铜铁共掺杂TiO2/膨润土光催化剂的制备及光催化性能

以溶胶-凝胶法、液相沉淀法和机械混合法制备了Cu-Fe双金属掺杂的TiO2/膨润土复合光催化剂,采用XRD、FTIR对其进行了结构表征,以紫外光和可见光催化降解直接天蓝染料废水为模型,考察了制备方法对催化剂光催化性能的影响。结果表明:各催化剂中均有锐钛矿型TiO2生成,且部分TiO2进入了膨润土的蒙脱石层间,改变了其层间的有序性,生成了Ti—O—Si键,实现了TiO2粒子与膨润土的复合。溶胶-凝胶法制备的催化剂中TiO2与膨润土的复合程度最高,Cu2+和Fe3+成功掺入了TiO2晶格,形成了复合半导体,拓宽了TiO2的光谱响应范围,使该催化剂表现出最优的光催化活性,并且该催化剂性能稳定,易于沉降分离,经高温活化再生后仍具有良好的催化活性,可重复多次使用,表现出良好的再生性能。     

Ag_x/Zn_((1-x))BiVO_4光催化氧化罗丹明B废水研究

为更好地处理色度高,有机污染物浓度大,可生化性差的染料废水,采用自制的Ag_x/Zn_((1-x))BiVO_4为光催化剂,氙灯为光源,研究了催化剂Ag_x/Zn_((1-x))BiVO_4对可溶性染料罗丹明B废水的光催化降解情况.试验考察了Ag与Zn的不同配比、催化剂用量、溶液的pH值和光照时间等对罗丹明B光催化降解过程的影响,并对反应动力学做了初步探讨.结果表明,模拟太阳光照射下,罗丹明B质量浓度为5 mg/L、催化剂(Ag_x/Zn_((1-x))BiVO_4)用量为1 g/L、pH值为2.0、反应时间为30 min条件下,罗丹明B的脱色率达99.7%.与P_(25)-TiO_2催化剂对罗丹明B废水的降解情况进行了比较研究,表明Ag_(0.6)/Zn_(0.4)BiVO_4具有较好的光催化活性,可用于染料类废水的处理.动力学拟合结果表明,该光催化反应近似为一级动力学,其动力学方程为y=-3.06353-0.02146x.     

Cu-ZnO/膨润土的制备及光催化降解甲基橙废水性能

以溶胶-凝胶法制备了Cu-Zn O/膨润土复合光催化剂,用XRD和FTIR对其结构进行了表征。以光催化降解甲基橙为探针反应,研究了焙烧温度、催化剂用量、反应时间、溶液p H值及光照条件等因素对光催化反应性能的影响。结果表明,在Cu-Zn O/膨润土中,Zn O主要为六方晶系结构,掺杂的Cu2+可能进入Zn O晶格取代了部分Zn2+,Zn O中的部分Zn2+进入了膨润土层间,置换出了部分Al3+,实现了与膨润土的复合。其中,550℃焙烧的Cu-Zn O/膨润土光催化性能最好,当催化剂投加量为1.5 g/L、紫外光照120 min、溶液p H值为6时,该催化剂对20 mg/L甲基橙的降解率高达99.25%。Cu的掺入拓宽了Zn O光谱响应范围,使得该催化剂在可见光或太阳光照下也表现出优良的光催化活性。此外,该催化剂沉降性好,易于回收,且再生回用5次后仍保持良好的光催化活性。     

活性炭负载TiO2光催化剂的制备及光催化性能的研究

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了TiO2/活性炭(TiO2/AC)复合光催化剂,并考察载体粒度、浸渍时间、煅烧温度对其光催化降解腐殖酸性能的影响,确定了最佳条件.利用XRD(X射线衍射)、氮吸附等手段对复合催化剂的物理特性进行了表征;探讨了催化剂投加量、重复使用次数等因素对光催化降解腐殖酸反应的影响.结果表明:试验制备的TiO2/AC复合催化剂具有大的比表面积,纳米TiO2晶粒为锐钛矿型且尺寸较小;催化剂投加量为2 g/L、反应3 h,可去除腐殖酸溶液的UV254值96%,具有比简单悬浮体系更高的光催化性能.     

