瀑布沟水电站消落区土壤磷释放特征模拟

以四川瀑布沟水电站消落区紫色土和冲积土为研究对象,通过实验室模拟土壤淹水试验,探寻瀑布沟水电站消落区土壤在干湿交替条件下的磷释放特征。结果表明:瀑布沟水电站消落区土壤全磷质量比为0.52~1.30 g/kg,有效磷为10.23~74.49 mg/kg;土壤有效磷质量比与磷释放量呈正相关关系(p0.05),不同土地利用方式有效磷质量比从大到小为园地、旱地、水田,并且干湿交替对土壤磷具有一定的活化作用;与第1次淹水相比,第2次淹水上覆水磷质量浓度平衡时间较短。     

外置植物碳源型人工湿地系统反硝化脱氮效果及N2O释放

人工湿地系统在处理低碳氮比污水时,通过外加碳源来提高系统的脱氮效率。碳源是反硝化过程中重要的影响因素,对N_2O释放必然也产生影响。采用芦苇(Phragmites australis)和二球悬铃木(Platanus acerifolia)树叶为碳源的外置碳源型的人工湿地系统,以葡萄糖作为对比碳源,研究有机碳源对脱氮效果及N_2O释放量的影响。结果表明,芦苇和悬铃木树叶作为碳源,在植物分解稳定后,脱氮效果稳定,TN平均去除率分别为90.3%和92.5%,比空白组高出15%左右;单批次试验中,芦苇组和树叶组N_2O平均释放量分别为40.91μg/(m~2·h)和34.16μg/(m~2·h),略高于葡萄糖组的6.20μg/(m~2·h),但显著小于空白组的127.45μg/(m~2·h),累积释放量与TN去除量的比值小于0.1%且显著小于空白组;芦苇和树叶组基质微生物的反硝化作用强度及PLFAs总量均显著高于空白组,细菌PLFAs占PLFAs总量的比例均接近50%,而真菌PLFAs仅大于7%,细菌为优势种群。因此,向处理低C/N污水的人工湿地系统补充适宜的植物碳源材料,可以有效提高脱氮效率并降低N_2O释放。     

氮负荷波动下污水地下渗滤系统除污及释放N2O的特征

通过实验室模拟试验分析了进水氮负荷对污水地下渗滤系统出水水质及N2O产生的影响。结果表明:随进水氮负荷升高,系统对NH_4~+-N、COD等污染物的去除率呈下降趋势,而对TN的去除率呈先增加后降低的趋势;在低进水氮负荷(≤1.6 g/(m~2·d))和高进水氮负荷(≥6.4 g/(m~2·d))时,生物脱氮作用的N_2O气体产率相对较低,不超过(31.8±2.7)mg/(m~2·d);在中等进水氮负荷(2.4~5.6g/(m~2·d))时,N_2O气体产率最大值达到(60.6±2.0)mg/(m~2·d);N_2O的转化率也呈先升高后降低的变化趋势,在氮负荷为2.4 g/(m~2·d)时,转化率达到最大值,即1.33%±0.03%。综合考虑地下渗滤系统处理效果及N_2O产率等方面的要求,建议在工程应用中,污水地下渗滤系统的进水氮负荷为4.0~5.6 g/(m~2·d)。在该负荷区间下,N_2O主要产生在地下渗滤系统的下层,即厌氧区域是N_2O的主要释放源,占总体的70%以上。     

序批式动态膜生物反应器处理低碳氮比废水的试验研究

以序批式动态膜反应器为研究对象,对其处理低碳氮比废水的效果进行了试验研究.试验温度为19 ～ 21℃,MLSS为3～5g/L;好氧阶段溶解氧质量浓度为2 ～4 mg/L,厌氧阶段溶解氧质量浓度为0.2～0.5 mg/L;水力停留时间共12 h,其中好氧阶段8h,厌氧阶段4h.结果表明:当进水COD、TN和NH4+-N质量浓度分别为250～300mg/L、103 ～ 156 mg/L和92～140 mg/L时,反应器对上述污染物表现出较高且稳定的去除效率,COD、TN和NH4+-N平均去除率分别达到76.15％、82.16％和90.13％.同时,反应器系统中污泥的比硝化速率与常规处理装置中的活性污泥相比较高,以NH4+-N的降解量计为0.101 d-1,以NO3--N的积累量计为0.091 d-.     

