事故后反思流体装卸臂(鹤管)改装

正小小的流体装卸臂,导致了2017年6月5日山东临沂金誉石化罐车泄漏重大爆炸着火事故,由于目前流体装卸臂还未纳入特种设备目录管理,应如何避免此类安全隐患?本文作者提供了建议。2017年6月5日凌晨1时左右,山东省临沂市金誉石化有限公司储运部装卸区的一辆液化石油气运输罐车在卸车作业过程中发生液化气泄漏,引起重大爆炸着火事故,造成10人死亡,9人受伤,直接经济损失4 468万元。从事故视频中可以看到,引发爆炸的第一泄漏点在槽罐车卸装工     

瓶装液化气钢瓶泄漏事故

本文针对一起液化气泄漏引发的爆炸事故进行分析,计算泄漏总量并且通过TNT当量法得出其造成爆炸冲击波的危害后果,并结合实际爆炸后果相比较得出结论,并对类似的液化气钢瓶事故提出对策措施。     

化学事故应急救援知识讲座第七讲液化石油气事故现场应急救援预案

液化石油气是一种广泛应用于工业生产和居民日常生活的燃料，液化石油气从储罐中泄漏出来很容易与空气形成爆炸混合物。若在短时间内大量泄漏，可以在现场很大范围内形成液化气蒸气云，遇明火、静电或处置不慎打出火星，就会导致爆炸事故的发生。随着液化石油气使用范围的不断扩大和用量的不断加大，近年来较大的液化石油气泄漏、爆炸事故时有发生，对人民生命财产造成了极大的威胁。     

通州市成功处置一起石油液化气槽罐车翻车泄漏事故

9月17日下午4：00，一辆车牌号为黑N挂6323装载着24吨石油液化气的槽罐车，在途径五接镇沿江公路时，因车速过快，翻入旁边的农田里，液化气发生泄漏，随时有爆炸的危险。通州市政府接报后，立即启动危险化学品事故应急预案，公安、安监、消防、交巡警等单位100多人立即赶到现场，实施抢救。到达现场后，通州市交巡警大队迅速封闭路口两端，限制车辆的进入。[第一段]     

液氯槽罐车公路运输事故原因分析及建议措施

近年来,液氯槽罐车公路运输事故频发,对社会及环境造成了极大负面影响。本文结合“3.29”液氯泄漏事故等典型事故,从人、车辆及罐体、道路环境和管理四个方面分析归纳了导致液氯槽罐车公路运输事故的主要原因,并提出相应的建议措施。     

石油液化气储配站火灾爆炸危险分析与事故后果评价

对石油液化气储配站火灾爆炸危险因素从危险物质、设计与施工、安全管理等方面进行分析,并进行了重大危险源辨识,对石油液化气泄漏引发蒸气云爆炸事故进行后果评价,并提出了相应的安全对策.     

LNG槽罐车泄漏-燃烧耦合演化特性分析

为分析液化天然气(LNG)槽罐车泄漏燃料着火造成的"泄漏—燃烧—热反馈—槽罐内升温升压—强化泄漏"事故链演化过程,基于我国典型槽罐车工况,构建泄漏-燃烧耦合发展模型,研究泄漏相态、储罐充装率和泄漏孔径对该类泄漏事故演化过程的影响特性。结果表明:液相泄漏时,泄漏速率与燃烧反馈热流之间往往出现正反馈演变,造成LNG储罐内压强突然急剧升高爆炸;低充装率储罐在泄漏初期危险性较高,而高充装率可达储罐峰值压强更大;在一定孔径范围和充装率条件下,储罐内可达峰值压强随孔径的增大而呈减小趋势。     

隧道内槽罐车对甲醇蒸气爆炸压力场影响的数值模拟分析

为了给隧道内甲醇蒸气爆炸事故的应急救援提供理论参考,应用CFD数值模拟方法,在同种槽罐车(尺寸为10 m×2.5 m×3 m)分布间距固定的情况下,研究了隧道内槽罐车数量及其相对点火源位置对甲醇蒸气爆炸压力场的影响规律。研究结果表明:槽罐车的存在使隧道内甲醇蒸气爆炸超压明显增大,爆炸达到最大超压用时减少;爆炸超压峰值随槽罐车数量的增加而增大,当槽罐车数量从0增加到4时,该隧道内甲醇蒸气爆炸超压峰值由89.4 kPa增大到559.4 kPa;当只有1辆槽罐车存在时,槽罐车相对点火源中心的位置可以影响爆炸过程中槽罐车周围压力场的分布,使槽罐车周围压强增大。     

长沙"12.9"重大燃烧爆炸事故反思

2004年12月9日1时,位于长沙市天心区黑石铺车站的危险货物货场,因附近道路施工滑坡导致长沙铁路福联实业有限公司液化气站的丙烷、液化气泄漏,引发重大燃烧爆炸事故.事故中1人死亡,21人受伤,部分铁路设施库房和物资被毁,直接经济损失475万元.     

