目标的综合效用目标函数模型,并采用遗传算法求解。通过对IEEE9节点配电网络的算例分析验证了所提算法在分布式电源选址定容求解问题中的可行性和实用性。     

基于IMF和MC-ApEn的含DG中压配电网故障测距研究

中压配电网的定位问题一直是电力系统的研究重点。由于发生单相接地故障后故障电流微弱,传统阻抗法和人工巡线法都存在缺点,DG的接入更加大了测距的难度。文章以行波理论为基础,提出一种基于IMF和MC-ApEn的含DG中压配电网测距方法。文章首先对含DG的配电网暂态电流特性进行分析,提出采用零模-线模传输时间差的测距原理。随后采用EMD分解法提取暂态信号最高频分量,获得行波波头的一次提取。借助表征信号复杂度的近似熵方法,提出MC-ApEn(滑动移除近似熵法)提取行波波头,从而实现故障测距。EMTP/ATP仿真验证了该方法的可行性。     

试论调控自动功率控制(APC)提高集群网和常规网的无线通信保障力

本文通过分析当前公安部门无线应急通信系统干扰存在的问题,着重对无线集群网和常规网的抗干扰进行了研究分析,并提出解决的方案。希对各级公安部门无线通信建设有所启发。     

安全知识长廊：安全用电基础知识

我国绝大多数地面的低压配电网都采取低压中性点直接接地的运行方式。保护接零就适用于这种配电电压0．23kV／0．4kV、低压中性点直接接地三相四线配电网。     

控制输氧管道火灾伤害方案的选择及应用

氧气管网系统的安全运行,已经成为钢铁企业的一个不容忽视的问题。我厂应用事故树分析法,详细地分析了氧气管网火灾伤害事故,对8种控制方案实施的难易程度进行了评价,并对我厂炼钢技术改造中新建氧气管道安全并网投运进行了控制,收到了明显的效果。一、氧气管网火灾伤害事故树分析按照氧气管网火灾伤害事故树分析(见附图),把系统的数学逻辑模型输入,求事故树最小割(径)集——MOCUS+程序,求得96组最小割集和8组最小径集,也就是8种控制方案。     

基于径向线损的DG对配电网安全的影响研究

分布式电源并网对配电网有很大影响,包括电压水平、故障水平、线损、安全性、网络可靠性等方面,且其影响程度与分布式电源的容量和安装位置密切相关。本文基于径向式配电网、分布式电源的功率模型和恒功率静态负荷模型,分析和评估当两个等效的分布式电源系统同时并入简单径向配电网时,配电网线损的变化情况。文中,通过搭建理想模型,得出量化线损变化率的具体计算公式并对模型结果进行评述和讨论,将对未来提高线路输电效率的研究和保障配电网安全运行发挥重要作用。     

基于路网协同维护的灾后配电网抢修优化研究*

为探究灾后配电网应急抢修工作中损坏路网维护的协同效应,基于以往灾后配电网的单独抢修模型研究,提出路网-配电网协同抢修模型,并采用Benders算法对云南某地配电网案例进行分析。研究结果表明:极端灾害背景下,配电网的恢复时间受到损坏路网的维护力量影响,随着路网的维护力量提高,配电网的恢复时间先逐渐减小后趋于不变。对于灾后配电网的应急抢修工作,除非路网受灾后完好无损,否则考虑路网的维护协同是必要的。研究结果可为灾后配电网维修与路网维护的协同优化工作提供参考和借鉴。     

雷击城区杆塔临近燃气管道过电压防护研究北大核心CSCD

为解决电力杆塔发生雷击或单相接地短路故障时,杆塔接地网散流对临近燃气管道的过电压击穿风险问题,采用CDEGS仿真计算软件建立了杆塔接地网冲击接地散流模型,提出取消水平引流接地体加装垂直接地体的优化方案,分析接地网散流对临近燃气管道过电压的影响规律,对比了取消水平引流接地体对管道过电压及绝缘层耐受电压的降压效果。仿真结果表明,采用优化方案后可以有效降低管道过电压,且该接地改造方式满足电力杆塔接地网接地电阻的要求。所述安全防护方案可为城区电力杆塔及燃气管道设计施工及安全防护提供参考。     

微细水雾除尘系统设计及试验研究

在分析微细水雾捕尘机理及捕尘水雾凝并沉降技术基础上,设计了一集微细水雾捕尘--凝聚、凝并降尘--惯性沉降分离为一体的含尘气流净化系统,并对该系统的除尘效率进行试验研究,建立了相应的数学模型。     

油浸变压器排油注氮装置在500kV变电站的设计与应用

在分析500kV变电站主变压器消防系统的现状,比较3类消防系统优缺点的基础上,详细论述了主变排油注氮装置的结构组成、工作原理、参数计算、控制系统设计以及需要注意的事项等,为下一步排油注氮装置的推广应用打下基础.     

