大同市空气中多环芳烃与人尿中1-羟基芘的分析

用GC~2/MS和HPLC鉴定出大同市空气中的多环芳烃化合物35种.对大同市不同功能区空气中苯并(a)芘(BaP)和人尿中1-羟基芘同步采样分析.结果表明,不同功能区BaP浓度有显著差别:采暖期浓度急剧增加,城区浓度为对照点的17倍,日均值达330ng/m~3.人尿中1-羟基芘的浓度与空气中BaP的浓度显著相关.采暖期城区尿中1-羟基芘的几何均值为1.86μmol/mol肌酐,非采暖期为1.14μmol/mol肌酐,均较北京市的均值高出五倍多.证明大同市由于直接燃煤,造成空气中多环芳烃的严重污染.     

人尿中1-羟基芘浓度与多环芳烃日暴露量的关系

采集并分析了 10 0名不吸烟成人 2 4h的呼吸带空气 (PM10 和气相 )、食物及尿液样品 ,建立了尿中1 羟基芘与多环芳烃日暴露量的关系 结果表明 :晨尿 1 羟基芘 (μmol·mol肌酐 -1)浓度与芘、苯并 (a )芘等 13种多环芳烃日暴露量的对数线性回归方程拟合度R2 达 0 12— 0 6 7,方程各项参数也均达到了显著性水平 (P <0 0 0 1)     

大同市空气中多环芳烃与人尿中1—羟基芘的分析

用ＧＣ＾２／ＭＳ和ＨＰＬＣ鉴定出大同市空气中的多环芳烃化合物３５种，对大同市不同功能区空气中苯并（ａ）芘（ＢａＰ）和人尿中１－羟基芘同步采样分析。结果表明，不同功能区ＢａＰ浓度有显著差别：采暖期浓度急剧增加，城区浓度为对照点的１７倍，日均值达３３０ｎｇ／ｍ＾３。人尿中１－羟基芘的浓度与空气中ＢａＰ的浓度显著相关。采暖期城区尿中１－羟基芘的几何均值为１．８６μｍｏｌ／ｍｏｌ肌酐，非采暖期为１．１４μ     

“人体接触多环芳烃的生化指标”经国家环保局主持鉴定通过

由北京市环保所赵振华等人承担的“人体接触多环芳烃的生化指标”研究项目于1992年8月2日在国家环保局鲍强司长主持的专家会上通过鉴定。该项工作在对环境空气和人尿中多环芳烃及其代谢产物深入分析研究的基础上,首次用GC/MS和自己合成的标样确证了尿中1-羟基芘的存在,建立了灵敏实用的定量分析方法,并进行了动物实验和人体接触高浓度多环芳烃的研究,证明人尿中的1-羟基芘和环境空气巾的多环芳烃有     

不同城市居民尿中1—羟基芘与大气颗粒物中致突变性

报告了北京、太原、沈阳、武汉和上海市居民尿中1-羟基芘的测定结果,同时测定了前四个城市大气颗粒物中的二氯甲烷萃取物含量和致突变活性,数理统计分析表明,居民尿中1-羟基芘的量与所在城市大气颗粒物的二氯甲烷萃取物量和致突变活性呈正相关.     

分析毒理中生物指标的研究

生物指标提供了人体接触有毒化学物质的机体负荷、作用指标和易感性等信息，是现代分析毒理研究中的一个重要内容。本文以多环芳烃的接触指标尿中１－羟基芘的研究为例，着重讨论了生物指标研究在环境健康风险评价中的意义。     

我国某塑料垃圾拆解地周边居民多环芳烃内暴露水平调查

采集我国某塑料垃圾拆解地周边50例居民尿液,酶解-固相萃取对其进行前处理,采用高效液相色谱-荧光检测器检测了其中8种多环芳烃羟基代谢物的含量水平,并分析其组成特征.结果显示,该地区居民尿液中2-羟基萘、2-羟基芴、2-羟基菲+3-羟基菲、1-羟基菲+9-羟基菲、4-羟基菲和1-羟基芘的均值浓度分别为9.19、9.11、0.97、2.42、0.09、1.36μmol.mol肌酐-1.各多环芳烃羟基代谢物的含量水平普遍高于北京、广东、江西等地区背景人群含量水平,也明显高于欧美国家背景人群的含量水平,表明该地区居民有着较大的多环芳烃摄入量;各多环芳烃羟基代谢物之间相关性差异较大,2-羟基萘、2-羟基芴、∑羟基菲与1-羟基芘间的相关系数在0.474—0.737之间,表明多种代谢物的联合测定可更客观地评价该地区居民多环芳烃暴露情况.     

