寡营养条件下超微细菌对邻苯二甲酸酯的生物降解

从松花江干流下游的底泥中分离并筛选出能够在寡营养条件下降解邻苯二甲酸酯(PAEs)的超微细菌菌群,研究了该菌群对4种PAE——邻苯二甲酸二甲酯(DMP)、邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DBP)、邻苯二甲酸二乙酯(DEP)、邻苯二甲酸(2-乙基己)酯(DEHP)的降解能力.结果表明,4种PAE均可作为菌群的唯一碳源,菌群对4种PAE有不同的比生长速率和最大降解速率,比生长速率从大到小为DMP(0.176h-1)、DBP(0.158 5 h-1)、DEP(0.1409 h-1)、DEHP(0.107 6 h-1),最大降解速率从大到小为DEP(0.098 mg/(L·h))、DBP(0.062 7 mg/(L·h))、DMP(0.061 mg/(L·h))、DEHP(0.051 5 mg/(L·h)).利用极度稀释法从该菌群中分离出1株典型寡营养超微细菌菌株,命名为PAE-UM,根据16S rDNA序列系统发育分析,鉴定为丛毛单胞菌属(Curvibacter sp.).     

耐高浓度苯酚菌株的筛选及其降解特性研究

通过液体富集培养,平板培养分离法从焦化废水的污泥中分离出1株可耐受2 000 mg/L苯酚的菌株,经16S rDNA序列分析,鉴定为施氏假单胞菌(Pseudomonas stutzeri).该菌能以苯酚为唯一碳源和能源生长.通过摇瓶试验和高效液相色谱( HPLC)分析法可知,在pH=7.5,温度为30℃的条件下,苯酚质量浓度在50～400 mg/L时,该菌细胞生长和对苯酚的降解转换快速同步进行.当苯酚质量浓度在800～900 mg/L,菌细胞依次出现快速生长、延缓生长、次快速生长3个生长时期,在前两时期内苯酚降解率低于5％,在次快速生长期内苯酚降解率从低于5％快速增加到100％.气相色谱-质谱联用仪(Gc-MS)测定结果表明,该菌可将苯酚转化成4-羟基-2-氧代戊酸、邻苯二酚、对苯二酚、3,4-二羟基苯甲酸和对羟基苯甲酸等中间产物.     

铜绿假单胞菌NY3好氧降解四溴双酚A的特性研究

为发掘铜绿假单胞菌NY3对有机污染物更多的降解功能,探究该菌好氧降解四溴双酚A(TBBPA)的特性。结果表明,NY3菌能以四溴双酚A为唯一碳源和能源好氧生长,并在TBBPA质量浓度为20 mg/L时,脱溴率达到51.90%。该菌生长量越大,对TBBPA降解率和脱溴率越高。TBBPA质量浓度为60 mg/L时,外加共代谢碳源葡萄糖、丙酮酸钠、乙酸钠、乳酸钠、柠檬酸钠、乙醇均能明显提高NY3菌生长量,且使脱溴率分别提高21.7%、13.4%、13.11%、18.5%、18.3%、17.1%。NY3菌好氧降解TBBPA优化条件为最佳氮源(NH4)2SO_4、pH=8.0、温度(30±1)℃、摇床转速150 r/min的条件下振荡培养。在NY3菌降解TBBPA过程中,转化的主要中间产物包括3,3',5-三溴双酚A、4-(2-羟基-异丙烷基)-2,6-二溴-苯酚、2,6-二溴-4-异丙烷基-苯酚、3,3',5-三溴-5'-羟基-双酚A、4,5-二羟甲基-5-(3,5-二溴-4-羟苯基)-2-己烯酸,根据转化产物分析,NY3菌降解TBBPA主要通过脱溴、羟基化,然后开环裂解,进一步脱羧等途径。这是首次报道铜绿假单胞菌具有降解含溴阻燃剂的功能,且质荷比为477和407的2种中间产物也鲜有报道。     