HAZOP结合What-if方法在某延迟焦化装置除焦中的应用

为克服传统危险与可操作性（HAZOP）定性分析方法在复杂操作、间歇作业等过程中使用的局限性,提出在传统HAZOP定性分析方法的基础上结合What-if（故障假设）方法,对人的不安全行为和操作规程不完备所导致的风险后果分析作出补充。详细说明其技术原理、工作流程等使用细节,系统阐述该方法与传统HAZOP定性分析方法的区别,并在某延迟焦化装置的除焦操作的风险分析中应用。经分析,识别出在“给水-泡焦”节点,有“操作规程错误”场景2项,“操作规程不具体”场景1项,不存在“操作人员未按操作规程执行”场景。研究结果表明:本文方法有效且具有较好效果,可以广泛应用于操作规程/作业指导书审查、作业过程隐患排查等方面,帮助企业开展操作层面的风险识别与管理,提升企业的生产安全水平。     

Nighttime pedestrian fatalities: A comprehensive examination of infrastructure,user, vehicle,and situational factors

Introduction: Pedestrian fatalities in the United States increased 45.5% between 2009 and 2017. More than 85% of those additional pedestrian fatalities occurred at night. Method: We examine Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) data for fatal pedestrian crashes that occurred in the dark between 2002 and 2017. Within-variable and before/after examinations of crashes in terms of infrastructure, user, vehicle, and situational characteristics are performed with one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and two-sample t-tests. We model changes in crash characteristic proportions between 2002–2009 and 2010–2017 using linear regressions and test for autocorrelation with Breusch-Godfrey tests. Results: The increase in fatal nighttime pedestrian crashes is most strongly correlated with infrastructure factors: non-intersection unmarked locations (saw 80.8% of additional fatalities); 40–45 mph roads (54.6%); five-lane roads (40.7%); urban (99.7%); and arterials (81.1%). In addition, SUVs were involved in 39.7% of additional fatalities, overrepresenting their share of the fleet. Increased pedestrian alcohol and drug involvement warrant further investigation. The age of pedestrians killed increased more (18.1%) than the national average (3.2%). Conclusions: By identifying factors related to the increase in nighttime pedestrian fatalities, this work constitutes a vital first step in making our streets safer for pedestrians. Practical Applications: More research is needed to understand the efficacy of different solutions, but this paper provides guidance for such future research. Engineering solutions such as road diets or traffic calming may be used to improve identified infrastructure issues by reducing vehicle speeds and road widths. Rethinking vehicle design, especially high front profiles, may improve vehicle issues. However, the problems giving rise to these pedestrian fatalities are likely a result of not only engineering issues but also interrelated social and political factors. Solutions may be correspondingly comprehensive, employing non-linear, systems-based approaches such as Safe Systems.     

潞安矿区煤层渗透率的各向异性特征实验研究

为了研究原位煤体渗透性的各向异性特征,以山西潞安常村矿3号煤层圆柱试样为对象,利用TCQT-Ⅲ型低渗煤层气相驱替增产试验装置,对煤样进行加载,并以氮气注入压力2.0 MPa的条件下,分析垂直层理和平行层理2个方向的煤体变形和渗透率变化特征。实验结果表明:煤样在加载过程中,平行和垂直层理煤样渗透率均随着有效应力的增大而减小,平行层理方向的渗透率始终大于垂直层理方向,应力加载初期渗透率急剧下降,最后逐渐趋于平缓;径向应变的增加量与渗透率呈正相关性,且平行层理相关性大于垂直层理;沿平行层理方向的裂隙度大于沿垂直层理方向,沿垂直层理方向的应变量大于沿平行层理方向;应变增加量均随有效应力的增加而逐渐减小。研究结果可为煤层井网布置及优化提供参考。     

森林地表火蔓延模拟方法及其计算机实现

进行了森林火蔓延的研究,对传统的经验公式和模型进行改进,明显发现改进的模型有更好的结果,用计算机巧妙准确地实现了模拟模型,在风力不是特别大,地形变化不是特别剧烈时,该模型有较高精度;并结合火蔓延的主要因素（气象因子、气候、地形等）,进行系统分析,写出算地,编制实现地表火蔓延的预测预报计算机系统软件。这对于有效的组织扑救、减少火灾损失、计算森林火灾的损失评估有重要意义。     

Footedness and Mounting—Short Review and Two Case Studies

Footedness is a personal quality like handedness. Footedness may be associated with moving ability during mounting, dismounting, and jumping movements. Occupational accidents have occurred during movement at different working levels, during the use of access and exit systems, and during the mounting of vehicles. Aging can also affect accident risk and body laterality. For example, falling accidents on stairs are common among the elderly. One reason for accidents may be that the structure of the access system or stair system is unsuitable for individual moving patterns depending partly on body laterality. Footedness and the way the feet are used may be contradictory to the demands of the moving situation, especially during uncommon or rapid situations. This contradiction may trigger disturbance during moving. The aims of this pilot study were (a) to review the literature briefly and (b) to describe the use of the dominant and nondominant foot by farmers and the elderly when mounting a tractor and stairs, respectively. The study also gives ideas for future studies based on both (a) and (b).     

