平菇原生质体的高效制备及再生优化条件

以杂优1号平菇为出发菌株,对其原生质体制备、再生的各关键因子及条件进行比较研究,结果表明,其原生质体制备的优化条件为:以0.6 mol/L MgSO4为稳渗剂配制浓度为15 mg/mL新鲜溶壁酶液,菌丝与酶液比w/V=1mg:8μL,取培养6 d的菌丝200 mg,自然pH下28℃小平板酶解6 h,原生质体得率可达2.80×107个/mL.原生质体再生实验结果表明,50 U/mL链霉素能有效控制平菇原生质体再生的杂菌污染.孟加拉红对平菇原生质体再生具强抑制作用,抑制率达93%.进一步研究证实,0.6 mol/L的MsSO4、KCI等无机盐稳渗剂对原生质体制备的得率较高,而0.6 mol/L的蔗糖作为稳渗剂的平菇原生质体再生率较高.图4表3参23     

红豆杉内生真菌发酵培养基和原生质体制备酶系统的筛选

在对红豆杉内生真菌(Ozoniumsp.)适生碳源、氮源和生长情况研究的基础上,通过正交试验筛选了其发酵培养基和原生质体制备的酶系统;用L9(34)安排了四因素三水平并考虑交互作用的正交试验,对实验结果进行了分析.结果表明,最优的发酵培养基为果糖1%、蔗糖1%、蛋白胨0.2%、酵母粉0.5%、KH2PO40.5%、MgSO4·7H2O0.3%、VB10.001%;分离原生质体的最优酶系统为1.5%溶壁酶 0.5%蜗牛酶 1.5%纤维素酶 1.0%溶菌酶;用此酶系统在30℃条件下酶解3h,原生质体的产量达6.55×107个/mL酶液;经荧光素二醋酸酯(FDA)染色评估原生质体活力,表明该条件下分离的原生质体活力较高,原生质体的再生率为2.56%.该研究为利用生物技术手段改良紫杉醇生产菌奠定了基础.图6表4参32     

鞭式节丛孢(Arthrobotrys flagrans CBS583.91)对氯化钠和氯化镉的耐受性

首次报道了鞭式节丛孢的氯化钠和氯化镉耐受性,在查氏平板上培养39d，鞭式节丛孢对氯化钠的最高耐受浓度为0．6mol L^-1，对氯化镉的最高耐受浓度为3．0mmol L^-1；在LCMA平板上，0．18mol L^-1氯化钠抑制三维菌网的形成，0．30mol L^-1氯化钠抑制厚垣孢子的萌发，0．05mmol L^-1氯化镉抑制三维菌网形成，0．07mmol L^-1氯化镉抑制厚垣孢子萌发．图1表3参8     

制备和再生方式对半焦吸附剂烟气脱硝性能的影响

以廉价的半焦为原料,利用半焦改性活化后具有孔网结构丰富、吸附催化性能好,且机械强度高等优良特性制备半焦吸附剂,采用固定床反应器进行烟气脱硝性能评价,并借助BET和TEM等手段研究影响脱硝性能的主要因素.结果表明,高压水热活化和硝酸氧化高温热处理两种改性制备方式以及热脱附、水洗和氨水洗等再生方式都能够显著影响半焦吸附剂的表面物性和脱硝性能.     

链格孢菌毒素细交链孢菌酮酸对蚕豆根尖细胞微核和有丝分裂的影响

利用蚕豆根尖为材料,研究了链格孢菌毒素细交链孢菌酮酸对细胞微核和有丝分裂的影响,以评价其细胞遗传毒性.结果表明,当浓度为12.5～50μg/mL时,细交链孢菌酮酸对蚕豆根尖细胞微核率和有丝分裂指数不产生显著影响,微核率低于3‰,有丝分裂指数超过9.5%.浓度升高到100～400μg/mL时,细交链孢菌酮酸使蚕豆根尖细胞微核率显著升高,有丝分裂指数显著下降,其中,400μg/mL时,微核率高达36.01‰,有丝分裂指数仅为1.90%.当细交链孢菌酮酸浓度为12.5～100μg/mL时,与对照相比,蚕豆根尖细胞多核仁率无显著差异,多核仁率低于3‰;浓度升高到200～400μg/mL时,细胞多核仁率显著升高,400μg/mL时,多核仁率高达26.10‰.     

基于放射性碳分析的多环芳烃源解析:技术进展和准确性评估

化石燃料燃烧和生物质燃烧是污染物多环芳烃(polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon,PAHs)的两大来源.放射性碳(14C)分析近年用于评估这两类源对环境中PAHs的相对贡献.此方法基于化石燃料和生物质的14C含量差异,即化石燃料不含14C,而生物质的14C浓度有一个较稳定值.14C的自然丰度极低(约10-12),因此检测PAHs这样的痕量污染物的14C含量一度极具挑战.1990年代中期,加速器质谱的技术突破使得对环境样品PAHs的14C分析具有实用价值.要准确测出PAHs的14C含量,须先从化学成分复杂的环境样品中分离出高纯度的PAHs.制备气相色谱因其出色的分离能力而成为目前环境样品PAHs14C分析必备的工具.本文意在简介基于14C分析的PAHs源解析的基本原理、技术进展,以及评估该方法获得的PAHs源解析结果的准确性.     

