Sb2O5/TiO2催化超声降解甲基橙溶液

采用实验室合成的Sb2O5掺杂TiO2作为催化剂,研究各种因素对甲基橙的超声催化降解反应的影响.结果表明,在Sb2O5掺杂TiO2催化剂作用下,甲基橙的超声催化降解效果明显优于单独使用TiO2的情况.1.5%掺杂量的催化剂,用量在1.0～1.5 g/L之间,超声波频率25 kHz,输出功率1.0 W/cm2,pH为1.0～3.0时,初始浓度为20 mg/L的甲基橙水溶液,100 min左右基本可全部降解,COD去除率达到99.0%以上.Sb2O5掺杂TiO2催化超声降解有机污染物的方法具有很好的应用前景.     

钐、锆共掺杂纳米ZnO的制备及其降解染料废水研究

采用高分子网络凝胶法制备Sm-Zr共掺杂纳米ZnO光催化剂,并用XRD、TEM、XPS、UV-Vis吸收光谱对制备的纳米ZnO进行表征。以甲基橙为目标降解物研究其光催化活性,通过L9(34)正交试验对纳米ZnO的制备条件进行了优化,实验结果表明,各因素对Sm-Zr/ZnO的光催化性能的影响的显著性水平依次为:Sm-Zr掺杂量→煅烧温度→n(Sm)n(Zr)→反应溶液p H值,纳米ZnO的最佳制备条件为:Sm-Zr掺杂量为4%,煅烧温度为750℃,n(Sm)n(Zr)为2 1,反应溶液p H值为5.5。在最佳条件下制备的纳米Sm-Zr/ZnO具有最优异的光催化性能,光照1 h对甲基橙的色度去除率及COD去除率分别达到94.82%和80.89%。     

瓷砖釉面TiO2薄层对甲基橙的光催化降解

采用溶胶-凝胶法，在瓷砖釉面上制备了良好光催化活性TiO2薄层材料，研究结果表明瓷砖釉面TiO2薄层材料对甲基橙的光催化反应遵循一级动力学规律，光催化降解率与液层厚度符合指数关系。在太阳光照射下，釉面瓷砖TiO2薄层材料能对甲基橙有效地降解。     

成型羟基磷灰石负载TiO_2光催化剂的制备及其降解甲基橙性能

本研究采用均匀沉淀法,用磷酸和硝酸钙制备出羟基磷灰石(HAP)粉末,冷压成型、烧结,得到块状HAP催化剂载体;采用改性溶胶凝胶法制备出Ti O2凝胶,再用浸渍-煅烧的方法,制备出成型HAP负载Ti O2光催化剂(Ti O2/HAP),该催化剂应用于甲基橙溶液的光催化降解。探讨了负载次数、初始浓度、初始p H值等因素对反应的影响。结果表明,试验条件下,催化剂的负载次数以3次为宜;Ti O2/HAP催化剂上甲基橙的降解符合一级反应动力学,酸性和强碱性条件下,甲基橙降解较快;所制备的Ti O2/HAP催化剂稳定性好,具有较好的应用前景。     

活性炭负载TiO2光催化剂的制备及光催化性能的研究

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了TiO2/活性炭(TiO2/AC)复合光催化剂,并考察载体粒度、浸渍时间、煅烧温度对其光催化降解腐殖酸性能的影响,确定了最佳条件.利用XRD(X射线衍射)、氮吸附等手段对复合催化剂的物理特性进行了表征;探讨了催化剂投加量、重复使用次数等因素对光催化降解腐殖酸反应的影响.结果表明:试验制备的TiO2/AC复合催化剂具有大的比表面积,纳米TiO2晶粒为锐钛矿型且尺寸较小;催化剂投加量为2 g/L、反应3 h,可去除腐殖酸溶液的UV254值96%,具有比简单悬浮体系更高的光催化性能.     

TiO2对有机磷农药乐果光催化降解的影响

以TiO2作为光催化氧化剂降解有机磷农药乐果,用磷钼蓝分光光度法测定降解后乐果溶液中的磷酸根浓度.研究有机磷农药乐果在不同时间、温度和TiO2质量浓度条件下的降解.不同温度下,向质量浓度为100 mg/L的乐果中加入不同质量浓度的TiO2光催化剂(调至pH=7.0),测定乐果的降解量.结果表明,乐果降解的适宜时间为6 h,适宜TiO2质量浓度为1 000 mg/L,适宜降解温度为30 ℃.本文为TiO2对乐果光催化降解影响的进一步研究提供了参考.     

