基于后向轨迹模式的区域大气污染及传输特征分析

选取南京市2017年PM2.5逐时观测数据,分析其颗粒物污染特征,并利用聚类分析、潜在源贡献因子法和GDAS气象数据,分析不同高度、季节下南京市主要气流输送路径及PM2.5污染的主要潜在源区。结果表明：南京市PM2.5污染冬季最严重,夏季最轻,逐时PM2.5浓度变化范围夏季小于冬季;夏季气流轨迹主要来自东南方向,秋冬春等季节以偏西和西北路径为主,且随着高度的增加,气流输送速度逐渐加快;冬季对南京市PM2.5污染的贡献最为显著,低层PM2.5污染贡献源区主要集中在近地区域,且贡献率较高,随着高度的增加,贡献源区由研究区域向四周辐散,贡献范围广,贡献率降低。     

金昌市不同季节大气颗粒物的传输路径和潜在源分析

选取金昌市2019年3月-2020年2月PM2.5和PM10逐小时观测数据,分析该市颗粒物污染水平的季节差异,并利用HYSPLIT后向轨迹模式和GDAS气象数据,分析不同气流轨迹对金昌市颗粒物浓度的影响及不同季节颗粒物的潜在污染来源.结果表明,2019年金昌市冬季PM2.5污染最严重,春季PM10污染严重;春、秋季PM...     

焦作市大气中PM2.5的时间特征与潜在源区分析

以焦作市为研究区,基于2021年24 h自动监测大气PM2.5数据和同期气象数据,应用气团后向轨迹聚类分析、潜在源区贡献函数分析和浓度权重轨迹分析等方法探究大气污染物中PM2.5的时间分布特征及其潜在源区。结果表明：2021年焦作市PM2.5的质量浓度均值为47.3μg/m3,季节特征表现为春冬季高于夏秋季;来自河南省北部和中东部等地区气团轨迹对应的PM2.5浓度较高;春季和冬季PM2.5的潜在来源地区范围广于夏季和秋季,在污染较为严重的冬季,河南省的焦作市、新乡市、鹤壁市、安阳市、郑州市和开封市,以及河北省邯郸市和邢台市均是焦作市PM2.5的潜在源区。     

2015—2017年江苏省秋、冬季空气质量状况

采用2015—2017年秋、冬季江苏省环境空气质量监测数据,从空气质量优良(达标)率、首要污染物、主要污染物浓度分析空气质量现状及特点。结果表明,江苏省秋、冬季空气质量优良(达标)率在60%左右,其中沿海地区空气质量达标率最高(71.1%),西北地区达标率最差(52.2%)。污染日的首要污染物主要为PM 2.5,占比高达91.5%。ρ(PM2.5)/ρ(PM 10)存在地区差异,江苏西北地区扬尘源贡献较大,江苏南部地区的二次颗粒物贡献更明显。ρ(NO2)/ρ(SO2)逐年持续升高,表明大气污染类型从燃煤性污染转变为复合型污染。     

焦作市大气污染物特征和相关性分析

为研究焦作市大气污染特征及其相关性,对2015—2017年焦作市4个国控空气监测点位的监测数据进行统计分析。结果表明:2015—2017年城区环境空气污染SO_2、NO_2、CO、PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)浓度均呈逐年下降趋势;大气污染浓度季节变化特征明显,PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)、SO_2、NO_2、CO的浓度均为冬季最高、夏季最低,空气质量指数也在冬季达到最高值; O_3浓度则为夏季最高、冬季最低。2017年焦作市沙尘天气共计36 d,严重影响了环境空气中颗粒物的浓度。由PM_(2.5)与PM_(10)的比值说明大气颗粒物污染以PM_(2.5)为主。通过SPSS软件分析,SO_2、NO_2、CO、PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)浓度间呈两两正相关,O_3浓度与NO_2、CO呈负相关。     

上海浦东新区城区大气PM2.5中水溶性离子污染特征研究

为研究大气中细颗粒物(PM2.5)在中低浓度水平下的污染特征及来源,于2018-2020年在上海市浦东新区采用在线气体组分及气溶胶监测系统对大气ρ(PM2.5)及其水溶性离子的质量浓度进行了在线连续观测.结果表明,2018-2020年ρ(PM2 5)变化总体均呈现冬季较高,春、秋季其次,夏季较低的特征.PM2.5中水溶...     