苯并[a]芘和9,10-二甲基蒽对皱纹盘鲍(Haliotis dis-cus hannai)早期发育的毒性研究

为探究海洋中多环芳烃(PAHs)对海洋生物的毒性作用,以皱纹盘鲍(Haliotis discus hannai)为受试生物,采用半静水式实验方式,探讨了2种多环芳烃苯并[a]芘和9,10-二甲基蒽对皱纹盘鲍早期发育的毒性效应。在不同浓度的苯并[a]芘和9,10-二甲基蒽作用下,观察皱纹盘鲍的卵子受精率、胚胎发育时间和幼体死亡率。结果表明,高浓度的多环芳烃处理组与对照组相比,卵子的受精率显著降低,胚胎发育时间和幼体死亡率显著增加,与处理浓度之间存在显著的剂量-效应关系(P<0.05)。3～12 d中,苯并[a]芘对皱纹盘鲍幼体的LC_(10)分别为11.6、8.18、7.67和7.66 mg·L~(-1),9,10-二甲基蒽对皱纹盘鲍幼体的LC10分别为14.91、14.11、12.82和9.64 mg·L~(-1)。苯并[a]芘毒性大于9,10-二甲基蒽。     

疏水缔合型有机高分子聚合物对水体中多环芳烃的富集性能

以芘分子为分子荧光探针测定了疏水缔合有机高分子聚合物HAP对多环芳烃类化合物的富集性能.实验证明,疏水缔合聚合物对芘具有良好的胶束增溶和富集作用,且随着聚合物浓度增大、疏水嵌段结构分布均匀适度,富集能力逐渐增强.絮凝实验证明,疏水缔合聚合物对多环芳烃的富集性能可作为有效的辅助手段,实现对水体中微量有机污染物的去除.     

苯并[a]芘和1-羟基芘诱导人胚胎干细胞分化心肌细胞ROS、CYP基因表达和DNA损伤

多环芳烃(PAHs)化合物中的苯并[a]芘和PAHs暴露检测标志物1-羟基芘与心脏功能障碍有关,但其生物学机制尚不清楚。为研究苯并[a]芘和1-羟基芘对心脏的毒性作用,基于人胚胎干细胞分化心肌细胞(hESC-CM)研究了苯并[a]芘和1-羟基芘对心肌细胞活性氧(ROS)生成、CYP基因表达和DNA损伤等的影响。结果表明,苯并[a]芘和1-羟基芘对h ESC-CM活性无影响,但能显著增强细胞ROS水平,诱导DNA损伤。此外,苯并[a]芘还能诱导细胞线粒体促凋亡基因的表达。研究表明,苯并[a]芘和1-羟基芘能通过诱导氧化应激和DNA损伤事件导致h ESC-CM损伤,在一定程度上解释了多环芳烃暴露导致心脏疾病的分子机制。     

Passive sampling of PAHs in indoor air in Nepal

PAHs were sampled in ten homes in the Makwanpur region, Nepal. SPMDs and moss bags (Sphagnum girgensohnii) were used as passive samplers. Soot particles on the SPMD surfaces were also analyzed for PAHs. The overall PAH concentrations in SPMDs were significantly higher than those in moss bags. Total PAH mean concentrations of ten houses were 535μg/g lipid for SPMDs and 7.2 μg/g moss (dw) for moss bags. Ratios of phenanthrene/anthracene in indoor SPMDs and particulate matter varied from 2.9 to 3.5 and ratios of fluoranthene/pyrene varied from 1.1 to 1.4. The values for moss bags were respectively 1.7–3.6 and 0.8–2.4. These ratios indicate that the PAHs are from combustion origin. The PAH concentrations in ambient air were estimated as B(a)P TEQs and they were 17–64 times higher than acceptable limit for Finnish community air. Based on PAH levels in the gas phase (SPMD) we may expect PAHs to have an impact on respiratory disease prevalence in Nepalese villages. Both of the sampling methods were feasible in the difficult conditions under which the study was performed.     

北京东南郊大气中多环芳烃的相分配及其致癌毒性表征

采用索氏提取法提取2005年3月至2006年1月间北京市东南郊3个采样点大气总悬浮颗粒物(TSP)样品和气相样品中的多环芳烃(PAHs),利用GC/MS分析其质量浓度,对PAHs在颗粒相和气相间的分配行为进行研究。结果表明,2环组分在气相PAHs中占优势地位,全年平均在95%左右;4环组分在颗粒相PAHs中全年平均占56%左右;5~6环组分几乎全部分布在颗粒相中。引入苯并[a]芘等当量毒性因子(TEFs),探讨致癌毒性组分在2相间的分配行为,研究发现低毒高质量浓度的低环组分与高毒低质量浓度的高环组分对致癌性贡献相当;利用苯并[a]芘等效质量浓度与16种PAHs组分质量浓度进行多元线性回归,得到的回归方程用于粗略计算大气中PAHs致癌性组分的等效质量浓度;在分析PAHs分配行为的季节变化规律基础上,结合气象参数和空气污染指数分析PAHs在大气气相和颗粒相中分配系数的影响因素,并提出了分配系数与气象参数和API指数的回归方程,并利用回归方程来计算PAHs组分在大气中的分配系数。     

Pah characteristics in ambient air within a steel industrial complex

Ambient air samples at ten sites in an iron and steel industrial complex were collected from June to December for analyzing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Sixteen species of PAH components in air samples were identified. The results indicate that both gaseous phase and particle‐bound PAHs at the top of the cokemaking plants are unusually high. The profiles of particle‐bound PAHs indicate that the predominant species at the top of, the coke oven batteries are those of high molecular weight components. The major components of particle‐bound PAHs at sampling sites near the fenceline, however, include the medium molecular weight components. The PAH profiles of air samples within the industrial complex show a strong similarity to those of cokemaking plant samples. The concentrations and the specific content of benzo(a)pyrene in the iron and steel industrial complex are higher than those values measured in urban area, petrochemical industry park, and open‐air burning area.     

