基于后向轨迹模型的成都市典型灰霾期间PM2.5演化的自组织分析

研究了成都市2013年11月29日—12月8日一次重度灰霾期间,草堂寺、金泉两河、梁家巷、十里店4个监测站点PM2.5小时平均质量浓度序列的时间演化规律。首先应用后向轨迹模型对抵达成都市的大气气团进行模拟,结果表明,灰霾期间本地气团(100 km)对成都市PM2.5污染物的贡献率远超过中远距离的外来气团(100km)。进一步应用频度统计分析方法和消除趋势波动分析法对灰霾期间PM2.5的质量浓度序列进行了统计分析,发现PM2.5的质量浓度波动在时空上具有标度不变的幂律统计分布和长期持续性特征。最后基于自组织临界理论,探讨了成都市大气在本地气团控制下PM2.5演化的内在动力机制。结果表明,成都市大气PM2.5演化系统的自组织临界性是此次灰霾期间PM2.5浓度演化的内在动力机制。     

深圳市南山区PM2.5污染时间分布特征研究和治理对策

<正>引言本文利用2012年和2013年华侨城和南油两个国控点PM2.5的监测数据,分析了南山区PM2.5的时间变化特征,得出了一些结论,对区域治理PM2.5的污染有指导意义。PM2.5是指空气动力学直径小于或等于和2.5μm的颗粒物,PM2.5也称为可入肺颗粒物。它对空气质量和能见度有重要影响,易产生灰霾天气。人体的生理结构决定了对PM2.5没有任何过滤、阻拦能力。世界卫生组织在2005年版《空气质量     

2009年夏沈阳一次大气灰霾污染过程及气象成因

利用2009年8月10-20日灰霾期间沈阳大气成分站大气能见度、相对湿度及可吸入颗粒物等资料,分析此次灰霾的分布特征:11d中有10 d共142 h次出现,灰霾期间能见度在1 312～9 869 m;霾的级别从轻微级别到重度级别,其中轻微到轻度级别出现的次数最多,占全部灰霾次数的92.8%;细粒子PM25质量浓度都超标,最大超标倍数2.88倍.反应性气体SO2和NO2的质量浓度不超标,空气质量在优至轻微污染之间变化;当全天都出现霾时,可吸入颗粒物PM10超标,最大超标0.22倍,空气质量为轻微污染;受均压场的控制,沈阳地区风速比较小,有时发生风场的辐合,且下沉气流强于上升气流;每天02时有一逆温存在,灰霾严重时,到早上08时还存在逆温.     

北京典型污染过程PM2.5的特性和来源

通过采集北京2010年12月—2011年3月冬春季节大气细颗粒物PM2.5样品,分析了冬春季典型污染时段灰霾和沙尘期间大气细颗粒物PM2.5的质量浓度和其中元素、水溶性离子、有机组分OC和EC特性,及其季节变化和来源.结果表明,北京灰霾和沙尘期间PM2.5日均质量浓度分别高达301.8 μg/m3和284.8 μg/m3,是美国EPA PM2.5日均质量浓度限值(35 μg/m3)的8.62倍和8.14倍.灰霾时段,人为污染元素(S、Cu、Zn、As、Se、Cd、Sb、Pb)、二次无机离子(NH4+、NO3-、SO42-)和二次有机碳(SOC)的质量浓度均高于沙尘天气和非污染天气.沙尘天气时地壳元素(Na、Mg、Al、Ca、Fe等)的质量浓度高于灰霾天气和非污染天气.北京冬春季节PM2.5主要来源于燃煤和工业过程、二次转化、地面扬尘、机动车尾气和生物质燃烧.灰霾污染时段二次转化贡献率较高,沙尘污染时段地面扬尘贡献率较高.     

平顶山市大气颗粒物污染水平研究

为了初步调查平顶山市大气中颗粒物PM10和PM2.5的污染水平,于2006年9月-2007年8月春、夏、秋、冬4季在平顶山市分别采集了80个样品,并对其进行分析.分析结果表明,平顶山市PM10和PM2.5的质量浓度分别为0.045-0.872 mg/m3,0.023-0.044 4 mg/m3,年均值分别为0.162 mg/m3,0.093 mg/m3,PM10超国家标准0.62倍,PM2.5超美国EPA标准5.20倍.PM10和PM2.5的季节变化趋势足冬季最高,春、秋季次之,夏季最低,PM10中PM2.5约占64%.     