H_(3+x)PW_(12-x)V_xO_(40)/TiO_2/膨胀石墨的制备及其光催化活性

以钛酸四丁酯和鳞片石墨为主要起始原料,经溶胶凝胶-浸渍法制备了膨胀石墨(EG)负载H_(3+x)PW_(12-x)V_xO_(40)/TiO_2(x=0~4)复合光催化剂,采用SEM,EDS,XRD,FT-IR,UV-Vis进行表征。以紫外、可见光催化降解甲基橙废水评价其光催化活性。结果表明,与H_(3+x)PW_(12-x)V_xO_(40)/TiO_2/EG(x=0,1,3,4)相比,H_5PW_(10)V_2O_(40)/TiO_2/EG因其结构中H_5PW_(10)V_2O_(40)的存在,光生电子-空穴分离速率加快,量子效率提高,光催化活性明显增强。此外,催化剂循环使用4次后,依然保持了较高的活性。     

一种复合催化剂及其光催化降解煤矿瓦斯的性能研究

为提高催化剂光催化降解煤矿瓦斯效率,运用溶胶-凝胶浸渍过程将具有优异吸附性能的活性炭颗粒引入催化剂,制备了新型复合催化剂Ga2O3/AC。采用XRD、SEM、N2吸附等方法对新型复合催化剂的结构形貌及比表面积进行理化表征,验证了复合催化剂制备方法的可行性。同时以真空紫外灯为光源,进行光催化氧化降解瓦斯的模拟实验,对比考察Ga2O3、活性炭颗粒及复合催化剂的光催化活性。结果表明,相比单一Ga2O3,复合催化剂光照时间为180 min后对甲烷的降解率提高了13%,达到100%去除率。     

Pt掺杂TiO2纳米粉体的制备及其光催化活性研究

以钛酸丁酯为前驱物,醋酸为酸催化剂,采用溶胶-凝胶法制备掺有不同质量分数Pt的纳米TiO2粉体.通过X射线粉末衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)和X射线光电子能谱(XPS)等现代分析手段对所制备的不同Pt/TiO2纳米粉体的微观结构进行了表征.并以甲基橙染料的光催化降解为模型反应,考察了不同条件下所制备的光催化剂的光催化活性,探讨了纳米粉体中Pt的掺杂量对其光催化活性的影响.实验结果表明,Pt质量分数为0.2%的纳米TiO2粉体的光催化活性最好,过低或者过高的掺Pt量无法提高TiO2的光催化活性,甚至会降低TiO2的光催化活性.     

Fe掺杂Bi2MoO6的制备及其可见光催化活化PMS降解橙黄Ⅱ的研究

采用一锅水热合成法制备Fe掺杂Bi2MoO6光催化剂,对Bi2MoO6的主体结构进行修饰和调整.在可见光LED照射下,利用合成的Fe-Bi2MoO6催化剂活化过一硫酸盐(PMS,peroxymonosulfate,oxone)对偶氮染料橙黄Ⅱ进行光催化降解.采用X射线衍射(XRD),扫描电子显微镜(SEM),透射电子显微镜(TEM),X射线能谱(XPS)和紫外-可见漫反射光谱(UV-Vis)对催化剂的形貌微观结构和化学价态进行表征,并应用在光催化活化PMS降解橙黄Ⅱ的过程中.结果表明,催化剂投加量为0.4 g/L,PMS投加量为0.4 mmoL/L,初始pH值接近中性条件下,Fe-Bi2MoO6材料对橙黄Ⅱ的去除率可以达到100％.经过Fe掺杂后,Fe取代一部分的Bi3+,致使主体晶格出现畸变,不仅有利于光生电子和空穴的产生、分离和转移,还增强了 Bi2MoO6的光催化活性.Fe-Bi2MoO6光催化剂经重复使用5次后对橙黄Ⅱ的降解率仍然可以达到89.1％以上,具有优秀的光催化稳定性能.活性自由基的出现在光催化降解过程中起到主要作用,由此展示出一种潜在的光催化降解机制,且Fe掺杂Bi2MoO6比单纯Bi2MoO6具有更好的光催化降解稳定性.     