北京市沙河水库沉积物重金属分布特征及扩散通量估算

对北运河上游沙河水库沉积物中典型重金属元素的污染特征进行了分析,采用Lars H¨okanson潜在生态风险指数评价了重金属的污染程度和环境风险,并利用一维孔隙水扩散模型(Fick定律)估算了微量重金属在沉积物-水界面的扩散通量。结果表明,沙河水库沉积物重金属质量比随深度增加均呈现明显下降趋势,以库心区最明显。沉积物中Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb、Zn的平均质量比分别为49.8 mg/kg、42.8 mg/kg、42.9 mg/kg、18.3 mg/kg、167.9 mg/kg,除Pb外均超过北京市土壤自然重金属质量比近2倍。库心区重金属污染最为严重,表层沉积物中Cr、Cu、Ni、Zn质量比分别超过北京市土壤自然背景值2.8、4.3、2.6、5.9倍。各采样点综合潜在生态风险指数(RI)以库心区最大,为49.9,但所有样点RI及均值都低于150,处于低潜在生态风险状态。随深度增加沉积物孔隙水中Cr质量浓度基本保持恒定;As质量浓度呈明显增加趋势,即存在孔隙水中As向上覆水释放;Zn、Ni和Cu质量浓度随深度增加呈下降趋势,并逐渐趋于稳定。Cr、Zn、As、Ni、Cu在沉积物-水界面的扩散通量分别为13.05μg/(m2·d)、-20.89μg/(m2·d)、108.4μg/(m2·d)、-35.67μg/(m2·d)、-5.11μg/(m2·d)。     

石油污染土壤对黄豆生长的影响

通过盆栽实验,研究了不同石油烃质量比对黄豆幼苗叶绿素、丙二醛(MDA)含量和SOD活性的影响;通过田间实验,探讨了石油烃对黄豆生长性状、籽粒品质和土壤中微生物群落的影响.结果表明,石油烃质量比为3 000～5 000 mg·kg-1时,对黄豆幼苗叶绿素质量比、MDA含量和SOD活性无显著影响;质量比达到10 000 mg·kg-1时,叶绿素质量比和SOD活性分别降低10.8%和9.8%,MDA含量增加12.4%.田间实验发现,10 000 mg·kg-1处理对黄豆中粗蛋白质、粗脂肪质量分数和出苗率无显著影响,但对黄豆多数生长性状影响显著,有明显毒害作用.土壤中石油烃质量比达到30 000～50 000 mg·kg-1 时,黄豆株高、单株荚数、肉荚比、百粒重、根重、单株产量、生物量、出苗率、粗蛋白质和粗脂肪质量分数显著下降;苯并[a]芘质量比达到5.32～5.59 μg·kg-1,高于国家食品标准所规定的限量(＜5 μg·kg-1);微生物数量,特别是嗜油菌数量显著增加.     

进水方式对序批式深床人工湿地硝化效能的影响

针对现有人工湿地硝化效能低、占地面积大的问题,研究污水处理厂尾水人工湿地高效硝化深度处理技术,采用序批式深床人工湿地反应器(DSCW),考察进水方式及其运行工况对硝化效能的影响。结果表明,进水方式、进水时间和闲置时间对湿地硝化效能影响显著。进水方式采用"连续进水-间歇出水"较连续进出水运行工况NH_4~+-N去除率高39.69%。连续进水时间为5.5 h、7.5 h、11.5 h时,NH_4~+-N去除率分别为81.82%、88.12%、89.91%;闲置时间为0、2 h、4 h时,NH_4~+-N去除率分别为88.12%、94.46%、92.60%。反应器在水温(20±3)℃、负荷35.56 g NH_4~+-N/(m2·d)、连续进水7.5 h-间歇出水0.5 h-排空闲置2 h运行工况下,出水NH_4~+-N为0.91 mg/L,去除率为94.46%,系统NH_4~+-N去除效能大幅提高。     

