中国环境管理体系认证指导委员会关于加强环境管理体系认证工作的若干意见

２００１年８月１日,中国环境管理体系认证指导委员会以环指委２００１１号文件,向各委员单位,各省、自治区、直辖市环境保护局厅,各环境管理体系咨询、认证机构,各有关单位发出“关于加强环境管理体系认证工作的若干意见”,意见指出ＩＳＯ１４０００环境管理系列标准的引入和实施,为全面提高企业的环境管理水平,增强公众的环境意识发挥了积极作用。我国政府按照国务院办公厅１９９７２７号文件要求,遵循国际惯例,并结合中国实际,建立了国家权威性环境管理体系认证认可制度。在不同类型的组织中开展了环境管理体系认证工作,为减…     

欧盟委员会接受ISO14001等标准

1997年4月，欧盟委员会召开会议，同意接受ISO14000系列标准中已颁布的一系列核心标准（ISO14001标准等），承认获得ISO14001标准认证的企业，其环境管理体系多数要素符合欧盟《环境保护管理审核规则》（简称EMAS）法规的要求。这些企业如进行EMAS注册，还需进一步符合一系列其它要求，但只需针对部分要素进行相对简单的审核。1997年6月，欧洲标准化组织（CEN）公布了一份EMAS法规与ISO14001标准的对比技术报告以及一份咨询性文件。这份被称为“桥梁”的咨询性文件将会着重推出，已获得ISO14001标准认证企业在进行EMAS注册时…     

建立ISO 14001 / ISO 9001一体化管理体系

建立ISO14001／ISO9001环境／质量一体化管理体系是企业管理体系的发展方向。文章从建立ISO14001／ISO9001环境／质量一体化管理体系的优势、途径、文件结构内容、建议的环境／质量手册目次以及必要的程序文件清单等方面进行了总结、介绍。     

ISO14000系列标准及其实施

本文从ISO14000系列标准的起源、标准的制定、标准的构成、标准的特点对ISO14000系列标准进行了全面介绍,阐述了我国实施ISO14000系列标准的必要性和组织如何实施环境管理体系,介绍了环境管理体系的认证和EMS审核员的要求,供读者对ISO14000系列标准有一全面的了解。     

企业可持续发展与ISO14000环境管理体系标准初探

本文主要讨论了企业可持续发展与ISO14000环境管理体系标准的关系。该文分析了企业可持续发展的问题,介绍了ISO14000环境管理体系标准的内涵,指出了ISO14000环境管理体系标准是企业实现可持续发展的基础。     

国家环境保护总局关于2001年中国环境管理体系咨询机构备案的公告

国家环境保护总局于２００１于１２月５日以环发犤２００１犦１８９号文件发出“关于２００１年中国环境管理体系咨询机构备案的公告”，公告指出：根据《中国环境管理体系咨询机构备案暂行管理规定》，经评审合格，辽宁省环境管理体系认证咨询中心等６７家咨询机构获得国家环境保护总局中国环境管理体系咨询机构备案资格，在全国范围内开展环境管理体系咨询工作。国家环境保护总局关于2001年中国环境管理体系咨询机构备案的公告     

国际标准化组织积极探索ISO 9000与ISO 14000实现一体化管理之路

大约10年前，世界各国的许多组织开始使用由国际标准化组织质量管理与质量保证技术委员会（ISO／TC176）制订的ISO9000族标准来建立和保持其质量体系。而1996年，第一批环境管理体系和环境管理审核标准的颁布，又为组织提供了新的管理工具来管理环境问题。作为管理体系标准，ISO14001标准和ISO9000族中的质量体系标准有着许多共同之处，ISO14001标准中指出“本标准与ISO9000系列质量体系标准遵循共同的管理体系原则，组织可选取一个与ISO9000系列标准相符的现行管理体系，作为其环境管理体系的基础。”但是，也要看到，由于管理目…     

我国制定环境管理国家系列标准

国家技术监督局近日公布了我国等同采用环境管理国际标准（ISO1400系列国际标准）的五项国家标准。即“环境管理体系一规范及使用指南”、“环境管理体系一原则、体系和支撑技术通用指南”、“环境审核一通用原则”、“环境审核一环境管理体系审核”和“环境审核一审核员的资格要求”。以上标准自1997年4月1日起实施。“ISO14000系列国际标准”是联合国国际标准化组织环境标准化技术委员会于1996年9月1日颁布的，它提供了一整套以预防为主，减少和消除环境污染的管理办法。这些标准的实施，不仅可以帮助企业实现从产品设计到产品消亡的全…     