掺钒TiO_2光催化剂的活性及其失活再生实验研究

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备掺钒Ti O2光催化剂,在不同条件下通过对甲醛废水进行光催化降解实验来研究催化剂活性影响因素,确定最佳实验条件。对失活后催化剂用不同方法进行再生,对再生效果进行分析比较。结果表明在10 g/L掺钒Ti O2作为催化剂,甲醛初始质量浓度为50 mg/L,空气流量为0.15 m3/h,65 W节能灯照射条件下甲醛废水降解效率最高为88.5%。4种再生方法中,高温焙烧和酸洗再生效果较好,再生率接近90%。     

g-C3N4制备及其协同PDS可见光催化降解布洛芬的研究

以尿素为主要原料,采用热聚合法在不同条件下制备了光催化剂g-C3N4(石墨相碳化氮),通过改变尿素在马弗炉中加热的温度(350℃、400℃、450℃、500℃)和时间(0.5 h、1 h、1.5 h),得到不同烧结温度和时间的光催化剂,并对其进行X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、傅立叶红外光谱分析仪(FT-IR)、紫外可见漫反射光(UV-Vis)表征,并通过可见光光催化降解布洛芬试验,探究了制备温度、时间对g-C3N4光催化性能的影响;并在溶液中加入PDS(过硫酸钾),联合g-C3N4在可见光下光催化降解布洛芬。结果表明,当烧结温度为500℃、烧结时间为1.5 h时,制备的g-C3N4在可见光区有较强吸收且具有较大的比表面积,以致其表现出最佳的光催化性能;PDS的存在对布洛芬的降解有促进作用,且加快了g-C3N4对布洛芬的光催化降解,相比于纯g-C3N4,4 h内布洛芬的降解率由63%提升为90.5%。以异丙醇、甲醇、对苯醌、草酸钠、重铬酸钾、甲醇分别为羟基自由基(·OH)、·OH和硫酸根自由基(SO4^-·)、超氧自由基(·O2-)、空穴(h+)、电子(e^-)的捕获剂。通过对反应过程的活性物种鉴定,·OH、SO4^-·、h+、e^-均参与了布洛芬的光催化降解,其中h+在反应中的贡献率达到了82.9%,在降解布洛芬过程中起主导作用;在反应体系中添加PDS后,催化剂g-C3N4的荧光强度变小,即加入PDS能够有效降低g-C3N4的光生空穴与电子的复合率,提高g-C3N4的光催化性能。     

油浸变压器排油注氮装置在500kV变电站的设计与应用

在分析500kV变电站主变压器消防系统的现状,比较3类消防系统优缺点的基础上,详细论述了主变排油注氮装置的结构组成、工作原理、参数计算、控制系统设计以及需要注意的事项等,为下一步排油注氮装置的推广应用打下基础.     

HAZOP结合What-if方法在某延迟焦化装置除焦中的应用

为克服传统危险与可操作性（HAZOP）定性分析方法在复杂操作、间歇作业等过程中使用的局限性,提出在传统HAZOP定性分析方法的基础上结合What-if（故障假设）方法,对人的不安全行为和操作规程不完备所导致的风险后果分析作出补充。详细说明其技术原理、工作流程等使用细节,系统阐述该方法与传统HAZOP定性分析方法的区别,并在某延迟焦化装置的除焦操作的风险分析中应用。经分析,识别出在“给水-泡焦”节点,有“操作规程错误”场景2项,“操作规程不具体”场景1项,不存在“操作人员未按操作规程执行”场景。研究结果表明:本文方法有效且具有较好效果,可以广泛应用于操作规程/作业指导书审查、作业过程隐患排查等方面,帮助企业开展操作层面的风险识别与管理,提升企业的生产安全水平。     

Nighttime pedestrian fatalities: A comprehensive examination of infrastructure,user, vehicle,and situational factors