Fenton与UV/Fenton降解DBP及BP的比较研究

为了探讨高效去除环境中微量内分泌干扰物的方法,比较研究了Fenton氧化和UV/Fenton氧化2种高级氧化技术降解BP和DBP的条件与降解特性。结果表明,2种氧化体系在最佳反应条件为pH=4、Fe~(2+)/H_2O_2投加物质的量比1∶6、反应时间30 min时,BP和DBP的降解率均可达到93%以上;但在相同的降解率下,UV/Fenton体系所需氧化剂量分别比Fenton体系减少了1/4和2/3,且UV/Fenton体系降解产物达80%以上矿化。这表明与Fenton法比,UV/Fenton法为更高效的去除水中微量DBP和BP的方法。当DBP和BP混合共降解时,氧化剂投加量分别比单独降解减少了1/4和3/7,而其降解率均可达93%以上,表明两者间具有较好地协同促进作用。降解动力学分析表明,UV/Fenton(或Fenton)氧化降解BP和DBP的过程可分为·OH的快速生成、直接快速氧化阶段(反应的前5～10 min)和受Fe~(3+)/H_2O_2反应速率控制的缓慢降解2阶段,并可组合2个伪一级反应动力学模型较好地模拟整个反应过程,模型决定系数R~2 0. 99,均方根误差0. 2。     

波茨坦短芽孢杆菌降解4-氯酚和苯酚的特性

考察了波茨坦短芽孢杆菌对4-氯酚的降解特性及4-氯酚与苯酚在双底物体系中的相互作用。结果表明,波茨坦短芽孢杆菌能以4-氯酚为唯一碳源和能源,完全降解200 mg/L、250 mg/L及300 mg/L的4-氯酚所需时间分别为48 h、63 h和84 h,但该菌无法降解350 mg/L的4-氯酚,表明较高浓度的4-氯酚对细胞生长有较强的抑制作用。酶活分析表明,4-氯酚可诱导波茨坦短芽孢杆菌合成氯代邻苯二酚1,2-加氧酶并通过邻位裂解途径降解。细胞生长动力学过程符合Haldane方程,动力学参数为细胞最大比生长速μmax=0.145 h~(-1),半饱和系数KS=30.45 mg/L,底物抑制系数Ki=127.62 mg/L,决定系数R~2=0.98。在4-氯酚和苯酚双底物降解过程中,4-氯酚的存在会抑制苯酚的降解,当4-氯酚初始质量浓度为40 mg/L时,1 400 mg/L苯酚被完全降解耗时更长,菌体优先利用苯酚作为碳源和能源,苯酚被完全降解后大部分4-氯酚才开始被降解;苯酚对4-氯酚降解的影响体现为低浓度促进和高浓度抑制,苯酚促进时质量浓度为100~300 mg/L,而苯酚质量浓度高于300 mg/L会产生抑制作用,当苯酚初始质量浓度为200 mg/L时4-氯酚降解速率最大。采用Abuhamed动力学方程可以准确描述4-氯酚/苯酚双底物降解体系中细胞生长过程,苯酚对4-氯酚降解的抑制程度I_(1,2)=1.47,4-氯酚对苯酚降解的抑制程度I_(2,1)=2.56,决定系数R~2=0.95。研究表明,4-氯酚对苯酚降解的抑制作用大于苯酚对4-氯酚。     

Fe(II)-Ce(IV)共沉淀产物对水中As(V)的去除研究

对Fe(III)单独沉淀、Fe(II)单独沉淀、Ce(IV)单独沉淀、Fe(III)-Ce(IV)和Fe(II)-Ce(IV)共沉淀5种制备体系产物去除As(V)性能进行了比较,结果显示Fe(II)-Ce(IV)体系最优.进一步优化评价Fe(II)-Ce(IV)制备体系中铈的加入量.基于经济-性能平衡的考虑,优选得到了Fe(II)-Ce(IV)体系中Ce(IV)加入量为0.03 mol/L的吸附剂Fe(II)-Ce(IV)03(简称FC),其饱和吸附容量达到85 mg/g.动力学测试表明,FC去除As(V)过程符合准二级反应动力学过程.在pH=4～7范围内,吸附容量受pH值影响不明显.对FC材料造粒后的吸附剂颗粒进行再生寿命评价,批量试验结果显示其能够重复利用7次.颗粒柱试验结果表明,在空间流速(SV)分别为10 h-1、20 h-1、30 h-1时,出水砷穿透前(>10 μg/L)分别对应4 000、2 400、2 160倍的倍柱体积处理量.对FC材料进行的表征测试显示,FC呈无定形结构,其质子位密度为9.97个/nm2,质子化常数pK1=3.09,pK2=-10.02.     