对建立石油企业HSE管理体系的几点建议

针对目前石油企业在建立ＨＳＥ管理体系中遇到的一些实际问题,文章就体系的结构、ＨＳＥ系列标准的完善、体系文件的编制及管理体系的审核等问题进行了讨论,并对今后石油企业ＨＳＥ管理体系的建立提出一些建议。     

国家环境保护局科技标准司发出《关于加强环境管理体系认证与咨询工作管理的通知》

为加强环境管理体系认证工作的管理，根据《国务院办公厅关于中国环境管理体系认证指导委员会有关问题的复函》（国办函【1997】27号）精神，国家环境保护局科技标准司于1997年8月5日发出了（关于加强环境管理体系认证与咨询工作管理的通知》（环科发【1997）74号）。通知指出，我国实施ISO14000环境管理系列标准，开展环境管理体系认证工作，必须在中国环境管理体系认证指导委员会（以下简称指导委员会）的统一组织部署下进行，各有关部门和单位要密切配合，不得各行其是，另搞一套。指导委员会的日常工作由国家环境保护局科技标准司承担…     

Conversion of temperate forests into heaths: Role of ecosystem disturbance and ericaceous plants

Fire and logging in nutrient-poor temperate forests with certain ericaceous understory plants may convert the forests into heaths. The process of disturbance-induced heath formation is documented by using examples ofCalluna in western Europe,Kalmia in Newfoundland, andGaultheria (salal) in coastal British Columbia. In a cool, temperate climate, rapid vegetative growth ofCalluna, Kalmia, and salal following disturbance results in increasing organic accumulation (paludification), nutrient sequestration, soil acidification, and allelochemicals. These are thought to be the main reasons to conifer regeneration failure in disturbed habitats. If continuation in forest is a land-use objective, then temperate forests with an ericaceous understory should not be logged unless effective silvicultural methods are devised to control the ericaceous plants and restore forest regeneration. Preharvest vegetation control may be considered as an option. Failure to control the understory plants may lead to a long-term vegetation shift, from forest to heathland, particularly in nutrient-poor sites. Successful methods of controllingKalmia andGaultheria, however, have yet to be developed. While theKalmia- andGaultheria- dominated heathlands are undesirable in Canada and the Pacific Northwest, a wide range ofCalluna heathlands of western Europe are being conserved as natural and seminatural vegetation.     

AN APPLICATION RUNOFF MODEL STRATEGY FOR UNGAGED WATERSHEDS1

ABSTRACT: Mathematical models for predicting watershed surface flow responses are available, most of which are elaborate nonlinear numerical surface and channel flow models linked with infiltration models. Such models may be used to make predictions for ungaged areas, assuming an acceptable fitting of the model to the topography and roughness of the real system. For some application purposes, these models are impractical because of their complexity and expensive computer solutions. A procedure is developed that uses a complex model of an ungaged area to derive a simpler parametric nonlinear system model for repetitious simulation with input sequences. The predicted flow outputs are obtained with the simpler model at significant savings of money and time. The procedures for constructing a complex kinematic model of a 40 acre (161,880 m²) reference watershed and deriving the simpler system model are outlined. The results of predictions from both models are compared with a selected set of measured events, all having essentially the same initial conditions. Peak discharges ranged from 3 to 118 ft³/sec (0.085 to 3.34 m³/sec), which includes the largest event of record. The inherent limitations of lumped systems models are demonstrated, including the bias caused by their inability to model infiltration losses after rainfall ceases. Computer costs and times for the models were compared. The derived simple model has a cost advantage when repeated use of a model is required. Such an applications hydrologic model has an engineering tradeoff of reduced accuracy, and lumping bias, but is more economical for certain design purposes.     