室内空气净化器性能评价指标的试验研究

参照国标搭建了室内空气净化器的性能测试台,并提出单位面积净化量ms、单位时间净化量mt、单位时间单位面积净化量m等3项性能评价指标.通过试验分别检测TiO2光触媒、ACF活性炭纤维及TiO2/ACF复合材料的净化性能,并将测试数据按这3项指标进行整理计算,结果验证了指标的便利性和直观意义.     

TiO_2/活性炭的微波制备及其对橙黄Ⅱ染料的光催化降解

采用微波辐射法制备TiO2/活性炭(TiO2/AC)复合光催化剂,并利用该催化剂对橙黄Ⅱ进行光催化降解。考察了乙醇与钛酸丁酯(TNB)的体积比,水、乙酸和活性炭的加入量,微波功率,微波辐射时间,煅烧温度等因素对TiO2/AC催化活性的影响,确定了制备TiO2/AC的最佳工艺条件以及TiO2/AC光催化降解橙黄Ⅱ的工艺条件。结果表明,制备TiO2/AC的最佳工艺条件为:乙醇与钛酸丁酯(TNB)体积比为8∶1(即乙醇24 mL,钛酸丁酯3 mL),水、乙酸和活性炭的加入量分别为0.8mL、0.6 mL和2 g,微波功率500 W,微波辐射时间1 min,煅烧温度500℃,煅烧时间为2 h。在TiO2/AC用量为0.3 g、反应时间为1 h、pH为3的条件下,25 mg/L橙黄Ⅱ溶液的降解率达95%以上。     

电催化氧化降解水中磺胺嘧啶的研究

为了解并优化电化学方法对水体中磺胺类药物的去除效果,以Ir O2-Ru O2/Ti为阳极,不锈钢为阴极,Na2SO4为电解质,电催化氧化降解模拟废水中的磺胺嘧啶(Sulfadiazine,SD),反应时间为240min。探讨了SD初始质量浓度、电流密度、p H值、电解质浓度及电极板间距对电催化降解SD效率的影响,并利用HPLC-MS分析降解产物。结果表明,电催化氧化可有效去除水中的SD。升高初始质量浓度、电流密度、极板间距可提高SD降解速率,初始质量浓度由15 mg/L升高到50 mg/L时,去除率降低了9.2%;电流密度从5 m A/cm2升高到15 m A/cm2,去除率增加了38.1%,电流密度大于15 m A/cm2时其对去除率的影响不明显;极板间距由2 cm增加到4 cm,去除率增加了12.2%;酸性条件降解效果最好,碱性对SD去除率略有抑制,p H值为1和13相比于p H值为7时去除率分别增加9.9%及降低4%;电解质浓度(≤0.05 mol/L)与SD降解速率呈负相关,电解质浓度大于0.05 mol/L时,对去除率影响不明显。降解主要基于·OH的氧化过程,生成4-(2-氨基嘧啶-l(2H)-基)苯胺中间产物,过程遵循一级反应动力学模型。     

微波Sol-Gel制备TiO2的研究及其对活性艳红X-3B的降解

采用微波Sol-Gel法在石英表面制备了负载型TiO2光催化剂,通过紫外吸收光谱和X衍射分析表征了TiO2溶胶的变化过程及锐钛型TiO2的生成。以活性艳红X-3B为模拟污染物进行光催化降解,探讨了微波功率、反应温度和反应时间对微波Sol-Gel法制备TiO2光催化活性的影响。由因素试验确定了最佳工艺条件:微波功率400W,反应温度90℃,反应时间2min。在此条件下制备的TiO2催化剂对活性艳红X-3B溶液进行光催化降解,反应30 min的脱色率达93%,TOC去除率为55%。采用中空纤维膜三相液相微萃取-毛细管电泳(HF-LLLME-CE)联用技术对降解生成的小分子有机物进行了测定。     

油浸变压器排油注氮装置在500kV变电站的设计与应用

在分析500kV变电站主变压器消防系统的现状,比较3类消防系统优缺点的基础上,详细论述了主变排油注氮装置的结构组成、工作原理、参数计算、控制系统设计以及需要注意的事项等,为下一步排油注氮装置的推广应用打下基础.     

