城际铁路环境影响评价中道路交通噪声现状评价与预测

在统计某县公路类型、规模的基础上,选择代表性区段测试高速公路、国道、省道、县道、乡道、村道交通噪声影响状况,计算了达到不同声环境功能区的控制距离要求.研究结果表明,该县境内平均道路交通噪声水平昼间、夜间均可满足《声环境质量标准》(GB 3096-2008)中4a类声环境功能区标准要求.现状条件下若要达到1类声环境功能区...     

《声环境质量标准》实施情况评估

GB 3096-2008是为贯彻《中华人民共和国环境噪声污染防治法》,防治噪声污染,保障城乡居民正常生活、工作和学习的声环境质量,制定的声环境质量标准;是环境噪声是否符合环境保护要求的量化指标,也是制订高噪声产品标准和高噪声活动或场所噪声排放标准的法理基础和科学依据。标准规定了五类声环境功能区的环境噪声限值及测量方法;目前主要用于城乡功能区管理,声环     

声环境功能区划分原则与方法探析——以上海市为例

《声环境功能区划分技术规范》(GB/T 15190—2014)规定了声环境功能区划分的基本原则、方法和技术要求,为各地声功能区划分与调整提供了指导。但在具体划分与调整时,尤其是大中型城市,基于其建设发展迅速、人口密集大、交通形式复杂、区域差异明显等特点,有时宜采取一些特殊的原则与方法,以便使区划工作更有效率、更具科学性与合理性。以上海市为例,提出一些划分原则与方法的思考,如城区与居住区区划类别划为2类区、4类适用区的特殊划定方法、不同区域的划分次序等。     

基于交通噪声污染防治的夹心地判定及管理对策

基于土地管理的角度,根据夹心地的定义,归纳得出夹心地具有空间包夹、面积狭小、功能受限和权属独立的特征;基于夹心地的交通噪声污染特征,提出受到交通噪声影响的夹心地的定义和判定方法。当采取噪声防治措施后,两条交通干线之间区域的室外声级无法满足声环境功能标准且噪声敏感建筑室内声级无法满足使用功能要求时,判定该区域为受到交通噪声影响的夹心地。建议通过控制夹心地规模、调整夹心地功能、强化噪声治理措施、完善夹心地管理政策等措施防治夹心地交通噪声污染。     

上海市浦东新区2014-2018年声环境质量状况分析

上海市浦东新区作为承接国家自由贸易区的先行试点地区,近年来吸引大批国内外企业入驻,同时经济发展与环境友好型社会矛盾依然突出。本文以2014年-2018年来浦东新区区域噪音与交通噪数据为依据,分析本地区声环境状况,结果表明声环境质量有所下降,一类功能区及交通噪音需进一步加强治理。通过源头屏蔽,大力发展张江、周浦、滴水湖等科技园区建设,阻断企业对居民区的噪声影响等措施,进而提升和改善浦东新区声环境质量状况。     

兰州市道路交通噪声污染与人体健康的分析

随着环保事业的发展,人们已认识到环境系统的健康与人体的健康状况有着密切的关系。笔者采用流行病学研究方法和SPSS 11.0forWindows的统计软件,对居住在交通干线两旁的居民,按照不同个体特征和不同居住环境所受交通噪声影响的程度进行了对比分析,其结果表明,中年人比老年人和青年人受噪声影响明显;不同性别受噪声影响程度没有明显差异;各功能区特征不同,混合区受噪声影响最严重;在道路交通噪声较高的区域,该地区居民的受影响程度也相对较高。最后,提出了在新城建设和旧城改造过程之中考虑城市道路规划设计,居民自身也应加强个人防护的防治对策     

隔声屏障声衰减理论与计算

声屏障作为降低交通噪声的一种重要手段,已被许多国家广泛采用。在地面交通线两侧建立专门屏障构造物来减少交通工具运行噪声对周围环境的干扰与影响,是当前控制交通噪声的主要措施之一。本文就隔声屏障的声衰减理论与计算进行探讨。     