重金属镉、镍、钒及其组合对石油烃降解菌生长的影响

石油中的重金属组分能影响微生物对土壤中石油烃的降解效率。采用实验室前期筛选的两株高效石油烃降解菌枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtillus)和多食鞘氨醇杆菌(Sphingobacterium multivorum),研究了石油中常见的3种重金属镉、镍、钒及其组合对这两种菌生长的影响,以便为理解降解菌在石油污染土壤中的生长代谢及预测其修复效率提供理论基础。镉、镍、钒对菌的生长均具有抑制作用,在一定范围内呈良好量效关系,生长抑制效应由强到弱的顺序为Cd>Ni>V。两种菌对同一重金属的抗性因重金属种类差别也有所不同。3种重金属在其组合中对菌的生长抑制效应所起的作用大小取决于其各自的浓度水平。除Ni和V在低浓度水平下的交互具有协同作用外,重金属之间的交互作用均呈拮抗关系。     

共存碳源对施氏假单胞菌N2裂解苯酚的作用

研究了共存碳源对施氏假单胞菌N2在降解苯酚过程中积累2-羟基黏糠酸半醛(2-HMS)的影响,并用紫外光谱和气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC-MS)对N2菌的生长过程进行了检测.结果表明,与单一碳源苯酚相比,N2菌在共存碳源甲醇、乙醇、丙酮存在的体系中生长快,且11h内,苯酚同步降解率分别提高了4.5％、18.5％、16.6％,同时培养液中2-HMS积累量均达到最大.N2菌代谢苯酚可通过羧化反应产生对羟基苯甲酸,也可通过羟化反应产生邻苯二酚,后者通过间位开环裂解生成2-HMS,而甲醇、乙醇、丙酮与苯酚共存时,更易采用后一种代谢途径.     

BDE209好氧降解菌的筛选及降解特性研究

为了有效修复广东省贵屿镇环境中十溴联苯醚(Pentabromophenyl ether,BDE209)的污染,从该地区的环境样品中筛选出1株在好氧条件下以BDE209为唯一碳源和能源生长的降解菌J-1,根据菌株的形态特征、生理生化特征以及16S rDNA序列分析,鉴定为苏云金芽孢杆菌( Bacillus thuringiensis ).通过考察不同的环境因素对菌株生长及其降解能力的影响,确定该菌适宜的生长条件为:pH=6.0～9.0,温度30 ℃,溶氧量4.55～7.50 mg/L.降解BDE209的最佳条件为:pH=8.0,温度30 ℃,溶氧量5.94 mg/L.投菌量的增加能较大幅度地提高该菌对BDE209的降解效果.不同的共代谢底物对菌株降解BDE209有不同的影响,乳糖和蔗糖能促进其对BDE209的降解.当体系中存在低质量浓度的Cd2+时(≤5 mg/L),该菌对BDE209的降解效果得到提高.     

异养条件下高氯酸盐降解细菌群落变化研究

了解特定环境中高氯酸盐(ClO-4)降解菌的群落组成,对ClO-4的降解具有重要的指导意义。通过添加醋酸盐作为电子供体降解ClO-4,利用高通量测序(HiSeq 2000)的方法获得了复杂环境中生物群落的组成,对比了降解前后菌种结构的变化。结果表明,补充醋酸盐的降解体系(Acetate Degradation,AD)将10 mg/L ClO-4降至检出限以下需100 h。降解完毕后代表性的ClO-4降解菌Dechloromonas的相对丰度为0.2%,与原始活性污泥相比无明显差别;另一典型ClO-4降解菌脱氯菌属Azospira相对丰度为3.2%;一些同时参与ClO-4降解和脱氮作用的细菌如假单胞菌属Pseudomonas也有检出,相对丰度为8%。异养条件下ClO-4降解是假单胞菌属Pseudomonas和脱氯菌属Azospira起主导作用。AD体系内菌种多样性小于原始活性污泥。电子供体的加入使活性污泥类的混合体系内生物群落结构单一化,使降解基质具备了在特定环境下针对某种污染物降解的能力。     

油浸变压器排油注氮装置在500kV变电站的设计与应用

在分析500kV变电站主变压器消防系统的现状,比较3类消防系统优缺点的基础上,详细论述了主变排油注氮装置的结构组成、工作原理、参数计算、控制系统设计以及需要注意的事项等,为下一步排油注氮装置的推广应用打下基础.     