Introduction: Pedestrian fatalities in the United States increased 45.5% between 2009 and 2017. More than 85% of those additional pedestrian fatalities occurred at night. Method: We examine Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) data for fatal pedestrian crashes that occurred in the dark between 2002 and 2017. Within-variable and before/after examinations of crashes in terms of infrastructure, user, vehicle, and situational characteristics are performed with one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and two-sample t-tests. We model changes in crash characteristic proportions between 2002–2009 and 2010–2017 using linear regressions and test for autocorrelation with Breusch-Godfrey tests. Results: The increase in fatal nighttime pedestrian crashes is most strongly correlated with infrastructure factors: non-intersection unmarked locations (saw 80.8% of additional fatalities); 40–45 mph roads (54.6%); five-lane roads (40.7%); urban (99.7%); and arterials (81.1%). In addition, SUVs were involved in 39.7% of additional fatalities, overrepresenting their share of the fleet. Increased pedestrian alcohol and drug involvement warrant further investigation. The age of pedestrians killed increased more (18.1%) than the national average (3.2%). Conclusions: By identifying factors related to the increase in nighttime pedestrian fatalities, this work constitutes a vital first step in making our streets safer for pedestrians. Practical Applications: More research is needed to understand the efficacy of different solutions, but this paper provides guidance for such future research. Engineering solutions such as road diets or traffic calming may be used to improve identified infrastructure issues by reducing vehicle speeds and road widths. Rethinking vehicle design, especially high front profiles, may improve vehicle issues. However, the problems giving rise to these pedestrian fatalities are likely a result of not only engineering issues but also interrelated social and political factors. Solutions may be correspondingly comprehensive, employing non-linear, systems-based approaches such as Safe Systems.     

森林地表火蔓延模拟方法及其计算机实现

进行了森林火蔓延的研究,对传统的经验公式和模型进行改进,明显发现改进的模型有更好的结果,用计算机巧妙准确地实现了模拟模型,在风力不是特别大,地形变化不是特别剧烈时,该模型有较高精度;并结合火蔓延的主要因素（气象因子、气候、地形等）,进行系统分析,写出算地,编制实现地表火蔓延的预测预报计算机系统软件。这对于有效的组织扑救、减少火灾损失、计算森林火灾的损失评估有重要意义。     

潞安矿区煤层渗透率的各向异性特征实验研究

为了研究原位煤体渗透性的各向异性特征,以山西潞安常村矿3号煤层圆柱试样为对象,利用TCQT-Ⅲ型低渗煤层气相驱替增产试验装置,对煤样进行加载,并以氮气注入压力2.0 MPa的条件下,分析垂直层理和平行层理2个方向的煤体变形和渗透率变化特征。实验结果表明:煤样在加载过程中,平行和垂直层理煤样渗透率均随着有效应力的增大而减小,平行层理方向的渗透率始终大于垂直层理方向,应力加载初期渗透率急剧下降,最后逐渐趋于平缓;径向应变的增加量与渗透率呈正相关性,且平行层理相关性大于垂直层理;沿平行层理方向的裂隙度大于沿垂直层理方向,沿垂直层理方向的应变量大于沿平行层理方向;应变增加量均随有效应力的增加而逐渐减小。研究结果可为煤层井网布置及优化提供参考。     

Footedness and Mounting—Short Review and Two Case Studies

Footedness is a personal quality like handedness. Footedness may be associated with moving ability during mounting, dismounting, and jumping movements. Occupational accidents have occurred during movement at different working levels, during the use of access and exit systems, and during the mounting of vehicles. Aging can also affect accident risk and body laterality. For example, falling accidents on stairs are common among the elderly. One reason for accidents may be that the structure of the access system or stair system is unsuitable for individual moving patterns depending partly on body laterality. Footedness and the way the feet are used may be contradictory to the demands of the moving situation, especially during uncommon or rapid situations. This contradiction may trigger disturbance during moving. The aims of this pilot study were (a) to review the literature briefly and (b) to describe the use of the dominant and nondominant foot by farmers and the elderly when mounting a tractor and stairs, respectively. The study also gives ideas for future studies based on both (a) and (b).     