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in medicinal plants from Syria

The levels of 16 US Environmental Protection Agency polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (EPA PAHs) in 10 medicinal plants in different used parts of plant (leaves and flowers) have been determined. The analytical method consists of sample preparation by ultrasonic extraction with dichloromethane followed by silica gel clean-up. Subsequently, the analysis was carried out by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled to both ultraviolet and fluorescence detections in series to insure the detection of all 16 EPA PAHs. It was observed that the sum of the 16 PAHs (ΣPAHs) in the investigated medicinal plants ranged from 47 to 890 μg kg^–1 where the highest ΣPAHs was found in Sage plant sample. Light PAHs were dominants in all studied medicinal plants. The sum of eight genotoxic PAHs (ΣPAH8) have shown a better indicator of the degree of contamination with carcinogenic PAHs compared to benzo[a]pyrene in these products.     

Investigation on sampling artifacts of particle associated PAHs using ozone denuder systems

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons （PAHs） are complex organic compounds which are identified as significant carcinogenic to human health. PAHs （mainly in particle phase） are susceptible to atmospheric oxidant gases, especially ozone, nitrogen oxides （NOx）, hydroxyl radical （OH）, and could be degraded on filters during sampling process, leading to an underestimation of ambient PAH concentrations. The goal of this work was to investigate particle associated PAHs sampling artifacts caused by ozone in summer of Beijing. Comparative sampling systems were operated simultaneously during the whole campaign, one with activated carbon ozone denuder, the other being set as conventional sampling system. Activated carbon denuder was testified to be highly efficient to eliminate ozone from air stream. In general, nine particle-bound PAHs observed from conventional sampler were all lower than those from ozone denuder system. The total PAHs （particle phase） concentration was averagely underestimated by 35.9% in conventional sampling procedure. Benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） had the highest percentage of mass loss. founded to have influences Ambient temperature was on PAHs sampling artifacts. High temperature can increase loss of particle associated PAHs during sampling.     

Occurrence and particle-size distributions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the ambient air of coking plant

The purpose of this study was to characterize the occurrence and size distributions of ten species of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the ambient air of coking plants. Particulate-matter samples of four size fractions, including ≤2.1, 2.1–4.2, 4.2–10.2, and ≥10.2 μm, were collected using a Staplex234 cascade impactor during August 2009 at two coking plants in Shanxi, China. The PAHs were analyzed by a gas chromatograph equipped with a mass-selective detector. The concentrations of total particulate-matter PAHs were 1,412.7 and 2,241.1 ng/m³ for plants I and II, and the distributions showed a peak within the 0.1–2.1 μm size range for plant I and the 0.1–4.2 μm for plant II. The size distributions of individual PAHs (except fluoranthene) exhibited a considerable peak within the 0.1–2.1 μm size range in coking plant I, which can be explained by the gas–particle partition mechanism. The ambient air of the coking plant was heavily polluted by PAHs associated with fine particles (≤2.1 μm), and benzo[b]fluoranthene made the largest contribution to total PAHs. The exposure levels of coking-plant workers to PAHs associated with fine particles were higher than to PAHs associated with coarse particles. Benzo[b]fluoranthene, benzo[a]pyrene, and dibenzo[a,h]anthracene should be the primary pollutants monitored in the coking plant. This research constitutes a significant contribution to assessing the exposure risk of coking-plant workers and providing basic data for PAH standards for ambient air in coking plants.     

焦化厂多环芳烃污染场地的环境评价实证研究

通过实地调查某焦化厂污染场地污染现状,结果表明：该场地土壤和地下水以多环芳烃（PAHs）有机类污染为主,土壤中苯并（仅）芘和多环芳烃污染以1．5m以内表层土污染为主,随着深度的增加浓度逐渐降低,弱透水层表现出良好的阻隔作用。沿着地下水流动方向,地下水中多环芳烃浓度逐渐降低,经过约400m的迁移,由17296μg／L降至111μg/L;苯并（α）芘经过200m的迁移,由18．3μg／L降至0,地下水流动导致污染物在包气带横向扩散。1号孔、3号孔和4号孔所在地表层土壤中苯并（α）芘的单个污染物的致癌风险分别为0．0278、0．0209和1．496,远远超出可接受水平,因此上述孔位所在地附近表层土壤需重点治理。