隔声屏蔽声衰减理论与计算

声屏障作为降低交通噪声一种重要手段，已被许多国家广泛采用，在地面交通线两侧建立专门的屏障构造造物来减少交通工具进行噪声对周围环境的干扰与影响，是当前控制交通噪声的主要措施之一，本文就隔声屏障的声衰减理论与计算进行探讨。     

信号协调控制干线交通安全仿真分析

为减少信号协调干线事故风险,探究城市干线使用信号协调控制前后道路交通安全水平的变化;采集成都市蜀汉路的干线交通数据,建立基于交通仿真冲突的间接安全评价模型(SSAM);利用核回归拟合仿真交通冲突数,根据拟合结果评价信号协调控制前后干线交通安全水平。结果表明:相较于非信号协调控制,信号协调控制干线在双向干线交通流量小于3 864 pcu/h时,整体安全性能较差;车流中小型车占比过高或过低(P0. 73或P0. 83)都会使信号协调干线增加冲突;协调控制干线的直角冲突数更少但追尾冲突数更多。     

福州市五城区声环境质量状况及污染防治对策研究

以“十三五”期间福建省福州市五城区声环境质量监测数据及污染投诉情况为基础,从功能区声环境质量、区域声环境质量、道路交通声环境质量、噪声投诉情况等方面对现状进行分析,基于分析结果剖析了福州市在快速发展过程中存在的社会生活噪声污染日益突出、施工噪声持续扰民、交通噪声夜间污染严重、声环境监测网络亟须完善、噪声权责监管体系不清等问题,并提出应加强噪声源头管控、合理开展规划布局,建立噪声区划动态调整机制、健全声环境质量监测网络,坚持分类管控、实施精准科学依法治污,健全污染防治制度体系、厘清部门监管职责,完善联合执法协调联动机制、部门齐抓共管等污染防治对策。     

油浸变压器排油注氮装置在500kV变电站的设计与应用

在分析500kV变电站主变压器消防系统的现状,比较3类消防系统优缺点的基础上,详细论述了主变排油注氮装置的结构组成、工作原理、参数计算、控制系统设计以及需要注意的事项等,为下一步排油注氮装置的推广应用打下基础.     

HAZOP结合What-if方法在某延迟焦化装置除焦中的应用

为克服传统危险与可操作性（HAZOP）定性分析方法在复杂操作、间歇作业等过程中使用的局限性,提出在传统HAZOP定性分析方法的基础上结合What-if（故障假设）方法,对人的不安全行为和操作规程不完备所导致的风险后果分析作出补充。详细说明其技术原理、工作流程等使用细节,系统阐述该方法与传统HAZOP定性分析方法的区别,并在某延迟焦化装置的除焦操作的风险分析中应用。经分析,识别出在“给水-泡焦”节点,有“操作规程错误”场景2项,“操作规程不具体”场景1项,不存在“操作人员未按操作规程执行”场景。研究结果表明:本文方法有效且具有较好效果,可以广泛应用于操作规程/作业指导书审查、作业过程隐患排查等方面,帮助企业开展操作层面的风险识别与管理,提升企业的生产安全水平。     

潞安矿区煤层渗透率的各向异性特征实验研究

为了研究原位煤体渗透性的各向异性特征,以山西潞安常村矿3号煤层圆柱试样为对象,利用TCQT-Ⅲ型低渗煤层气相驱替增产试验装置,对煤样进行加载,并以氮气注入压力2.0 MPa的条件下,分析垂直层理和平行层理2个方向的煤体变形和渗透率变化特征。实验结果表明:煤样在加载过程中,平行和垂直层理煤样渗透率均随着有效应力的增大而减小,平行层理方向的渗透率始终大于垂直层理方向,应力加载初期渗透率急剧下降,最后逐渐趋于平缓;径向应变的增加量与渗透率呈正相关性,且平行层理相关性大于垂直层理;沿平行层理方向的裂隙度大于沿垂直层理方向,沿垂直层理方向的应变量大于沿平行层理方向;应变增加量均随有效应力的增加而逐渐减小。研究结果可为煤层井网布置及优化提供参考。     