AHP与GA-SVM耦合模型在滑坡预警中的应用*

为了减少滑坡造成的损失,提高滑坡预测的准确性,通过搭建灾害模拟平台获得滑坡的实验数据,在获得多组模拟实验数据后,分析各变量的特性。首先,通过层次分析(Analytic Hierarchy Process,AHP)算法,对滑坡进行危险度划分;然后,通过支持向量机(Support Vector Machine,SVM)建立模型,遗传算法(Genetic Algorithm,GA)再优化SVM参数,提出1种层次分析法与GA-SVM相耦合的模型。研究结果表明:AHP方法划分后的数据,通过GA与SVM结合建立的模型精度较好,实验预测结果与实际结果较为吻合,与单一SVM相比,精度更高,结果更好,更加适用于多变量的复杂非线性滑坡预警。     

一起有机过氧化物爆炸事故的调查和分析

阐述一起重大爆炸伤亡事故的现场调查和原因分析，介绍如何通过人证物证材料，用鱼刺图法找出可能引起事故的诸原因，逐项加以分析，将与人证或物证材料相矛盾的原因子以排除，最后剩下无法排除亦即能与人证物证相符的那个原因，就是事故的真正原因。笔者是这起事故调查专家组组长，取证和数据可靠。     

Debunking the false dichotomy of leadership idealism and pragmatism: Critical evaluation and support of newer genre leadership theories

Leadership theories have shifted over the last few decades from a focus on managerial functions and economic leader–follower exchanges toward greater focus on the interpersonal dynamics occurring within the leadership process. Theories such as transformational, ethical, authentic, and other “newer genre” theories were created to address neglected topics such as leader vision and inspirational messages, transparency, emotional effects, morality, individualized attention, and intellectual stimulation. Critiques of these theories, however, have been raised. In this paper, we address five of those critiques and argue for the validity and practical effectiveness of the new genre theories. Further, we describe how newer genre leadership research should be viewed as a performative epistemology, entailing a process of co‐creation involving scholars and practitioners. Finally, from this view, we provide general ideas for leader development. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Occupational Safety and Health in Finland

In Finland, occupational safety is the responsibility of the employer, while the occupational safety and health laws are enforced by the Labour Inspection Service, an organization of the state. The Labour Inspection is divided in 11 administrative districts, and it employs 360 professionals. They are mandated to carry out site visits without prearranged appointments to inspect safe work situations, working hours, construction safety, or any aspect of accident risks. The inspectors are also mandated to verify the existence of sufficient occupational health services as prescribed by the Occupational Health Services Act for all employees. The occupational health services are typically provided by enterprise-owned medical departments, by mutually owned health care centers, by private practitioners, or by municipal health care centers. The latter are required by law to provide all services as prescribed by the legislation to anyone who comes to the facility. This situation is prevalent in the countryside, where there are very few private caregiving centers. Declaring occupational accidents and disease cases is mandatory, and the Inspection districts examine all accidents to establish causes and consequences, and to initiate prosecution in case of criminal negligence. Labour Inspection Districts are also notified of the new occupational disease cases as they are declared to insurance companies. Insurance for occupational disease, accidents, and death is an obligation of the employer, although they can choose the insurance company. The medical confidentiality between the workers and their occupational health care providers is very strict. Official statistics are maintained by the state Statistics Finland organization, and they may be used, for example, for research purposes by scientific institutes like the Finnish Institute of Occupational Health. Construction industry accounts for 25% of all fatal accidents (120 cases per 1 million working hours), followed by mechanical, wood, metal, machinery, and pulp and paper industry (10% each of fatal accidents) with rates ranging from 100–160 cases per 1 million working hours. There are some 5,000 occupational disease cases per year (rate 22/10,000 employed). The major disease categories include repetitive strain injuries (1,300 cases), respiratory allergies (600 cases), occupational skin diseases (1,000 cases), and 900 cases of noise-caused hearing loss. In 1998, 589 cases of asbestos-related diseases were reported.