邢台市颗粒污染物变化特征和后向轨迹分析

为深入了解邢台市PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)浓度变化情况和气流后向轨迹,对邢台市2013—2016年环境大气颗粒污染物监测数据进行了分析,同时利用HYSPLIT模型计算出逐日72 h后向气流轨迹。结果表明:邢台市的PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)质量浓度在2013—2016年间呈逐年下降趋势,PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)质量浓度高值出现在冬季(296μg/m~3和192μg/m~3),最低值出现在夏季(140μg/m~3和80μg/m~3),PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)质量浓度在日变化上均呈"双峰双谷"型分布;后向轨迹的季节聚类分析表明,春季大气颗粒物污染以粒径2.5～10μm的颗粒污染物为主,夏季、秋季和冬季的大气颗粒物污染以PM_(2.5)为主;逐日聚类分析表明,在路径为西北偏西向的、途经多个沙源地的气流影响下,邢台市的PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)质量浓度处于一个相对高值;来源于偏南向的气流由于化合反应,污染物积聚导致PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)质量浓度也处于相对高值;在来源于西北向和偏北向的、水汽含量相对较低的气流影响下,邢台市的PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)质量浓度出现一个明显的下降。     

南京大气细颗粒中有机碳与元素碳污染特征

为了解南京城区大气细颗粒物中有机碳与元素碳的污染特征,在国控点草场门进行了连续一年的PM2.5采样,分析了有机碳(OC)、元素碳(EC)、ρ(OC)/ρ(EC)污染特征和变化规律。结果表明,采样期间有些PM2.5的日均值超过了《环境空气质量标准》(GB 3095-2012)二级标准,ρ(OC)/ρ(EC)为0.77～4.98,平均值为1.92。PM2.5样品中OC约占18%、EC约占9%。     

石家庄市大气颗粒物中有机碳和元素碳的季节变化特征

为了解石家庄市大气颗粒物中有机碳和元素碳的季节变化特征,对春、夏、秋、冬四季采集的PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)样品中的有机碳(OC)和元素碳(EC)进行了分析。结果表明,石家庄市PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)污染严重;PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)中ρ(OC)和ρ(EC)季节变化特征均为夏季春季秋季冬季。冬季PM_(10)中ρ(OC)和ρ(EC)分别为42.85和8.88μg/m~3;PM_(2.5)中ρ(OC)和ρ(EC)分别为41.2和8.59μg/m~3。PM_(2.5)中EC占比最高为3.9%,EC更容易在PM_(2.5)中富集;在四个季节中,冬季PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)中ρ(OC)/ρ(EC)为最高,分别为4.83和4.80,冬季取暖用燃煤加重了OC、EC的污染。冬季PM_(10)中二次有机碳ρ(SOC)为20.92μg/m~3,PM_(2.5)中ρ(SOC)为23.50μg/m~3。     

杭州城区大气颗粒物污染特征及PM2.5潜在源区研究

基于2015年9月1日至2016年8月25日杭州城区观测点PM₁、PM_2.5、PM₁₀小时浓度数据进行分析,利用HYSPLIT模型、潜在源贡献因子（PSCF）方法和浓度权重轨迹（CWT）方法,探讨了杭州城区PM₁、PM_2.5、PM₁₀时间分布特征和PM_2.5潜在来源。结果表明：研究期间PM₁季节平均浓度表现为冬季 > 秋季、春季 > 夏季,PM_1~2.5、PM_2.5~10浓度则表现为冬季 > 春季 > 秋季 > 夏季;PM₁浓度日变化呈现明显的双峰现象,而PM_1~2.5和PM_2.5~10在同一时段均无明显浓度峰值;杭州城区PM_2.5受外源输送污染具有明显的季节性变化特征,夏季、秋季杭州城区PM_2.5的潜在源区主要是浙江北部、安徽东南部等,春季PM_2.5的潜在源区主要是浙江中部、江苏南部等,冬季PM_2.5的潜在源区主要是山东南部、江苏西南部、浙江北部、安徽南部、江西中部等地区。     

Topsoil and Housedust Metal Concentrations in the Vicinity of a Lead Battery Manufacturing Plant

The aim of the study was to determine the extent of heavy metal pollution in the vicinity of a lead battery manufacturing plant in the Czech Republic, both in the general environment and within homes. Topsoils (0–5 cm) were sampled from 100 sites along 4 transects which crossed the battery factory, the town centre and outlying rural areas. Housedust samples were collected from 15 plant-workers' homes and 15 non plant-workers' homes located at various distances from the factory. Samples were analysed for levels of Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu, As and Sb, using ICP-AES. Soil concentrations of Pb, Cd, As and Sb peaked at the perimeter fence of the battery factory with Pb levels of up to 12 650 g g> ^-1. Concentrations of these metals decreased exponentially within 500 m of the plant. Whilst the battery factory does appear to be a source of all the metals with the exception of Zn, emissions do not appear to be transported to any great extent over distances of more than 0.5 km. Topsoil and housedust concentrations of Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu, As and Sb in the general Mlada Boleslav area do not appear to be significantly different from those recorded in a large scale survey of urban soils in the United Kingdom. A comparison of housedust Pb concentrations in homes of plant workers and non-plant workers suggests that there may be a small input of Pb into the home environment by battery plant employees.     