关注液化石油气槽车泄漏事故

液化石油气槽车是公路运输液化石油气的专用液车。其运输的液化石油气饱和蒸气压高（50℃时为1.6兆帕）闪点、燃点低，爆炸极限范围大约为2%-10%。一量发生泄漏事故，泄漏的液化气能沿地面迅速扩散，在大范围内形成爆炸性混合物，1千克液化气全部气化后体积可达5000升。若以2%浓度计算可组成25立方米爆炸性气体，其爆炸威力相当于10千克TNT炸药的爆炸当量。爆炸形成的冲击波不仅会使建筑物倒塌，而且瞬间形成大体积空间火焰，破坏力极强。近年来液化石油气槽车的泄漏事故时有发生，并给人民群众的生命财产带来了威胁。     

油浸变压器排油注氮装置在500kV变电站的设计与应用

在分析500kV变电站主变压器消防系统的现状,比较3类消防系统优缺点的基础上,详细论述了主变排油注氮装置的结构组成、工作原理、参数计算、控制系统设计以及需要注意的事项等,为下一步排油注氮装置的推广应用打下基础.     

HAZOP结合What-if方法在某延迟焦化装置除焦中的应用

为克服传统危险与可操作性（HAZOP）定性分析方法在复杂操作、间歇作业等过程中使用的局限性,提出在传统HAZOP定性分析方法的基础上结合What-if（故障假设）方法,对人的不安全行为和操作规程不完备所导致的风险后果分析作出补充。详细说明其技术原理、工作流程等使用细节,系统阐述该方法与传统HAZOP定性分析方法的区别,并在某延迟焦化装置的除焦操作的风险分析中应用。经分析,识别出在“给水-泡焦”节点,有“操作规程错误”场景2项,“操作规程不具体”场景1项,不存在“操作人员未按操作规程执行”场景。研究结果表明:本文方法有效且具有较好效果,可以广泛应用于操作规程/作业指导书审查、作业过程隐患排查等方面,帮助企业开展操作层面的风险识别与管理,提升企业的生产安全水平。     

Nighttime pedestrian fatalities: A comprehensive examination of infrastructure,user, vehicle,and situational factors

Introduction: Pedestrian fatalities in the United States increased 45.5% between 2009 and 2017. More than 85% of those additional pedestrian fatalities occurred at night. Method: We examine Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) data for fatal pedestrian crashes that occurred in the dark between 2002 and 2017. Within-variable and before/after examinations of crashes in terms of infrastructure, user, vehicle, and situational characteristics are performed with one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and two-sample t-tests. We model changes in crash characteristic proportions between 2002–2009 and 2010–2017 using linear regressions and test for autocorrelation with Breusch-Godfrey tests. Results: The increase in fatal nighttime pedestrian crashes is most strongly correlated with infrastructure factors: non-intersection unmarked locations (saw 80.8% of additional fatalities); 40–45 mph roads (54.6%); five-lane roads (40.7%); urban (99.7%); and arterials (81.1%). In addition, SUVs were involved in 39.7% of additional fatalities, overrepresenting their share of the fleet. Increased pedestrian alcohol and drug involvement warrant further investigation. The age of pedestrians killed increased more (18.1%) than the national average (3.2%). Conclusions: By identifying factors related to the increase in nighttime pedestrian fatalities, this work constitutes a vital first step in making our streets safer for pedestrians. Practical Applications: More research is needed to understand the efficacy of different solutions, but this paper provides guidance for such future research. Engineering solutions such as road diets or traffic calming may be used to improve identified infrastructure issues by reducing vehicle speeds and road widths. Rethinking vehicle design, especially high front profiles, may improve vehicle issues. However, the problems giving rise to these pedestrian fatalities are likely a result of not only engineering issues but also interrelated social and political factors. Solutions may be correspondingly comprehensive, employing non-linear, systems-based approaches such as Safe Systems.     

潞安矿区煤层渗透率的各向异性特征实验研究

为了研究原位煤体渗透性的各向异性特征,以山西潞安常村矿3号煤层圆柱试样为对象,利用TCQT-Ⅲ型低渗煤层气相驱替增产试验装置,对煤样进行加载,并以氮气注入压力2.0 MPa的条件下,分析垂直层理和平行层理2个方向的煤体变形和渗透率变化特征。实验结果表明:煤样在加载过程中,平行和垂直层理煤样渗透率均随着有效应力的增大而减小,平行层理方向的渗透率始终大于垂直层理方向,应力加载初期渗透率急剧下降,最后逐渐趋于平缓;径向应变的增加量与渗透率呈正相关性,且平行层理相关性大于垂直层理;沿平行层理方向的裂隙度大于沿垂直层理方向,沿垂直层理方向的应变量大于沿平行层理方向;应变增加量均随有效应力的增加而逐渐减小。研究结果可为煤层井网布置及优化提供参考。     

森林地表火蔓延模拟方法及其计算机实现

进行了森林火蔓延的研究,对传统的经验公式和模型进行改进,明显发现改进的模型有更好的结果,用计算机巧妙准确地实现了模拟模型,在风力不是特别大,地形变化不是特别剧烈时,该模型有较高精度;并结合火蔓延的主要因素（气象因子、气候、地形等）,进行系统分析,写出算地,编制实现地表火蔓延的预测预报计算机系统软件。这对于有效的组织扑救、减少火灾损失、计算森林火灾的损失评估有重要意义。     