HAZOP结合What-if方法在某延迟焦化装置除焦中的应用

为克服传统危险与可操作性（HAZOP）定性分析方法在复杂操作、间歇作业等过程中使用的局限性,提出在传统HAZOP定性分析方法的基础上结合What-if（故障假设）方法,对人的不安全行为和操作规程不完备所导致的风险后果分析作出补充。详细说明其技术原理、工作流程等使用细节,系统阐述该方法与传统HAZOP定性分析方法的区别,并在某延迟焦化装置的除焦操作的风险分析中应用。经分析,识别出在“给水-泡焦”节点,有“操作规程错误”场景2项,“操作规程不具体”场景1项,不存在“操作人员未按操作规程执行”场景。研究结果表明:本文方法有效且具有较好效果,可以广泛应用于操作规程/作业指导书审查、作业过程隐患排查等方面,帮助企业开展操作层面的风险识别与管理,提升企业的生产安全水平。     

Nighttime pedestrian fatalities: A comprehensive examination of infrastructure,user, vehicle,and situational factors

Introduction: Pedestrian fatalities in the United States increased 45.5% between 2009 and 2017. More than 85% of those additional pedestrian fatalities occurred at night. Method: We examine Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) data for fatal pedestrian crashes that occurred in the dark between 2002 and 2017. Within-variable and before/after examinations of crashes in terms of infrastructure, user, vehicle, and situational characteristics are performed with one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and two-sample t-tests. We model changes in crash characteristic proportions between 2002–2009 and 2010–2017 using linear regressions and test for autocorrelation with Breusch-Godfrey tests. Results: The increase in fatal nighttime pedestrian crashes is most strongly correlated with infrastructure factors: non-intersection unmarked locations (saw 80.8% of additional fatalities); 40–45 mph roads (54.6%); five-lane roads (40.7%); urban (99.7%); and arterials (81.1%). In addition, SUVs were involved in 39.7% of additional fatalities, overrepresenting their share of the fleet. Increased pedestrian alcohol and drug involvement warrant further investigation. The age of pedestrians killed increased more (18.1%) than the national average (3.2%). Conclusions: By identifying factors related to the increase in nighttime pedestrian fatalities, this work constitutes a vital first step in making our streets safer for pedestrians. Practical Applications: More research is needed to understand the efficacy of different solutions, but this paper provides guidance for such future research. Engineering solutions such as road diets or traffic calming may be used to improve identified infrastructure issues by reducing vehicle speeds and road widths. Rethinking vehicle design, especially high front profiles, may improve vehicle issues. However, the problems giving rise to these pedestrian fatalities are likely a result of not only engineering issues but also interrelated social and political factors. Solutions may be correspondingly comprehensive, employing non-linear, systems-based approaches such as Safe Systems.     

潞安矿区煤层渗透率的各向异性特征实验研究

为了研究原位煤体渗透性的各向异性特征,以山西潞安常村矿3号煤层圆柱试样为对象,利用TCQT-Ⅲ型低渗煤层气相驱替增产试验装置,对煤样进行加载,并以氮气注入压力2.0 MPa的条件下,分析垂直层理和平行层理2个方向的煤体变形和渗透率变化特征。实验结果表明:煤样在加载过程中,平行和垂直层理煤样渗透率均随着有效应力的增大而减小,平行层理方向的渗透率始终大于垂直层理方向,应力加载初期渗透率急剧下降,最后逐渐趋于平缓;径向应变的增加量与渗透率呈正相关性,且平行层理相关性大于垂直层理;沿平行层理方向的裂隙度大于沿垂直层理方向,沿垂直层理方向的应变量大于沿平行层理方向;应变增加量均随有效应力的增加而逐渐减小。研究结果可为煤层井网布置及优化提供参考。     

森林地表火蔓延模拟方法及其计算机实现

进行了森林火蔓延的研究,对传统的经验公式和模型进行改进,明显发现改进的模型有更好的结果,用计算机巧妙准确地实现了模拟模型,在风力不是特别大,地形变化不是特别剧烈时,该模型有较高精度;并结合火蔓延的主要因素（气象因子、气候、地形等）,进行系统分析,写出算地,编制实现地表火蔓延的预测预报计算机系统软件。这对于有效的组织扑救、减少火灾损失、计算森林火灾的损失评估有重要意义。     

Footedness and Mounting—Short Review and Two Case Studies

Footedness is a personal quality like handedness. Footedness may be associated with moving ability during mounting, dismounting, and jumping movements. Occupational accidents have occurred during movement at different working levels, during the use of access and exit systems, and during the mounting of vehicles. Aging can also affect accident risk and body laterality. For example, falling accidents on stairs are common among the elderly. One reason for accidents may be that the structure of the access system or stair system is unsuitable for individual moving patterns depending partly on body laterality. Footedness and the way the feet are used may be contradictory to the demands of the moving situation, especially during uncommon or rapid situations. This contradiction may trigger disturbance during moving. The aims of this pilot study were (a) to review the literature briefly and (b) to describe the use of the dominant and nondominant foot by farmers and the elderly when mounting a tractor and stairs, respectively. The study also gives ideas for future studies based on both (a) and (b).     