Nighttime pedestrian fatalities: A comprehensive examination of infrastructure,user, vehicle,and situational factors

Introduction: Pedestrian fatalities in the United States increased 45.5% between 2009 and 2017. More than 85% of those additional pedestrian fatalities occurred at night. Method: We examine Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) data for fatal pedestrian crashes that occurred in the dark between 2002 and 2017. Within-variable and before/after examinations of crashes in terms of infrastructure, user, vehicle, and situational characteristics are performed with one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and two-sample t-tests. We model changes in crash characteristic proportions between 2002–2009 and 2010–2017 using linear regressions and test for autocorrelation with Breusch-Godfrey tests. Results: The increase in fatal nighttime pedestrian crashes is most strongly correlated with infrastructure factors: non-intersection unmarked locations (saw 80.8% of additional fatalities); 40–45 mph roads (54.6%); five-lane roads (40.7%); urban (99.7%); and arterials (81.1%). In addition, SUVs were involved in 39.7% of additional fatalities, overrepresenting their share of the fleet. Increased pedestrian alcohol and drug involvement warrant further investigation. The age of pedestrians killed increased more (18.1%) than the national average (3.2%). Conclusions: By identifying factors related to the increase in nighttime pedestrian fatalities, this work constitutes a vital first step in making our streets safer for pedestrians. Practical Applications: More research is needed to understand the efficacy of different solutions, but this paper provides guidance for such future research. Engineering solutions such as road diets or traffic calming may be used to improve identified infrastructure issues by reducing vehicle speeds and road widths. Rethinking vehicle design, especially high front profiles, may improve vehicle issues. However, the problems giving rise to these pedestrian fatalities are likely a result of not only engineering issues but also interrelated social and political factors. Solutions may be correspondingly comprehensive, employing non-linear, systems-based approaches such as Safe Systems.     

Footedness and Mounting—Short Review and Two Case Studies

Footedness is a personal quality like handedness. Footedness may be associated with moving ability during mounting, dismounting, and jumping movements. Occupational accidents have occurred during movement at different working levels, during the use of access and exit systems, and during the mounting of vehicles. Aging can also affect accident risk and body laterality. For example, falling accidents on stairs are common among the elderly. One reason for accidents may be that the structure of the access system or stair system is unsuitable for individual moving patterns depending partly on body laterality. Footedness and the way the feet are used may be contradictory to the demands of the moving situation, especially during uncommon or rapid situations. This contradiction may trigger disturbance during moving. The aims of this pilot study were (a) to review the literature briefly and (b) to describe the use of the dominant and nondominant foot by farmers and the elderly when mounting a tractor and stairs, respectively. The study also gives ideas for future studies based on both (a) and (b).     

AHP与GA-SVM耦合模型在滑坡预警中的应用*

为了减少滑坡造成的损失,提高滑坡预测的准确性,通过搭建灾害模拟平台获得滑坡的实验数据,在获得多组模拟实验数据后,分析各变量的特性。首先,通过层次分析(Analytic Hierarchy Process,AHP)算法,对滑坡进行危险度划分;然后,通过支持向量机(Support Vector Machine,SVM)建立模型,遗传算法(Genetic Algorithm,GA)再优化SVM参数,提出1种层次分析法与GA-SVM相耦合的模型。研究结果表明:AHP方法划分后的数据,通过GA与SVM结合建立的模型精度较好,实验预测结果与实际结果较为吻合,与单一SVM相比,精度更高,结果更好,更加适用于多变量的复杂非线性滑坡预警。     