Footedness and Mounting—Short Review and Two Case Studies

Footedness is a personal quality like handedness. Footedness may be associated with moving ability during mounting, dismounting, and jumping movements. Occupational accidents have occurred during movement at different working levels, during the use of access and exit systems, and during the mounting of vehicles. Aging can also affect accident risk and body laterality. For example, falling accidents on stairs are common among the elderly. One reason for accidents may be that the structure of the access system or stair system is unsuitable for individual moving patterns depending partly on body laterality. Footedness and the way the feet are used may be contradictory to the demands of the moving situation, especially during uncommon or rapid situations. This contradiction may trigger disturbance during moving. The aims of this pilot study were (a) to review the literature briefly and (b) to describe the use of the dominant and nondominant foot by farmers and the elderly when mounting a tractor and stairs, respectively. The study also gives ideas for future studies based on both (a) and (b).     

AHP与GA-SVM耦合模型在滑坡预警中的应用*

为了减少滑坡造成的损失,提高滑坡预测的准确性,通过搭建灾害模拟平台获得滑坡的实验数据,在获得多组模拟实验数据后,分析各变量的特性。首先,通过层次分析(Analytic Hierarchy Process,AHP)算法,对滑坡进行危险度划分;然后,通过支持向量机(Support Vector Machine,SVM)建立模型,遗传算法(Genetic Algorithm,GA)再优化SVM参数,提出1种层次分析法与GA-SVM相耦合的模型。研究结果表明:AHP方法划分后的数据,通过GA与SVM结合建立的模型精度较好,实验预测结果与实际结果较为吻合,与单一SVM相比,精度更高,结果更好,更加适用于多变量的复杂非线性滑坡预警。     

Debunking the false dichotomy of leadership idealism and pragmatism: Critical evaluation and support of newer genre leadership theories

Leadership theories have shifted over the last few decades from a focus on managerial functions and economic leader–follower exchanges toward greater focus on the interpersonal dynamics occurring within the leadership process. Theories such as transformational, ethical, authentic, and other “newer genre” theories were created to address neglected topics such as leader vision and inspirational messages, transparency, emotional effects, morality, individualized attention, and intellectual stimulation. Critiques of these theories, however, have been raised. In this paper, we address five of those critiques and argue for the validity and practical effectiveness of the new genre theories. Further, we describe how newer genre leadership research should be viewed as a performative epistemology, entailing a process of co‐creation involving scholars and practitioners. Finally, from this view, we provide general ideas for leader development. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Occupational Safety and Health in Finland

In Finland, occupational safety is the responsibility of the employer, while the occupational safety and health laws are enforced by the Labour Inspection Service, an organization of the state. The Labour Inspection is divided in 11 administrative districts, and it employs 360 professionals. They are mandated to carry out site visits without prearranged appointments to inspect safe work situations, working hours, construction safety, or any aspect of accident risks. The inspectors are also mandated to verify the existence of sufficient occupational health services as prescribed by the Occupational Health Services Act for all employees. The occupational health services are typically provided by enterprise-owned medical departments, by mutually owned health care centers, by private practitioners, or by municipal health care centers. The latter are required by law to provide all services as prescribed by the legislation to anyone who comes to the facility. This situation is prevalent in the countryside, where there are very few private caregiving centers. Declaring occupational accidents and disease cases is mandatory, and the Inspection districts examine all accidents to establish causes and consequences, and to initiate prosecution in case of criminal negligence. Labour Inspection Districts are also notified of the new occupational disease cases as they are declared to insurance companies. Insurance for occupational disease, accidents, and death is an obligation of the employer, although they can choose the insurance company. The medical confidentiality between the workers and their occupational health care providers is very strict. Official statistics are maintained by the state Statistics Finland organization, and they may be used, for example, for research purposes by scientific institutes like the Finnish Institute of Occupational Health. Construction industry accounts for 25% of all fatal accidents (120 cases per 1 million working hours), followed by mechanical, wood, metal, machinery, and pulp and paper industry (10% each of fatal accidents) with rates ranging from 100–160 cases per 1 million working hours. There are some 5,000 occupational disease cases per year (rate 22/10,000 employed). The major disease categories include repetitive strain injuries (1,300 cases), respiratory allergies (600 cases), occupational skin diseases (1,000 cases), and 900 cases of noise-caused hearing loss. In 1998, 589 cases of asbestos-related diseases were reported.     

公路隧道火灾逃生疏散研究

以苍岭隧道为背景,首先采用经验计算理论和计算软件building EXODUS相结合的方式,从被困人员的安全疏散时间、高温烟气的影响、隧道横通道的利用率以及人员的疏散行为特性进行了研究。结果表明:中小规模火灾情况下的安全疏散时间控制在8 min之内,高温烟气影响不大,但横通道的利用率不平均,且人员疏散路线相对集中。然后对存在的逃生疏散问题提出针对性建议以及其他相关建议,旨在为更大程度降低事故的严重性和经济财产损失。