AHP与GA-SVM耦合模型在滑坡预警中的应用*

为了减少滑坡造成的损失,提高滑坡预测的准确性,通过搭建灾害模拟平台获得滑坡的实验数据,在获得多组模拟实验数据后,分析各变量的特性。首先,通过层次分析(Analytic Hierarchy Process,AHP)算法,对滑坡进行危险度划分;然后,通过支持向量机(Support Vector Machine,SVM)建立模型,遗传算法(Genetic Algorithm,GA)再优化SVM参数,提出1种层次分析法与GA-SVM相耦合的模型。研究结果表明:AHP方法划分后的数据,通过GA与SVM结合建立的模型精度较好,实验预测结果与实际结果较为吻合,与单一SVM相比,精度更高,结果更好,更加适用于多变量的复杂非线性滑坡预警。     

Debunking the false dichotomy of leadership idealism and pragmatism: Critical evaluation and support of newer genre leadership theories

Leadership theories have shifted over the last few decades from a focus on managerial functions and economic leader–follower exchanges toward greater focus on the interpersonal dynamics occurring within the leadership process. Theories such as transformational, ethical, authentic, and other “newer genre” theories were created to address neglected topics such as leader vision and inspirational messages, transparency, emotional effects, morality, individualized attention, and intellectual stimulation. Critiques of these theories, however, have been raised. In this paper, we address five of those critiques and argue for the validity and practical effectiveness of the new genre theories. Further, we describe how newer genre leadership research should be viewed as a performative epistemology, entailing a process of co‐creation involving scholars and practitioners. Finally, from this view, we provide general ideas for leader development. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Occupational Safety and Health in Finland

In Finland, occupational safety is the responsibility of the employer, while the occupational safety and health laws are enforced by the Labour Inspection Service, an organization of the state. The Labour Inspection is divided in 11 administrative districts, and it employs 360 professionals. They are mandated to carry out site visits without prearranged appointments to inspect safe work situations, working hours, construction safety, or any aspect of accident risks. The inspectors are also mandated to verify the existence of sufficient occupational health services as prescribed by the Occupational Health Services Act for all employees. The occupational health services are typically provided by enterprise-owned medical departments, by mutually owned health care centers, by private practitioners, or by municipal health care centers. The latter are required by law to provide all services as prescribed by the legislation to anyone who comes to the facility. This situation is prevalent in the countryside, where there are very few private caregiving centers. Declaring occupational accidents and disease cases is mandatory, and the Inspection districts examine all accidents to establish causes and consequences, and to initiate prosecution in case of criminal negligence. Labour Inspection Districts are also notified of the new occupational disease cases as they are declared to insurance companies. Insurance for occupational disease, accidents, and death is an obligation of the employer, although they can choose the insurance company. The medical confidentiality between the workers and their occupational health care providers is very strict. Official statistics are maintained by the state Statistics Finland organization, and they may be used, for example, for research purposes by scientific institutes like the Finnish Institute of Occupational Health. Construction industry accounts for 25% of all fatal accidents (120 cases per 1 million working hours), followed by mechanical, wood, metal, machinery, and pulp and paper industry (10% each of fatal accidents) with rates ranging from 100–160 cases per 1 million working hours. There are some 5,000 occupational disease cases per year (rate 22/10,000 employed). The major disease categories include repetitive strain injuries (1,300 cases), respiratory allergies (600 cases), occupational skin diseases (1,000 cases), and 900 cases of noise-caused hearing loss. In 1998, 589 cases of asbestos-related diseases were reported.     

公路隧道火灾逃生疏散研究

以苍岭隧道为背景,首先采用经验计算理论和计算软件building EXODUS相结合的方式,从被困人员的安全疏散时间、高温烟气的影响、隧道横通道的利用率以及人员的疏散行为特性进行了研究。结果表明:中小规模火灾情况下的安全疏散时间控制在8 min之内,高温烟气影响不大,但横通道的利用率不平均,且人员疏散路线相对集中。然后对存在的逃生疏散问题提出针对性建议以及其他相关建议,旨在为更大程度降低事故的严重性和经济财产损失。