PM2.5应尽快列入空气质量标准

环保部近日发布了《环境空气PM10和PM2.5的测定重量法》,首次对悬浮在空气中、直径小于等于2.5μm的颗粒物PM2.5的测定进行了规范。PM2.5,貌似很专业的术语,离我们的生活却非常近。城市中常见的灰霾天气,PM2.5往往是主因,这些还不到头发丝粗细的1/20颗粒物,它在大气中停留时间长、输送距离远,因而对空气质量和能见度有重要影响。不仅如此,PM2.5堪称人体健康的一大杀手,它成分复杂,多含有毒有害物质,由于颗粒太小,它能穿过鼻腔中的鼻纤毛,直接进入肺部,甚至渗进血液,从而引发包括心脏病、动脉硬化、肺部硬化、肺癌、哮喘等各     

北京市区秋季气溶胶粒子浓度与特性参数的观测研究

对2010年10月和11月北京市区粒径小于2.5μm(PM2.5)和2.5~10μm之间(PM2.5-10)的气溶胶粒子质量浓度进行了观测和分析,同时研究了同期的Angstrom指数和散射系数等气溶胶特性参数的变化。结果表明,不同粒径颗粒物的质量浓度与气溶胶特性参数的逐时日变化明显。PM2.5质量浓度在凌晨5时至6时取得最小值,夜间20时至21时取得最大值;PM2.5-10质量浓度则在9时至10时和20时至21时出现双峰。气溶胶Angstrom指数在下午明显高于上午,最大值出现在16时左右;散射系数高峰出现在17时至18时。2010年10月7—9日出现了显著的灰霾天气,灰霾天气下PM2.5和PM2.5-10质量浓度均有明显增加。细粒子增多是导致PM2.5增加和Angstrom指数增大的主要原因。另外,灰霾天气期间散射系数迅速增大,非灰霾天(10月11日)的散射系数只有灰霾天(10月8日)的1.27%。     

佛山市机动车出行的排气污染现状研究

<正>2011年,全国交通排放的氮氧化物占氮氧化物总量的25%以上,且珠三角和京津冀地区交通相关的PM2.5均占所在区域PM2.5的1/4。机动车尾气已成为城市空气污染的主要来源。而由其引发的灰霾(以PM2.5污染为主)、光化学烟雾(以O_3污染为主)等复合型大气污染也日益严重。佛山市的机动车保有量在过去近十年保持了高速增长。2004年佛山机动车约为162万辆,而2013年达到约220万辆,增长超过了三成。其中,汽车增长了近100万辆。2013年10月广东省环保厅发布的珠三     

PM_(2.5)环境影响评价方法探讨

PM2.5不仅影响大气能见度,而且危害人体健康,因此必须将其作为环评的重要因子。本文结合《环境空气质量标准》(GB 3095—2012)新增PM2.5浓度要求,从实际工作出发,对PM2.5的来源与影响识别、影响因素分析与源强确定、评价等级与影响预测、环境监测进行了分析和探讨,并提出了污染防治建议,以供参考和借鉴。     

浅谈灰霾形成的原因及防治

<正>引言近年来灰霾天气可谓让人"谈霾色变",2014年年初我国中东部大部分地区出现灰霾天气,严重影响人们的出行和身体健康,可能酿成交通事故。灰霾概述漂浮在空气中的水蒸气因降温凝集成大量微小水滴悬浮在贴近地面的大气中形成雾,使远处光亮物体呈微黄、红色,使黑暗物体微带蓝色[1],空气相对湿度80%以下,造成城市大面积低能见度情况的天气现象叫灰霾天气。早上或夜间相对湿度较大的时候形成雾;白天气温上升、湿     

油浸变压器排油注氮装置在500kV变电站的设计与应用

在分析500kV变电站主变压器消防系统的现状,比较3类消防系统优缺点的基础上,详细论述了主变排油注氮装置的结构组成、工作原理、参数计算、控制系统设计以及需要注意的事项等,为下一步排油注氮装置的推广应用打下基础.     