以PBS为载体和碳源的SND系统的脱氮效果研究

水产养殖业高速发展所带来的氮素污染问题越来越严重,近年来同步硝化反硝化(Simultaneous Nitrification and Denitrification,SND)脱氮工艺因其良好的脱氮效果引起广泛关注。以人工模拟养殖污水作为原水,研究了以可生物降解材料聚丁二酸丁二醇酯(Polybutylene succinate,PBS)作为碳源和载体的同步硝化反硝化反应器(PBS-SND)的脱氮效果。结果表明,在水力停留时间(Hydraulic Retention Time,HRT)为4 h、进水氨氮(NH+4-N)质量浓度为10 mg/L、硝酸氮(NO-3-N)质量浓度为50 mg/L、溶氧(Dissolve Oxygen,DO)质量浓度为(6.242±1.262)mg/L的条件下,SND反应器可在11 d内成功启动并稳定运行。反应器稳定运行后具有良好的脱氮能力,NH+4-N、NO-3-N和总氮(TN)的去除率分别为66.50%、98.55%、99.10%;反应器内载体表面生物量随空间位置升高逐渐递减,上、中、下三层的PBS颗粒表面的生物量分别为(0.549 6±0.021 7)×109CFU/g PBS、(6.563 9±3.078 1)×109CFU/g PBS、(29.148 7±0.884 7)×109CFU/g PBS。快速硝化测试试验中NH+4-N的去除率为22.93%,快速反硝化测试中NO-3-N的去除率最高达88.90%,其平均去除速率可达到1.481 7 mg/(L·h)。PBS-SND系统可实现低C/N比养殖废水的高效脱氮。     

干湿比对地下渗滤系统出水及N2O释放的影响

通过场地试验研究干湿比对地下渗滤系统(SWIS)除污能力及N_2O释放的影响,在原位平台的6个子单元上,设置干湿比分别为3∶1、2∶1、1∶1、1∶2、1∶3、0。结果表明,随干湿比减小,SWIS对COD和TN的去除率呈先增后减的趋势,而NH_4~+-N的去除率逐渐下降。N_2O产率随干湿比减小而逐渐升高,表明N_2O主要产生在氮的反硝化阶段。当干湿比为1∶1时,N_2O转化率达到最大值,即0.065%。因此建议在工程应用中将污水地下渗滤系统的稳定运行干湿比控制为1∶1,此时N_2O产率低于0.09 mg/(m~2·h),COD、NH_4~+-N及TN的去除率可分别达到92.8%、90.2%和82.4%,出水满足GB/T 18921—2002《城市污水再生利用景观环境用水水质》。     

天津芦苇湿地影响碳储量关键参数的模拟优化

采用室内模拟试验的方法,研究了水位、氮沉降、电导率等单因素对土壤呼吸的影响,以及三因素对土壤碳储量交互影响的响应面优化,并得到了土壤碳储量最大的最优方案。结果表明:对于单因素试验而言,过高或过低的水位及氮沉降梯度均会对土壤呼吸造成不利影响,而电导率的增加对土壤呼吸呈显著抑制作用,当水位、氮沉降、电导率分别为-9 cm、20 g/m2、0.3 d S/m时,土壤90 d累积呼吸总量最大,分别为84.95μmol/(m2·s)、92.88μmol/(m2·s)和85.70μmol/(m2·s);响应面优化分析中,北大港芦苇湿地碳储量的最优方案为水位-5.49 cm,电导率3.52 ds/m,氮沉降13.40 g/m2,在此条件下预测的理论碳储量最大值为8.62 g/kg。该优化方案可为天津滨海湿地资源的合理开发利用及湿地保育政策的制定等提供参考。     

油浸变压器排油注氮装置在500kV变电站的设计与应用

在分析500kV变电站主变压器消防系统的现状,比较3类消防系统优缺点的基础上,详细论述了主变排油注氮装置的结构组成、工作原理、参数计算、控制系统设计以及需要注意的事项等,为下一步排油注氮装置的推广应用打下基础.     

HAZOP结合What-if方法在某延迟焦化装置除焦中的应用

为克服传统危险与可操作性（HAZOP）定性分析方法在复杂操作、间歇作业等过程中使用的局限性,提出在传统HAZOP定性分析方法的基础上结合What-if（故障假设）方法,对人的不安全行为和操作规程不完备所导致的风险后果分析作出补充。详细说明其技术原理、工作流程等使用细节,系统阐述该方法与传统HAZOP定性分析方法的区别,并在某延迟焦化装置的除焦操作的风险分析中应用。经分析,识别出在“给水-泡焦”节点,有“操作规程错误”场景2项,“操作规程不具体”场景1项,不存在“操作人员未按操作规程执行”场景。研究结果表明:本文方法有效且具有较好效果,可以广泛应用于操作规程/作业指导书审查、作业过程隐患排查等方面,帮助企业开展操作层面的风险识别与管理,提升企业的生产安全水平。     