Modelling the formation of biogenic iodine in marine aerosols

Models for the formation of biogenic iodine in marine aerosols have been proposed in the literature. Here, we analyse the possible species and reactions that could occur in the proposed models. We calculate the enthalpies of formation for the species and the enthalpies of corresponding reactions. We propose a modified model using iodous acid (HOIO) and reactions that are particularly suited to humid conditions.Selected article from the Regional Symposium on Chemistry and Environment, Krusevac, Serbia, June 2003, organised by Dr. Branimir Jovancicevic     

PVC纤维棉上生物膜的形成及其硝化性能研究

研究了一种纺织工业原料PVC纤维棉用作生物膜法载体时促进生物膜形成的影响因子及硝化膜的硝化性能。生物膜形成过程中,生物膜上有机物的存在有利于纤维棉上亚硝化单胞菌的“成熟”,生物膜完成第一步“成熟”所需的时间为13～15d。一定水平的磷酸盐有利于纤维棉上硝化杆菌的“成熟”,保持磷酸盐质量浓度0.3mg·L-1以上,生物膜完成第二步“成熟”只需24～26d,比对照组提早5～6d“成熟”。“成熟”PVC纤维棉上异养细菌在(4.8～7.2)×105CFU·cm-3,亚硝化单胞菌在(2～2.3)×105CFU·cm-3,硝化杆菌在(6.4～8.6)×104CFU·cm-3。“成熟”PVC纤维棉在遇到氨氮负荷冲击时,氨氮降解和亚硝酸氮降解是不同步的,存在时滞,导致临时的高水平亚硝酸盐现象。“成熟”PVC纤维棉25℃的最大氨氮去除速率和最大亚硝酸氮去除速率分别为(269.4±4.82)mg·m-2·h-1、(168.1±13.1)mg·m-2·h-1。     

人工湿地磷吸附饱和基质的化学再生研究

长期处理了生活污水后的人工湿地基质对磷素的吸附会达到饱和,通过化学浸提方法,研究了2种无机酸（盐酸和硫酸）,酸和碱（盐酸和氢氧化钠溶液）对饱和吸附磷基质的释磷效果以及再生后基质吸附磷效果。结果表明：盐酸和硫酸对基质释磷的差异性不大,硫酸的释磷效果略好于盐酸,对3种基质的释磷效果几乎都大于80%;碱对砂和煤渣释磷效果好,对高炉渣释磷效果差,但经碱再生后的高炉渣、砂基质对磷素的吸收率极高,磷素初始浓度在1～50mg·L-1范围内时,吸收率在95.18%～99.04%范围内,对基质的再生能力好,而经碱再生后的煤渣基质对磷素的吸收率却很低,吸收率不超过21.14%。     

Effects of perfluorooctane sulfonate on behavioural activity,regeneration and antioxidant enzymes in planarian Dugesia japonica

Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) is a persistent organic pollutant and has been found to be the predominant perfluorinated chemicals (PFCs) in the environment. In the present study, planarian Dugesia japonica is employed to investigate the toxicity of this compound. The behavioural activity, survival, regeneration and antioxidant enzyme activities of the D. japonica exposed to PFOS were investigated. The results showed that the planarian D. japonica is very sensitive to low concentration pollutants including PFOS and suitable for toxicological bioassays. PFOS has severe toxicity in inducing oxidative stress, regeneration and development toxicity in planarians. The toxicity is indicated by reduced planarian locomotor velocity (pLMV), reduced appearance of auricles in regenerating animals, changed in antioxidant enzyme SOD and CAT activities. The information presented in this study will help elucidating the PFOS-induced toxicity in aquatic organisms.     

Pattern formation and individual-based models: The importance of understanding individual-based movement

This paper demonstrates that while pattern formation can stabilize individual-based models of predator–prey systems, the same individual-based models also allow for stabilization by alternate mechanisms, particularly localized consumption or diffusion limitation. The movement rules of the simulation are the critical feature which determines which of these mechanisms stabilizes any particular predator–prey individual-based model. In particular, systems from well-connected subpopulations, in each of which a predator can attack any prey, generally exhibit stabilization by pattern formation. In contrast, when restricted movement within a (sub-)population limits the ability of predators to consume prey, localized consumption or diffusion limitation can stabilize the system. Thus while the conclusions from differential equations on the role of pattern formation for stability may apply to discrete and noisy systems, it will take a detailed understanding of movement and scales of interaction to examine the role of pattern formation in real systems. Additionally, it will be important to link an understanding of both foraging and inter-patch movement, since by analogy to the models, both would be critical for understanding how real systems are stabilized by being discrete and spatial.     