AHP与GA-SVM耦合模型在滑坡预警中的应用*

为了减少滑坡造成的损失,提高滑坡预测的准确性,通过搭建灾害模拟平台获得滑坡的实验数据,在获得多组模拟实验数据后,分析各变量的特性。首先,通过层次分析(Analytic Hierarchy Process,AHP)算法,对滑坡进行危险度划分;然后,通过支持向量机(Support Vector Machine,SVM)建立模型,遗传算法(Genetic Algorithm,GA)再优化SVM参数,提出1种层次分析法与GA-SVM相耦合的模型。研究结果表明:AHP方法划分后的数据,通过GA与SVM结合建立的模型精度较好,实验预测结果与实际结果较为吻合,与单一SVM相比,精度更高,结果更好,更加适用于多变量的复杂非线性滑坡预警。     

Debunking the false dichotomy of leadership idealism and pragmatism: Critical evaluation and support of newer genre leadership theories

Leadership theories have shifted over the last few decades from a focus on managerial functions and economic leader–follower exchanges toward greater focus on the interpersonal dynamics occurring within the leadership process. Theories such as transformational, ethical, authentic, and other “newer genre” theories were created to address neglected topics such as leader vision and inspirational messages, transparency, emotional effects, morality, individualized attention, and intellectual stimulation. Critiques of these theories, however, have been raised. In this paper, we address five of those critiques and argue for the validity and practical effectiveness of the new genre theories. Further, we describe how newer genre leadership research should be viewed as a performative epistemology, entailing a process of co‐creation involving scholars and practitioners. Finally, from this view, we provide general ideas for leader development. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Occupational Safety and Health in Finland

In Finland, occupational safety is the responsibility of the employer, while the occupational safety and health laws are enforced by the Labour Inspection Service, an organization of the state. The Labour Inspection is divided in 11 administrative districts, and it employs 360 professionals. They are mandated to carry out site visits without prearranged appointments to inspect safe work situations, working hours, construction safety, or any aspect of accident risks. The inspectors are also mandated to verify the existence of sufficient occupational health services as prescribed by the Occupational Health Services Act for all employees. The occupational health services are typically provided by enterprise-owned medical departments, by mutually owned health care centers, by private practitioners, or by municipal health care centers. The latter are required by law to provide all services as prescribed by the legislation to anyone who comes to the facility. This situation is prevalent in the countryside, where there are very few private caregiving centers. Declaring occupational accidents and disease cases is mandatory, and the Inspection districts examine all accidents to establish causes and consequences, and to initiate prosecution in case of criminal negligence. Labour Inspection Districts are also notified of the new occupational disease cases as they are declared to insurance companies. Insurance for occupational disease, accidents, and death is an obligation of the employer, although they can choose the insurance company. The medical confidentiality between the workers and their occupational health care providers is very strict. Official statistics are maintained by the state Statistics Finland organization, and they may be used, for example, for research purposes by scientific institutes like the Finnish Institute of Occupational Health. Construction industry accounts for 25% of all fatal accidents (120 cases per 1 million working hours), followed by mechanical, wood, metal, machinery, and pulp and paper industry (10% each of fatal accidents) with rates ranging from 100–160 cases per 1 million working hours. There are some 5,000 occupational disease cases per year (rate 22/10,000 employed). The major disease categories include repetitive strain injuries (1,300 cases), respiratory allergies (600 cases), occupational skin diseases (1,000 cases), and 900 cases of noise-caused hearing loss. In 1998, 589 cases of asbestos-related diseases were reported.     

公路隧道火灾逃生疏散研究

以苍岭隧道为背景,首先采用经验计算理论和计算软件building EXODUS相结合的方式,从被困人员的安全疏散时间、高温烟气的影响、隧道横通道的利用率以及人员的疏散行为特性进行了研究。结果表明:中小规模火灾情况下的安全疏散时间控制在8 min之内,高温烟气影响不大,但横通道的利用率不平均,且人员疏散路线相对集中。然后对存在的逃生疏散问题提出针对性建议以及其他相关建议,旨在为更大程度降低事故的严重性和经济财产损失。