Nighttime pedestrian fatalities: A comprehensive examination of infrastructure,user, vehicle,and situational factors

Introduction: Pedestrian fatalities in the United States increased 45.5% between 2009 and 2017. More than 85% of those additional pedestrian fatalities occurred at night. Method: We examine Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) data for fatal pedestrian crashes that occurred in the dark between 2002 and 2017. Within-variable and before/after examinations of crashes in terms of infrastructure, user, vehicle, and situational characteristics are performed with one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and two-sample t-tests. We model changes in crash characteristic proportions between 2002–2009 and 2010–2017 using linear regressions and test for autocorrelation with Breusch-Godfrey tests. Results: The increase in fatal nighttime pedestrian crashes is most strongly correlated with infrastructure factors: non-intersection unmarked locations (saw 80.8% of additional fatalities); 40–45 mph roads (54.6%); five-lane roads (40.7%); urban (99.7%); and arterials (81.1%). In addition, SUVs were involved in 39.7% of additional fatalities, overrepresenting their share of the fleet. Increased pedestrian alcohol and drug involvement warrant further investigation. The age of pedestrians killed increased more (18.1%) than the national average (3.2%). Conclusions: By identifying factors related to the increase in nighttime pedestrian fatalities, this work constitutes a vital first step in making our streets safer for pedestrians. Practical Applications: More research is needed to understand the efficacy of different solutions, but this paper provides guidance for such future research. Engineering solutions such as road diets or traffic calming may be used to improve identified infrastructure issues by reducing vehicle speeds and road widths. Rethinking vehicle design, especially high front profiles, may improve vehicle issues. However, the problems giving rise to these pedestrian fatalities are likely a result of not only engineering issues but also interrelated social and political factors. Solutions may be correspondingly comprehensive, employing non-linear, systems-based approaches such as Safe Systems.     

潞安矿区煤层渗透率的各向异性特征实验研究

为了研究原位煤体渗透性的各向异性特征,以山西潞安常村矿3号煤层圆柱试样为对象,利用TCQT-Ⅲ型低渗煤层气相驱替增产试验装置,对煤样进行加载,并以氮气注入压力2.0 MPa的条件下,分析垂直层理和平行层理2个方向的煤体变形和渗透率变化特征。实验结果表明:煤样在加载过程中,平行和垂直层理煤样渗透率均随着有效应力的增大而减小,平行层理方向的渗透率始终大于垂直层理方向,应力加载初期渗透率急剧下降,最后逐渐趋于平缓;径向应变的增加量与渗透率呈正相关性,且平行层理相关性大于垂直层理;沿平行层理方向的裂隙度大于沿垂直层理方向,沿垂直层理方向的应变量大于沿平行层理方向;应变增加量均随有效应力的增加而逐渐减小。研究结果可为煤层井网布置及优化提供参考。     

森林地表火蔓延模拟方法及其计算机实现

进行了森林火蔓延的研究,对传统的经验公式和模型进行改进,明显发现改进的模型有更好的结果,用计算机巧妙准确地实现了模拟模型,在风力不是特别大,地形变化不是特别剧烈时,该模型有较高精度;并结合火蔓延的主要因素（气象因子、气候、地形等）,进行系统分析,写出算地,编制实现地表火蔓延的预测预报计算机系统软件。这对于有效的组织扑救、减少火灾损失、计算森林火灾的损失评估有重要意义。     

Footedness and Mounting—Short Review and Two Case Studies

Footedness is a personal quality like handedness. Footedness may be associated with moving ability during mounting, dismounting, and jumping movements. Occupational accidents have occurred during movement at different working levels, during the use of access and exit systems, and during the mounting of vehicles. Aging can also affect accident risk and body laterality. For example, falling accidents on stairs are common among the elderly. One reason for accidents may be that the structure of the access system or stair system is unsuitable for individual moving patterns depending partly on body laterality. Footedness and the way the feet are used may be contradictory to the demands of the moving situation, especially during uncommon or rapid situations. This contradiction may trigger disturbance during moving. The aims of this pilot study were (a) to review the literature briefly and (b) to describe the use of the dominant and nondominant foot by farmers and the elderly when mounting a tractor and stairs, respectively. The study also gives ideas for future studies based on both (a) and (b).     