HAZOP结合What-if方法在某延迟焦化装置除焦中的应用

为克服传统危险与可操作性（HAZOP）定性分析方法在复杂操作、间歇作业等过程中使用的局限性,提出在传统HAZOP定性分析方法的基础上结合What-if（故障假设）方法,对人的不安全行为和操作规程不完备所导致的风险后果分析作出补充。详细说明其技术原理、工作流程等使用细节,系统阐述该方法与传统HAZOP定性分析方法的区别,并在某延迟焦化装置的除焦操作的风险分析中应用。经分析,识别出在“给水-泡焦”节点,有“操作规程错误”场景2项,“操作规程不具体”场景1项,不存在“操作人员未按操作规程执行”场景。研究结果表明:本文方法有效且具有较好效果,可以广泛应用于操作规程/作业指导书审查、作业过程隐患排查等方面,帮助企业开展操作层面的风险识别与管理,提升企业的生产安全水平。     

潞安矿区煤层渗透率的各向异性特征实验研究

为了研究原位煤体渗透性的各向异性特征,以山西潞安常村矿3号煤层圆柱试样为对象,利用TCQT-Ⅲ型低渗煤层气相驱替增产试验装置,对煤样进行加载,并以氮气注入压力2.0 MPa的条件下,分析垂直层理和平行层理2个方向的煤体变形和渗透率变化特征。实验结果表明:煤样在加载过程中,平行和垂直层理煤样渗透率均随着有效应力的增大而减小,平行层理方向的渗透率始终大于垂直层理方向,应力加载初期渗透率急剧下降,最后逐渐趋于平缓;径向应变的增加量与渗透率呈正相关性,且平行层理相关性大于垂直层理;沿平行层理方向的裂隙度大于沿垂直层理方向,沿垂直层理方向的应变量大于沿平行层理方向;应变增加量均随有效应力的增加而逐渐减小。研究结果可为煤层井网布置及优化提供参考。     

Nighttime pedestrian fatalities: A comprehensive examination of infrastructure,user, vehicle,and situational factors

Introduction: Pedestrian fatalities in the United States increased 45.5% between 2009 and 2017. More than 85% of those additional pedestrian fatalities occurred at night. Method: We examine Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) data for fatal pedestrian crashes that occurred in the dark between 2002 and 2017. Within-variable and before/after examinations of crashes in terms of infrastructure, user, vehicle, and situational characteristics are performed with one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and two-sample t-tests. We model changes in crash characteristic proportions between 2002–2009 and 2010–2017 using linear regressions and test for autocorrelation with Breusch-Godfrey tests. Results: The increase in fatal nighttime pedestrian crashes is most strongly correlated with infrastructure factors: non-intersection unmarked locations (saw 80.8% of additional fatalities); 40–45 mph roads (54.6%); five-lane roads (40.7%); urban (99.7%); and arterials (81.1%). In addition, SUVs were involved in 39.7% of additional fatalities, overrepresenting their share of the fleet. Increased pedestrian alcohol and drug involvement warrant further investigation. The age of pedestrians killed increased more (18.1%) than the national average (3.2%). Conclusions: By identifying factors related to the increase in nighttime pedestrian fatalities, this work constitutes a vital first step in making our streets safer for pedestrians. Practical Applications: More research is needed to understand the efficacy of different solutions, but this paper provides guidance for such future research. Engineering solutions such as road diets or traffic calming may be used to improve identified infrastructure issues by reducing vehicle speeds and road widths. Rethinking vehicle design, especially high front profiles, may improve vehicle issues. However, the problems giving rise to these pedestrian fatalities are likely a result of not only engineering issues but also interrelated social and political factors. Solutions may be correspondingly comprehensive, employing non-linear, systems-based approaches such as Safe Systems.     

Footedness and Mounting—Short Review and Two Case Studies

Footedness is a personal quality like handedness. Footedness may be associated with moving ability during mounting, dismounting, and jumping movements. Occupational accidents have occurred during movement at different working levels, during the use of access and exit systems, and during the mounting of vehicles. Aging can also affect accident risk and body laterality. For example, falling accidents on stairs are common among the elderly. One reason for accidents may be that the structure of the access system or stair system is unsuitable for individual moving patterns depending partly on body laterality. Footedness and the way the feet are used may be contradictory to the demands of the moving situation, especially during uncommon or rapid situations. This contradiction may trigger disturbance during moving. The aims of this pilot study were (a) to review the literature briefly and (b) to describe the use of the dominant and nondominant foot by farmers and the elderly when mounting a tractor and stairs, respectively. The study also gives ideas for future studies based on both (a) and (b).     