HAZOP结合What-if方法在某延迟焦化装置除焦中的应用

为克服传统危险与可操作性（HAZOP）定性分析方法在复杂操作、间歇作业等过程中使用的局限性,提出在传统HAZOP定性分析方法的基础上结合What-if（故障假设）方法,对人的不安全行为和操作规程不完备所导致的风险后果分析作出补充。详细说明其技术原理、工作流程等使用细节,系统阐述该方法与传统HAZOP定性分析方法的区别,并在某延迟焦化装置的除焦操作的风险分析中应用。经分析,识别出在“给水-泡焦”节点,有“操作规程错误”场景2项,“操作规程不具体”场景1项,不存在“操作人员未按操作规程执行”场景。研究结果表明:本文方法有效且具有较好效果,可以广泛应用于操作规程/作业指导书审查、作业过程隐患排查等方面,帮助企业开展操作层面的风险识别与管理,提升企业的生产安全水平。     

潞安矿区煤层渗透率的各向异性特征实验研究

为了研究原位煤体渗透性的各向异性特征,以山西潞安常村矿3号煤层圆柱试样为对象,利用TCQT-Ⅲ型低渗煤层气相驱替增产试验装置,对煤样进行加载,并以氮气注入压力2.0 MPa的条件下,分析垂直层理和平行层理2个方向的煤体变形和渗透率变化特征。实验结果表明:煤样在加载过程中,平行和垂直层理煤样渗透率均随着有效应力的增大而减小,平行层理方向的渗透率始终大于垂直层理方向,应力加载初期渗透率急剧下降,最后逐渐趋于平缓;径向应变的增加量与渗透率呈正相关性,且平行层理相关性大于垂直层理;沿平行层理方向的裂隙度大于沿垂直层理方向,沿垂直层理方向的应变量大于沿平行层理方向;应变增加量均随有效应力的增加而逐渐减小。研究结果可为煤层井网布置及优化提供参考。     

Nighttime pedestrian fatalities: A comprehensive examination of infrastructure,user, vehicle,and situational factors

Introduction: Pedestrian fatalities in the United States increased 45.5% between 2009 and 2017. More than 85% of those additional pedestrian fatalities occurred at night. Method: We examine Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) data for fatal pedestrian crashes that occurred in the dark between 2002 and 2017. Within-variable and before/after examinations of crashes in terms of infrastructure, user, vehicle, and situational characteristics are performed with one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and two-sample t-tests. We model changes in crash characteristic proportions between 2002–2009 and 2010–2017 using linear regressions and test for autocorrelation with Breusch-Godfrey tests. Results: The increase in fatal nighttime pedestrian crashes is most strongly correlated with infrastructure factors: non-intersection unmarked locations (saw 80.8% of additional fatalities); 40–45 mph roads (54.6%); five-lane roads (40.7%); urban (99.7%); and arterials (81.1%). In addition, SUVs were involved in 39.7% of additional fatalities, overrepresenting their share of the fleet. Increased pedestrian alcohol and drug involvement warrant further investigation. The age of pedestrians killed increased more (18.1%) than the national average (3.2%). Conclusions: By identifying factors related to the increase in nighttime pedestrian fatalities, this work constitutes a vital first step in making our streets safer for pedestrians. Practical Applications: More research is needed to understand the efficacy of different solutions, but this paper provides guidance for such future research. Engineering solutions such as road diets or traffic calming may be used to improve identified infrastructure issues by reducing vehicle speeds and road widths. Rethinking vehicle design, especially high front profiles, may improve vehicle issues. However, the problems giving rise to these pedestrian fatalities are likely a result of not only engineering issues but also interrelated social and political factors. Solutions may be correspondingly comprehensive, employing non-linear, systems-based approaches such as Safe Systems.     

Footedness and Mounting—Short Review and Two Case Studies

Footedness is a personal quality like handedness. Footedness may be associated with moving ability during mounting, dismounting, and jumping movements. Occupational accidents have occurred during movement at different working levels, during the use of access and exit systems, and during the mounting of vehicles. Aging can also affect accident risk and body laterality. For example, falling accidents on stairs are common among the elderly. One reason for accidents may be that the structure of the access system or stair system is unsuitable for individual moving patterns depending partly on body laterality. Footedness and the way the feet are used may be contradictory to the demands of the moving situation, especially during uncommon or rapid situations. This contradiction may trigger disturbance during moving. The aims of this pilot study were (a) to review the literature briefly and (b) to describe the use of the dominant and nondominant foot by farmers and the elderly when mounting a tractor and stairs, respectively. The study also gives ideas for future studies based on both (a) and (b).     