Urban ecological systems: scientific foundations and a decade of progress

Urban ecological studies, including focus on cities, suburbs, and exurbs, while having deep roots in the early to mid 20th century, have burgeoned in the last several decades. We use the state factor approach to highlight the role of important aspects of climate, substrate, organisms, relief, and time in differentiating urban from non-urban areas, and for determining heterogeneity within spatially extensive metropolitan areas. In addition to reviewing key findings relevant to each state factor, we note the emergence of tentative "urban syndromes" concerning soils, streams, wildlife and plants, and homogenization of certain ecosystem functions, such as soil organic carbon dynamics. We note the utility of the ecosystem approach, the human ecosystem framework, and watersheds as integrative tools to tie information about multiple state factors together. The organismal component of urban complexes includes the social organization of the human population, and we review key modes by which human populations within urban areas are differentiated, and how such differentiation affects environmentally relevant actions. Emerging syntheses in land change science and ecological urban design are also summarized. The multifaceted frameworks and the growing urban knowledge base do however identify some pressing research needs.     

Neighbourhood characteristics and urban gardens in the Toledo metropolitan area: staffing and voluntarism,food production,infrastructure, and sustainability practices

Urban gardens are important sources of sustenance for communities with limited access to food. Hence, this study focuses on food production in gardens in the Toledo metropolitan area in Northwest Ohio. We administered surveys to 150 garden managers from November 2014 to February 2015 in our attempt to better understand how neighbourhood racial composition and poverty levels are related to staffing and voluntarism, food production and distribution, the development of infrastructure, and the adoption of sustainability practices in urban gardens. The results from 30 gardens are presented in this paper. We used Geographic Information Systems to map the gardens and overlay the map with 2010 census data so that we could conduct demographic analyses of the neighbourhoods in which the gardens were located. Though the gardens were small – two acres or less – up to 46 varieties of food were grown in a single garden. Gardens also operated on small budgets. Food from the gardens was gifted or shared with friends, family, and neighbourhood residents. Gardens in predominantly minority neighbourhoods tended to have fewer institutional partners, less garden infrastructure, and had adopted fewer sustainable practices than gardens in predominantly White neighbourhoods. Nonetheless, residents of predominantly minority and high-poverty neighbourhoods participated in garden activities and influenced garden operations. Volunteering and staffing were racialised and gendered.     

Using Paleo Reconstructions to Improve Streamflow Forecast Lead Time in the Western United States

In water stressed regions, water managers are exploring new horizons that would help in long‐range streamflow forecasts. Oceanic‐atmospheric oscillations have been shown to influence streamflow variability. In this study, long‐lead time streamflow forecasts are made using a multiclass kernel‐based data‐driven support vector machine (SVM) model. The extended streamflow records based on tree ring reconstructions were used to provide a longer time series data. Reconstructed data were used from 1658 to 1952 and the instrumental record was used from 1953 to 2007. Reconstructions for oceanic‐atmospheric oscillations included the El Niño‐Southern Oscillation, Pacific Decadal Oscillation, Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation, and North Atlantic Oscillation. Streamflow forecasts using all four oscillations were made with one‐year to five‐year lead times for 21 gages in the western United States. This is the first study that uses both instrumental and reconstructed data of oscillations in SVM model to improve streamflow forecast lead time. SVM model was able to provide “satisfactory” to “very good” forecasts with one‐ to five‐year lead time for the selected gages. The use of all the oscillation indices helped in achieving better predictability compared to using individual oscillations. The SVM modeling results are better when compared with multiple linear regression model forecasts. The findings are statistical in nature and are expected to be useful for long‐term water resources planning and management.     

Predicting deer-vehicle collisions in an urban area

Collisions with deer and other large animals are increasing, and the resulting economic costs and risks to public safety have made mitigation measures a priority for both city and wildlife managers. We created landscape models to describe and predict deer-vehicle collision (DVCs) within the City of Edmonton, Alberta. Models based on roadside characteristics revealed that DVCs occurred frequently where roadside vegetation was both denser and more diverse, and that DVCs were more likely to occur when the groomed width of roadside right-of-ways was smaller. No DVCs occurred where the width of the vegetation-free or manicured roadside buffer was greater than 40 m. Landscape-based models showed that DVCs were more likely in more heterogeneous landscapes where road densities were lower and speed limits were higher, and where non-forested vegetation such as farmland was in closer proximity to larger tracts of forest. These models can help wildlife and transportation managers to identify locations of high collision frequency for mitigation. Modifying certain landscape and roadside habitats can be an effective way to reduce deer-vehicle collisions.     