几种不同更新的森林群落碳储量结构特征分析

森林更新是维持和扩大森林资源的主要途径,也是森林结构调整、森林可持续经营和构建多功能高效的森林生态系统的过程。在安徽南部的岭南林场,选择了马尾松（Pinus massoniana Lamb）人工林（MP）、杉木（Cunninghamia lanceolata）人工林（CF）、阔叶混交天然次生林（MB）和针阔混交人工次生林（MN）等4种具有典型代表性的森林群落类型,研究了不同更新方式形成的森林群落的碳储量结构特征。结果表明：（1）针阔混交次生林树干生物量密度最大,为（67.32±56.57）mg.hm-2,杉木人工林生物量密度最小,为（43.79±9.13）mg.hm-2,而马尾松树干生物量所占比例最大,为（64.04±1.49）%。阔叶混交次生林碳储量最高,为（126.47±90.75）mg.hm-2;（2）4种群落类型中,阔叶混交林与马尾松群落碳密度最大,分别为95.67和98.21mg.hm-2,杉木群落碳密度最小,为55.41 mg.hm-2。阔叶混交林中的灌木层生物量碳密度最大,为（17.438±24.627）mg hm-2,马尾松林的草本层和枯落层生物量碳密度最高,分别为（1.326±0.431）、（5.517±2.846）mg.hm-2;（3）阔叶混交林群落的地下碳储量最高,为（10.5±9.8）mg.hm-2,群落地下碳储量从大到小的顺序是阔叶混交林〉针阔混交林〉杉木林〉马尾松林。相应的群落地上碳储量从大到小的顺序是阔叶混交林〉针阔混交林〉马尾松林〉杉木林。杉木林根茎比（R/S）最大,为0.21±0.01,杉木林群落中的灌木层根茎比（R/S）最大,为1.61±0.11;（4）在阔叶混交林中,株数密度与乔木层、草本层的碳比例正相关。在杉木林群落中,平均胸径、株数密度与乔木层碳所占比例成负相关。除杉木林群落外,灌木层碳含量之比与胸径及密度等调查因子都呈负相关。     

Dispersal, pair formation and social structure in gibbons (Hylobates lar)

We report observations on reproduction, natal dispersal, pair formation, and group structure based on longitudinal observations of several white-handed gibbon (Hylobates lar) groups spanning 18 years. Our observations are at odds with the traditional view that gibbons live in nuclear family groups consisting of a pair of adults and their offspring, and that parents exclude young from the family territory when they reach adult size. In the relatively dense Khao Yai study population, dispersing young usually obtain mates by replacing adults in existing territories, which creates non-nuclear families. Six subadults, five males and one female, matured and dispersed at an average age of 10 years, or about 2 years after reaching adult size. Average natal dispersal distance was 710 m, or between one and two territories away. At least two dispersing males replaced adults in neighboring groups. In one case, forcible displacement of the resident male resulted in a group which included a young juvenile presumably fathered by the previous male, two younger juveniles (probably brothers) from the new male's original group, and (later) offspring of the new pair. Social relations within this heterogeneous group remained harmonious: the adults groomed all the young and play occurred between all preadult members. In only two out of a total of seven cases of dispersal seen did two subadults pair and disperse into new territorial space. Nonreproducing subadults which delay dispersal may be tolerated by the adults provided that they contribute benefits to the adults or their offspring. Possible benefits include behaviors such as grooming, social play with juveniles, and support of the adult male in defending the territory. Delayed dispersal is probably advantageous in a saturated environment where there is no room for floaters, but subadults may also gain indirect fitness benefits by aiding siblings and other relatives. Received: 24 January 1997 / Accepted after revision: 12 January 1998     

丽水小盆地型城市酸雨现状及成因分析

根据浙江省丽水市 1 986— 2 0 0 2年酸雨监测数据 ,对该市酸雨污染的现状特征及成因进行了分析。结果表明 ,丽水市酸雨污染严重 ,并呈逐年加重的趋势。冬、春季酸雨率高 ,降水 pH值低 ;降水的主要离子SO42 -与NO-3比值逐年下降 ,说明大气污染有从煤烟型转为煤烟型与机动车尾气混合型的趋势 ;煤耗量、地型地貌特点、低空逆温层频率、地面弱风频率对酸雨率和降水 pH值有明显的影响。     

Groundwater resources at risk in the glaciofluvial formation of Jokkavaara in Rovaniemi area, Northern Finland

The best groundwater resources in Finland are generally situated in glaciofluvial formations with thick sand and gravel deposits. The glaciofluvial formation of Jokkavaara, in northern Finland near the town of Rovaniemi, is important for both its groundwater reserves and its sand and gravel resources. The groundwater and mineral resources of Jokkavaara was studied to define their quantity and quality, and to develop a land-use plan which would help civil servants of the municipality to make the decisions necessary for exploiting sand and gravel. The land-use plan shows the areas where exploiting mineral resources is not allowed or recommended because of the risks of contamination of groundwater, or because of injurious effects on the environment caused by noise and dust from gravel pits, or by spoilt landscape. The size of Jokkavaara is 5 km2, and its mineral resources are about 53 million cubic metres. The sand and gravel deposits are at the most, 50 m thick. Risks of contamination by fallout are small, due to the thick sand and gravel deposits above groundwater level. Exploiting mineral resources have no effect on groundwater quality either. By the land-use plan and legislation, good groundwater can also be protected in the future. Legislation limits the exploitation of mineral resources especially in groundwater areas.