AHP与GA-SVM耦合模型在滑坡预警中的应用*

为了减少滑坡造成的损失,提高滑坡预测的准确性,通过搭建灾害模拟平台获得滑坡的实验数据,在获得多组模拟实验数据后,分析各变量的特性。首先,通过层次分析(Analytic Hierarchy Process,AHP)算法,对滑坡进行危险度划分;然后,通过支持向量机(Support Vector Machine,SVM)建立模型,遗传算法(Genetic Algorithm,GA)再优化SVM参数,提出1种层次分析法与GA-SVM相耦合的模型。研究结果表明:AHP方法划分后的数据,通过GA与SVM结合建立的模型精度较好,实验预测结果与实际结果较为吻合,与单一SVM相比,精度更高,结果更好,更加适用于多变量的复杂非线性滑坡预警。     

Debunking the false dichotomy of leadership idealism and pragmatism: Critical evaluation and support of newer genre leadership theories

Leadership theories have shifted over the last few decades from a focus on managerial functions and economic leader–follower exchanges toward greater focus on the interpersonal dynamics occurring within the leadership process. Theories such as transformational, ethical, authentic, and other “newer genre” theories were created to address neglected topics such as leader vision and inspirational messages, transparency, emotional effects, morality, individualized attention, and intellectual stimulation. Critiques of these theories, however, have been raised. In this paper, we address five of those critiques and argue for the validity and practical effectiveness of the new genre theories. Further, we describe how newer genre leadership research should be viewed as a performative epistemology, entailing a process of co‐creation involving scholars and practitioners. Finally, from this view, we provide general ideas for leader development. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Occupational Safety and Health in Finland

In Finland, occupational safety is the responsibility of the employer, while the occupational safety and health laws are enforced by the Labour Inspection Service, an organization of the state. The Labour Inspection is divided in 11 administrative districts, and it employs 360 professionals. They are mandated to carry out site visits without prearranged appointments to inspect safe work situations, working hours, construction safety, or any aspect of accident risks. The inspectors are also mandated to verify the existence of sufficient occupational health services as prescribed by the Occupational Health Services Act for all employees. The occupational health services are typically provided by enterprise-owned medical departments, by mutually owned health care centers, by private practitioners, or by municipal health care centers. The latter are required by law to provide all services as prescribed by the legislation to anyone who comes to the facility. This situation is prevalent in the countryside, where there are very few private caregiving centers. Declaring occupational accidents and disease cases is mandatory, and the Inspection districts examine all accidents to establish causes and consequences, and to initiate prosecution in case of criminal negligence. Labour Inspection Districts are also notified of the new occupational disease cases as they are declared to insurance companies. Insurance for occupational disease, accidents, and death is an obligation of the employer, although they can choose the insurance company. The medical confidentiality between the workers and their occupational health care providers is very strict. Official statistics are maintained by the state Statistics Finland organization, and they may be used, for example, for research purposes by scientific institutes like the Finnish Institute of Occupational Health. Construction industry accounts for 25% of all fatal accidents (120 cases per 1 million working hours), followed by mechanical, wood, metal, machinery, and pulp and paper industry (10% each of fatal accidents) with rates ranging from 100–160 cases per 1 million working hours. There are some 5,000 occupational disease cases per year (rate 22/10,000 employed). The major disease categories include repetitive strain injuries (1,300 cases), respiratory allergies (600 cases), occupational skin diseases (1,000 cases), and 900 cases of noise-caused hearing loss. In 1998, 589 cases of asbestos-related diseases were reported.     

森林地表火蔓延模拟方法及其计算机实现

进行了森林火蔓延的研究,对传统的经验公式和模型进行改进,明显发现改进的模型有更好的结果,用计算机巧妙准确地实现了模拟模型,在风力不是特别大,地形变化不是特别剧烈时,该模型有较高精度;并结合火蔓延的主要因素（气象因子、气候、地形等）,进行系统分析,写出算地,编制实现地表火蔓延的预测预报计算机系统软件。这对于有效的组织扑救、减少火灾损失、计算森林火灾的损失评估有重要意义。     

公路隧道火灾逃生疏散研究

以苍岭隧道为背景,首先采用经验计算理论和计算软件building EXODUS相结合的方式,从被困人员的安全疏散时间、高温烟气的影响、隧道横通道的利用率以及人员的疏散行为特性进行了研究。结果表明:中小规模火灾情况下的安全疏散时间控制在8 min之内,高温烟气影响不大,但横通道的利用率不平均,且人员疏散路线相对集中。然后对存在的逃生疏散问题提出针对性建议以及其他相关建议,旨在为更大程度降低事故的严重性和经济财产损失。