微波消解-原子吸收光度法测定土壤中铜锌铅镉镍铬

用微波消解－原子吸收光度法测定土壤中铜，锌，铅，镉，镍和铬。通过硝酸－氢氟酸－过氧化氢体系消解液对土壤样品消解，选择出微波最佳消解条件。对硝酸－盐酸－过氧化氢体系消解液和硝酸－氢氟酸－过氧化氢体系消解液进行消解对比试验，发现前者不能将土壤样品完全消解，后者能将样品消解完全，但需将消解液中剩余的酸赶尽，否则测定结果将明显偏低。微波消解土壤与传统电热消解相比，操作简便快速，可提高工作效率。     

An Overview of Contaminant-Related Issues Identified by Monitoring in San Francisco Bay

The San Francisco Estuary Regional Monitoring Program for Trace Substances (RMP) began in 1993 and is sponsored by 74 local, state, and federal agencies and companies through their discharge or Bay use permits. The RMP monitors water, sediment, toxicity, and bivalve bioaccumulation at 25 sites in the Bay that are considered to represent "background" conditions. Several major environmental issues have been identified by the RMP. Polychlorinated biphenyls and mercury were often above water quality guidelines, and often occurred in fish tissues above U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) screening values. Concentrations do not appear to be decreasing, suggesting continuing inputs. Episodes of aquatic toxicity often occurred following runoff events that transport contaminants into the Bay from urbanized and agricultural portions of the watershed. Sediment toxicity occurred throughout the Bay, and has been correlated with concentrations of specific contaminants (chlordanes, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons) at some locations; mixtures of contaminants were probably also important. Since the RMP does not monitor all ecosystem components, assessments of the overall condition of the Bay cannot be made. However, in terms of contamination, the RMP samples suggest that the South Bay, and North Bay sites are moderately contaminated.     

Biomagnification factors (fish to Osprey eggs from Willamette River,Oregon, U.S.A.) for PCDDs,PCDFs, PCBs and OC pesticides

A migratory population of 78 pairs of Osprey (Pandion haliaetus) nesting along the Willamette River in westernOregon was studied in 1993. The study was designed to determinecontaminant concentrations in eggs, contaminant concentrationsin fish species predominant in the Ospreys diet, andBiomagnification Factors (BMFs) of contaminants from fish specieseaten to Osprey eggs. Ten Osprey eggs and 25 composite samplesof fish (3 species) were used to evaluate organochlorine (OC)pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinateddibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), and polychlorinated dibenzofurans(PCDFs). Mercury was also analyzed in fish. Geometric meanresidues in Osprey eggs were judged low, e.g., DDE 2.3 g g^-1 wet weight (ww), PCBs 0.69 g g^-1, 2,3,7,8-TCDD 2.3 ng kg^-1, and generally well below known threshold values for adverse effects on productivity, and the population was increasing. Osprey egg residue data presentedby River Mile (RM) are discussed, e.g., higher PCDDs were generally found immediately downstream of paper mills and eggsfrom the Willamette River had significantly elevated PCBs and PCDDs compared to reference eggs collected nearby in the CascadeMountains. Prey remains at nest sites indicated that the Largescale Sucker (Catostomus macrocheilus) and NorthernPikeminnow (Ptychocheilus oregonensis) accounted for an estimated 90.1% of the biomass in the Osprey diet, and composite samples of these two species were collected from different sampling sites throughout the study area for contaminant analyses. With the large percentage of the fishbiomass in the Osprey diet sampled for contaminants (and fisheaten by Ospreys similar in size to those chemically analyzed),and fish contaminant concentrations weighted by biomass intake, a mean BMF was estimated from fish to Osprey eggs for the largeseries of contaminants. BMFs ranged from no biomagnification(0.42) for 2,3,7,8-TCDF to 174 for OCDD. Our findings for themigratory Osprey were compared to BMFs for the resident HerringGull (Larus argentatus), and differences are discussed. Webelieve a BMF approach provides some basic understanding ofrelationships between contaminant burdens in prey species offish-eating birds and contaminants incorporated into their eggs,and may prove useful in understanding sources of contaminants inmigratory species although additional studies are needed.     