MANGANESE CYCLE IN IMPOUNDMENT WATER

Manganese entering impounded water will undergo a cyclic transformation. Oxidation precipitates manganese from top waters. At the bottom of the lake, biological activity will render manganese soluble by both intracellular as well as extracellular activity. The study was made to demonstrate that biological reduction and transformation, organometallic complexation, together with the presence of carbon dioxide and the lowering of pH all have some effect on the solubility of manganese. Dissolved manganese may be brought back to top waters during the lake overturn and therefore deteriorates the water quality.     

Biodiversity and biotechnology

The maintenance of biodiversity is urged from many quarters and on grounds ranging from aesthetic considerations to its usefulness, particularly for biotechnology. But regardless of the grounds for preserving biodiversity, writers are generally in agreement that it should be preserved. But, in examining the various references biodiversity, such as species diversity, genetic diversity, and habitat diversity, it is apparent that we cannot aim to preserve biodiversityas such, since there are a number of conflicts in any such undertaking. In preserving one aspect of biodiversity, we damage another aspect. Five arguments which attempt to ground our moral concern for biodiversity are reviewed and critiqued, not only for their consistency but also for their power to move us to action. The final section of the paper shows how conflicts in the values of personal and environmental health can impair ethical action and especially policy formation.An earlier version of this paper was read at the conference on Agriculture, Food, and Human Values: Tradition and Change, Orlando, Florida, October 7–9, 1987.     

Surface applied water treatment residuals affect bioavailable phosphorus losses in Florida sands

Water treatment residuals (WTR) can reduce runoff P loss and surface co-application of P-sources and WTR is a practical way of land applying the residuals. In a rainfall simulation study, we evaluated the effects of surface co-applied P-sources and an Al-WTR on runoff and leacheate bioavailable P (BAP) losses from a Florida sand. Four P-sources, namely poultry manure, Boca Raton biosolids (high water-soluble P), Pompano biosolids (moderate water-soluble P), and triple super phosphate (TSP) were surface applied at 56 and 224kgPha(-1) (by weight) to represent low and high soil P loads typical of P- and N-based amendments rates. The treatments further received surface applied WTR at 0 or 10gWTRkg(-1) soil. BAP loss masses were greater in leachate (16.4-536mg) than in runoff (0.91-46mg), but were reduced in runoff and leachate by surface applied WTR. Masses of total BAP lost in the presence of surface applied WTR were less than approximately 75% of BAP losses in the absence of WTR. Total BAP losses from each of the organic sources applied at N-based rates were not greater than P loss from TSP applied at a P-based rate. The BAP loss at the N-based rate of moderate water-soluble P-source (Pompano biosolids) was not greater than BAP losses at the P-based rates of other organic sources tested. The hazards of excess P from applying organic P-sources at N-based rates are not greater than observed at P-based rates of mineral fertilizer. Results suggest that management of the environmental P hazards associated with N-based rates of organic materials in Florida sands is possible by either applying P-sources with WTR or using a moderate water-soluble P-source.     

Sources and Transport of Phosphorus to Rivers in California and Adjacent States,U.S., as Determined by SPARROW Modeling

The SPARROW (SPAtially Referenced Regression on Watershed attributes) model was used to simulate annual phosphorus loads and concentrations in unmonitored stream reaches in California, U.S., and portions of Nevada and Oregon. The model was calibrated using de‐trended streamflow and phosphorus concentration data at 80 locations. The model explained 91% of the variability in loads and 51% of the variability in yields for a base year of 2002. Point sources, geological background, and cultivated land were significant sources. Variables used to explain delivery of phosphorus from land to water were precipitation and soil clay content. Aquatic loss of phosphorus was significant in streams of all sizes, with the greatest decay predicted in small‐ and intermediate‐sized streams. Geological sources, including volcanic rocks and shales, were the principal control on concentrations and loads in many regions. Some localized formations such as the Monterey shale of southern California are important sources of phosphorus and may contribute to elevated stream concentrations. Many of the larger point source facilities were located in downstream areas, near the ocean, and do not affect inland streams except for a few locations. Large areas of cultivated land result in phosphorus load increases, but do not necessarily increase the loads above those of geological background in some cases because of local hydrology, which limits the potential of phosphorus transport from land to streams.