AHP与GA-SVM耦合模型在滑坡预警中的应用*

为了减少滑坡造成的损失,提高滑坡预测的准确性,通过搭建灾害模拟平台获得滑坡的实验数据,在获得多组模拟实验数据后,分析各变量的特性。首先,通过层次分析(Analytic Hierarchy Process,AHP)算法,对滑坡进行危险度划分;然后,通过支持向量机(Support Vector Machine,SVM)建立模型,遗传算法(Genetic Algorithm,GA)再优化SVM参数,提出1种层次分析法与GA-SVM相耦合的模型。研究结果表明:AHP方法划分后的数据,通过GA与SVM结合建立的模型精度较好,实验预测结果与实际结果较为吻合,与单一SVM相比,精度更高,结果更好,更加适用于多变量的复杂非线性滑坡预警。     

Debunking the false dichotomy of leadership idealism and pragmatism: Critical evaluation and support of newer genre leadership theories

Leadership theories have shifted over the last few decades from a focus on managerial functions and economic leader–follower exchanges toward greater focus on the interpersonal dynamics occurring within the leadership process. Theories such as transformational, ethical, authentic, and other “newer genre” theories were created to address neglected topics such as leader vision and inspirational messages, transparency, emotional effects, morality, individualized attention, and intellectual stimulation. Critiques of these theories, however, have been raised. In this paper, we address five of those critiques and argue for the validity and practical effectiveness of the new genre theories. Further, we describe how newer genre leadership research should be viewed as a performative epistemology, entailing a process of co‐creation involving scholars and practitioners. Finally, from this view, we provide general ideas for leader development. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Occupational Safety and Health in Finland

In Finland, occupational safety is the responsibility of the employer, while the occupational safety and health laws are enforced by the Labour Inspection Service, an organization of the state. The Labour Inspection is divided in 11 administrative districts, and it employs 360 professionals. They are mandated to carry out site visits without prearranged appointments to inspect safe work situations, working hours, construction safety, or any aspect of accident risks. The inspectors are also mandated to verify the existence of sufficient occupational health services as prescribed by the Occupational Health Services Act for all employees. The occupational health services are typically provided by enterprise-owned medical departments, by mutually owned health care centers, by private practitioners, or by municipal health care centers. The latter are required by law to provide all services as prescribed by the legislation to anyone who comes to the facility. This situation is prevalent in the countryside, where there are very few private caregiving centers. Declaring occupational accidents and disease cases is mandatory, and the Inspection districts examine all accidents to establish causes and consequences, and to initiate prosecution in case of criminal negligence. Labour Inspection Districts are also notified of the new occupational disease cases as they are declared to insurance companies. Insurance for occupational disease, accidents, and death is an obligation of the employer, although they can choose the insurance company. The medical confidentiality between the workers and their occupational health care providers is very strict. Official statistics are maintained by the state Statistics Finland organization, and they may be used, for example, for research purposes by scientific institutes like the Finnish Institute of Occupational Health. Construction industry accounts for 25% of all fatal accidents (120 cases per 1 million working hours), followed by mechanical, wood, metal, machinery, and pulp and paper industry (10% each of fatal accidents) with rates ranging from 100–160 cases per 1 million working hours. There are some 5,000 occupational disease cases per year (rate 22/10,000 employed). The major disease categories include repetitive strain injuries (1,300 cases), respiratory allergies (600 cases), occupational skin diseases (1,000 cases), and 900 cases of noise-caused hearing loss. In 1998, 589 cases of asbestos-related diseases were reported.     

公路隧道火灾逃生疏散研究

以苍岭隧道为背景,首先采用经验计算理论和计算软件building EXODUS相结合的方式,从被困人员的安全疏散时间、高温烟气的影响、隧道横通道的利用率以及人员的疏散行为特性进行了研究。结果表明:中小规模火灾情况下的安全疏散时间控制在8 min之内,高温烟气影响不大,但横通道的利用率不平均,且人员疏散路线相对集中。然后对存在的逃生疏散问题提出针对性建议以及其他相关建议,旨在为更大程度降低事故的严重性和经济财产损失。