The Draft of the New German Guideline VDI 3782/8 to Model Automobile Exhaust Dispersion

The draft of the German guideline to calculate automobile exhaust dispersion is explained. It contains a two-stage-system: For first quick estimates the guideline contains the simple models MLuS and STREET. In case these models are not applicable or their results shows concentration levels close to the air quality standards, the more complex models PROKAS_V and MISKAM are recommended. PROKAS_V is a Gaussian plume model, MISKAM is a 3-dimensional microscale non hydrostatic flow model for built-up areas with an Eulerian dispersion model. The guideline comprises cases in rural areas without or with few adjacent buildings as well as urban areas with buildings near the roads. The contribution gives information about the models, typical results and some of the problems showing up presently.     

Hydrocarbon Utilization in Yeast Isolates Found to Grow in Association with Petroleum in a Polluted Ultisol of Midwestern Nigeria

The population counts of hydrocarbon-utilising yeasts weremonitored at six sampling stations in the Benin City municipalarea over a four-week period. Although the population countswere relatively constant in each locality, the highest countsoccurred in areas heavily polluted by domestic and industrialeffluents. A total of thirty-five hydrocarbon-degrading yeastswere isolated from soil at the sampling stations usingn-hexadecane as sole carbon source. The isolates were identifiedas belonging to the genera Candida (27 strains), Endomycopsis (4 strains). All the organisms grew on long-chainn-alkane, kerosene, diesel oil and crude oil but failed to growon short-chain n-alkane, aromatic and alicyclic hydrocarbons.Measurement of growth attributes of the isolates usingn-hexadecane, diesel oil and crude oil as substrates showed thatthe Candida species were better utilizers of hydrocarbonsubstrates relative to Endomycopsis and Schizosaccharomyces species.     

Hydrologic–Economic Model for Managing Irrigation Intensity in Irrigation Areas under Watertable and Soil Salinity Targets

This paper gives mathematical details and sample applications of SWAGMAN Farm (SWAGMAN, Salt Water and Groundwater Management), a farm-scale hydrologic economic model that integrates agronomic, climatic, irrigation, hydrogeological and economic aspects of irrigated agriculture. The model is capable of determining optimum mix of land use to keep watertable and soil salinity within acceptable limits while maximising the economic returns. Alternatively, the model can simulate water and salt balance and economics of a given cropping preference. Web-based and Geographic Information Systems versions of the model are available for integration with the environmental reporting systems of the irrigation areas.     

火焰原子吸收光谱法测定苏州开发区26种蔬菜中铜锌铁锰镍

用火焰原子吸收光谱法测定了苏州开发区26种蔬菜中的铜、锌、铁、锰和镍的含量。蔬菜样品用硝酸高氯酸混合酸进行消解。4次测定值的相对标准差<5%,加标回收率在92%～107%之间。26种蔬菜中铜、锌、铁、锰、镍的含量基本均在世贸组织规定的范围内。     

Cyanobacterial Flora from Polluted Marine Shores

Citation of cyanobacterial cultures from the shores of south west coast of Gujarat, India and their relationship with sea water quality, influenced by extensive pollutant runoff is reported in this study. Intensity of pollution was evaluated by physico-chemical analysis of water. Higher load of suspended solids (60–1000 mg l⁻¹) and nutrients (PO₄ ⁻P: 1.3–4 μmole l⁻¹ and NO₃ ⁻N: 12.5–17.8 μmole l⁻¹) were persistent throughout the analysis. Community structure is seen to be influenced by such persistent pollution. Twenty nine cyanobacterial species were isolated belonging to 9 genera of 4 families, with an elevated occurrence of Oscillatoria and Lyngbya species. No heterocystous cyanobacteria were isolated throughout the study.     

Using Multiple Taxonomic Groups to Index the Ecological Condition of Lakes

Biological indicators of communitiestypically reflect a common environmental signalreflecting the general condition of the ecosystem, as well asindividual signals by indicators differentiallysensitive to particular environmental conditions. Wedescribe here a method of integrating and interpretingsuch indicators from 19 New England lakes for fivetaxonomic groups (diatoms, benthos, zooplankton, fish,and birds). Our approach provides a systematicstandardized way to integrate multiple metrics fromdifferent taxonomic groups by addressing four elementscrucial to analyzing data from multiple indicators: covariate control, re-scaling of data, standardizing the sign of responses, and dimensional reduction. We evaluated the biologicalmetrics against individual environmental stressors andagainst multivariate physicochemical metricscharacterizing general anthropogenic stress among thelakes. The method detected a response to variationin the gross environmental condition of the lakes thatwas correlated across taxa and metrics. In addition,a differential response to near shore conditions wasdemonstrated for fish. The success of the approach inthis study lends support to its general application toecological monitoring involving complex data sets.