Debunking the false dichotomy of leadership idealism and pragmatism: Critical evaluation and support of newer genre leadership theories

Leadership theories have shifted over the last few decades from a focus on managerial functions and economic leader–follower exchanges toward greater focus on the interpersonal dynamics occurring within the leadership process. Theories such as transformational, ethical, authentic, and other “newer genre” theories were created to address neglected topics such as leader vision and inspirational messages, transparency, emotional effects, morality, individualized attention, and intellectual stimulation. Critiques of these theories, however, have been raised. In this paper, we address five of those critiques and argue for the validity and practical effectiveness of the new genre theories. Further, we describe how newer genre leadership research should be viewed as a performative epistemology, entailing a process of co‐creation involving scholars and practitioners. Finally, from this view, we provide general ideas for leader development. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Occupational Safety and Health in Finland

In Finland, occupational safety is the responsibility of the employer, while the occupational safety and health laws are enforced by the Labour Inspection Service, an organization of the state. The Labour Inspection is divided in 11 administrative districts, and it employs 360 professionals. They are mandated to carry out site visits without prearranged appointments to inspect safe work situations, working hours, construction safety, or any aspect of accident risks. The inspectors are also mandated to verify the existence of sufficient occupational health services as prescribed by the Occupational Health Services Act for all employees. The occupational health services are typically provided by enterprise-owned medical departments, by mutually owned health care centers, by private practitioners, or by municipal health care centers. The latter are required by law to provide all services as prescribed by the legislation to anyone who comes to the facility. This situation is prevalent in the countryside, where there are very few private caregiving centers. Declaring occupational accidents and disease cases is mandatory, and the Inspection districts examine all accidents to establish causes and consequences, and to initiate prosecution in case of criminal negligence. Labour Inspection Districts are also notified of the new occupational disease cases as they are declared to insurance companies. Insurance for occupational disease, accidents, and death is an obligation of the employer, although they can choose the insurance company. The medical confidentiality between the workers and their occupational health care providers is very strict. Official statistics are maintained by the state Statistics Finland organization, and they may be used, for example, for research purposes by scientific institutes like the Finnish Institute of Occupational Health. Construction industry accounts for 25% of all fatal accidents (120 cases per 1 million working hours), followed by mechanical, wood, metal, machinery, and pulp and paper industry (10% each of fatal accidents) with rates ranging from 100–160 cases per 1 million working hours. There are some 5,000 occupational disease cases per year (rate 22/10,000 employed). The major disease categories include repetitive strain injuries (1,300 cases), respiratory allergies (600 cases), occupational skin diseases (1,000 cases), and 900 cases of noise-caused hearing loss. In 1998, 589 cases of asbestos-related diseases were reported.     

森林地表火蔓延模拟方法及其计算机实现

进行了森林火蔓延的研究,对传统的经验公式和模型进行改进,明显发现改进的模型有更好的结果,用计算机巧妙准确地实现了模拟模型,在风力不是特别大,地形变化不是特别剧烈时,该模型有较高精度;并结合火蔓延的主要因素（气象因子、气候、地形等）,进行系统分析,写出算地,编制实现地表火蔓延的预测预报计算机系统软件。这对于有效的组织扑救、减少火灾损失、计算森林火灾的损失评估有重要意义。     

公路隧道火灾逃生疏散研究

以苍岭隧道为背景,首先采用经验计算理论和计算软件building EXODUS相结合的方式,从被困人员的安全疏散时间、高温烟气的影响、隧道横通道的利用率以及人员的疏散行为特性进行了研究。结果表明:中小规模火灾情况下的安全疏散时间控制在8 min之内,高温烟气影响不大,但横通道的利用率不平均,且人员疏散路线相对集中。然后对存在的逃生疏散问题提出针对性建议以及其他相关建议,旨在为更大程度降低事故的严重性和经济财产损失。