AHP与GA-SVM耦合模型在滑坡预警中的应用*

为了减少滑坡造成的损失,提高滑坡预测的准确性,通过搭建灾害模拟平台获得滑坡的实验数据,在获得多组模拟实验数据后,分析各变量的特性。首先,通过层次分析(Analytic Hierarchy Process,AHP)算法,对滑坡进行危险度划分;然后,通过支持向量机(Support Vector Machine,SVM)建立模型,遗传算法(Genetic Algorithm,GA)再优化SVM参数,提出1种层次分析法与GA-SVM相耦合的模型。研究结果表明:AHP方法划分后的数据,通过GA与SVM结合建立的模型精度较好,实验预测结果与实际结果较为吻合,与单一SVM相比,精度更高,结果更好,更加适用于多变量的复杂非线性滑坡预警。     

Debunking the false dichotomy of leadership idealism and pragmatism: Critical evaluation and support of newer genre leadership theories

Leadership theories have shifted over the last few decades from a focus on managerial functions and economic leader–follower exchanges toward greater focus on the interpersonal dynamics occurring within the leadership process. Theories such as transformational, ethical, authentic, and other “newer genre” theories were created to address neglected topics such as leader vision and inspirational messages, transparency, emotional effects, morality, individualized attention, and intellectual stimulation. Critiques of these theories, however, have been raised. In this paper, we address five of those critiques and argue for the validity and practical effectiveness of the new genre theories. Further, we describe how newer genre leadership research should be viewed as a performative epistemology, entailing a process of co‐creation involving scholars and practitioners. Finally, from this view, we provide general ideas for leader development. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Occupational Safety and Health in Finland

In Finland, occupational safety is the responsibility of the employer, while the occupational safety and health laws are enforced by the Labour Inspection Service, an organization of the state. The Labour Inspection is divided in 11 administrative districts, and it employs 360 professionals. They are mandated to carry out site visits without prearranged appointments to inspect safe work situations, working hours, construction safety, or any aspect of accident risks. The inspectors are also mandated to verify the existence of sufficient occupational health services as prescribed by the Occupational Health Services Act for all employees. The occupational health services are typically provided by enterprise-owned medical departments, by mutually owned health care centers, by private practitioners, or by municipal health care centers. The latter are required by law to provide all services as prescribed by the legislation to anyone who comes to the facility. This situation is prevalent in the countryside, where there are very few private caregiving centers. Declaring occupational accidents and disease cases is mandatory, and the Inspection districts examine all accidents to establish causes and consequences, and to initiate prosecution in case of criminal negligence. Labour Inspection Districts are also notified of the new occupational disease cases as they are declared to insurance companies. Insurance for occupational disease, accidents, and death is an obligation of the employer, although they can choose the insurance company. The medical confidentiality between the workers and their occupational health care providers is very strict. Official statistics are maintained by the state Statistics Finland organization, and they may be used, for example, for research purposes by scientific institutes like the Finnish Institute of Occupational Health. Construction industry accounts for 25% of all fatal accidents (120 cases per 1 million working hours), followed by mechanical, wood, metal, machinery, and pulp and paper industry (10% each of fatal accidents) with rates ranging from 100–160 cases per 1 million working hours. There are some 5,000 occupational disease cases per year (rate 22/10,000 employed). The major disease categories include repetitive strain injuries (1,300 cases), respiratory allergies (600 cases), occupational skin diseases (1,000 cases), and 900 cases of noise-caused hearing loss. In 1998, 589 cases of asbestos-related diseases were reported.     

森林地表火蔓延模拟方法及其计算机实现

进行了森林火蔓延的研究,对传统的经验公式和模型进行改进,明显发现改进的模型有更好的结果,用计算机巧妙准确地实现了模拟模型,在风力不是特别大,地形变化不是特别剧烈时,该模型有较高精度;并结合火蔓延的主要因素（气象因子、气候、地形等）,进行系统分析,写出算地,编制实现地表火蔓延的预测预报计算机系统软件。这对于有效的组织扑救、减少火灾损失、计算森林火灾的损失评估有重要意义。     

公路隧道火灾逃生疏散研究

以苍岭隧道为背景,首先采用经验计算理论和计算软件building EXODUS相结合的方式,从被困人员的安全疏散时间、高温烟气的影响、隧道横通道的利用率以及人员的疏散行为特性进行了研究。结果表明:中小规模火灾情况下的安全疏散时间控制在8 min之内,高温烟气影响不大,但横通道的利用率不平均,且人员疏散路线相对集中。然后对存在的逃生疏散问题提出针对性建议以及其他相关建议,旨在为更大程度降低事故的严重性和经济财产损失。