流域、区域、生态——湖泊环境治理的战略思考

湖泊富营养化问题是生态问题,是湖泊所在流域环境问题的集中反映,生态问题应该通过生态途径来解决。调控流域水环境的关键在农村,农村环境污染控制主要靠生态治污来解决。只有把流域作为一个完整的生态系统,调整系统中各种因素之间的关系,实现生态系统的平衡,才能从根本上解决湖泊水环境问题。     

加强农村环境保护工作

本文根据党的十三届八中全会《关于加强农业和农村工作的决定》为农村经济发展所提出的新的目标和任务，结合农村经济发展给环境所带来的压力，分析了９０年代我国农村的环境形势，指出了加强我国农村的环境保护工作是农村经济发展的客观要求，我们应该适应这种要求，加强农村的环境保护工作。通过对农村生态环境和自然资源受到破坏并受到工、农业生产污染的情况分析，指出了我国农村的环境形势不容乐观，必须从现在起就给予足够的重视。为解决农村的环境问题，文中也提出了基本的对策和措施。     

“权衡过吗？”：在市区实施环境管理系统 (EMS)

到目前为止，政府和市区主要关心公共基金的有效管理，这未必会涉及到环境问题.但随着当前更环境化的、更负责的社会趋势的到来，导致了人们对出现的ISO14001国际认证标准的深入研究.为解决城市环境管理的问题，国际合作提高了解决日益增长的共同的环境问题的能力，导致形成最佳全球性解决方案.     

“权衡过吗?”:在市区实施环境管理系统(EMS)

到目前为止，政府和市区主要关心公共基金的有效管理，这未必会涉及到环境问题.但随 着当前更环境化的、更负责的社会趋势的到来，导致了人们对出现的ISO14001国际认证标准 的深入研究.为解决城市环境管理的问题，国际合作提高了解决日益增长的共同的环境问题 的能力，导致形成最佳全球性解决方案.     

大都市群的环境问题及其环境保护战略

从实现新时期统筹发展的国家战略需求出发,剖析了大都市群跨区域交叉污染、复合污染、累计污染的特点,指出这些区域已成为环境资源“漏斗区”和突发性环境危机的风险区。认为只有采取主动引导发展的国家环境战略才能有效地解决大都市群和环境的协调可持续发展问题。阐述了主动环保战略的重大措施包括引导调整发展布局、转变经济增长方式、转变生活方式、创新国家环境管理体制、创新环境科技体系和系统、人工提高环境承载能力等。     

政策在促进可持续行为方面的作用

资源消耗是与建筑环境有关的最迫切的问题，要解决这一问题必须制定坚决的政策，仅有针对具体问题的政策还不够；必须转向“非物质化”，发展中国家在建筑环境政策方面面临着特殊的障碍，发达世界和发展中世界的一些国家正在采取很有前途的措施，但是解决批弹效应等后果将需要超国家的强大努力。     

环境经济学的发展与创新

资源短缺、环境恶化，是人类社会发展所面临的突出问题，为解决这些问题，我国制定了保护资源、维护生态平衡的基本国策．而如何实施这些国策，并解决好有实施过程中出现的问题，还有待于理论上的指导，这个理论便是关于资源环境与经济发展过程中的内在联系的理论．因此，创建环境经济学，显得非常紧迫．     

岳阳市城市扩张期环境生态可持续发展

在已有可持续发展理论的基础上，以岳阳市环境生态为研究对象，利用主成分分析法、层次分析法（AHP）和德尔斐的方法计算和分析在城市化过程中环境生态变化情况，论述了这一过程中环境生态存在的问题和产生的原因，对目前小城市向中等城市转变过程中避免和解决环境生态问题提供了例证。     

我国集约化畜禽养殖场污染治理障碍分析及对策

随着我国集约化畜禽养殖场的快速发展，行业污染危害日益严重，对自然环境和居民健康威胁很大。由于技术经济原因，只有综合利用、农牧一体的方法才能根本解决养殖场污染问题，但这种方式在我国存在着诸多推广障碍：环境标准和监管体系有缺陷、资金和技术门槛较高、副产品没有获得应有的市场回报等。建议采取以下措施促进综合利用：提高养殖场的排污标准和排污费征收标准，按照工业污染治理的办法进行养殖场环境监管，对这类污染在重点地区开展专项整治，从税收、土地价格、贷款等方面扶持综合利用。     

为环境部门融资

本文从对环境部门的认识，它在资金上面临的一些问题以及新的解决方法与新问题，围绕私营部门对环境部门融资的一些问题进行了探讨。     

Lead pollution in East Trinidad resulting from lead recycling and smelting activities

Several problems of acute lead poisoning in children have been identified over the past three years in Trinidad. In all cases investigated so far, continual exposure to lead from battery recycling or from lead-smelter wastes have been found responsible. In East Trinidad, illicit dumping of lead wastes from such sources has resulted in several sites becoming heavily contaminated. Some of these sites are in environmentally sensitive areas, including rivers and wetlands, and require urgent remedial action. Results of monitoring studies at several of these sites show lead levels as high as 75% by weight. The potential for surface and ground water contamination exists, as evidenced by leaching of lead into surrounding areas.     

Error propagation in spatial modeling of public health data: a simulation approach using pediatric blood lead level data for Syracuse,New York

Lead poisoning produces serious health problems, which are worse when a victim is younger. The US government and society have tried to prevent lead poisoning, especially since the 1970s; however, lead exposure remains prevalent. Lead poisoning analyses frequently use georeferenced blood lead level data. Like other types of data, these spatial data may contain uncertainties, such as location and attribute measurement errors, which can propagate to analysis results. For this paper, simulation experiments are employed to investigate how selected uncertainties impact regression analyses of blood lead level data in Syracuse, New York. In these simulations, location error and attribute measurement error, as well as a combination of these two errors, are embedded into the original data, and then these data are aggregated into census block group and census tract polygons. These aggregated data are analyzed with regression techniques, and comparisons are reported between the regression coefficients and their standard errors for the error added simulation results and the original results. To account for spatial autocorrelation, the eigenvector spatial filtering method and spatial autoregressive specifications are utilized with linear and generalized linear models. Our findings confirm that location error has more of an impact on the differences than does attribute measurement error, and show that the combined error leads to the greatest deviations. Location error simulation results show that smaller administrative units experience more of a location error impact, and, interestingly, coefficients and standard errors deviate more from their true values for a variable with a low level of spatial autocorrelation. These results imply that uncertainty, especially location error, has a considerable impact on the reliability of spatial analysis results for public health data, and that the level of spatial autocorrelation in a variable also has an impact on modeling results.     

国际生物安全现状与我国的生物安全对策

生物安全已经逐渐演变为一个包括科技、社会、经济、政治等诸多内容的世界性环境与发展的基本问题。生物安全问题,特别是转基因生物的安全性问题,如不妥善解决,会大大限制生物技术的发展,因而引起了世界各国的高度重视。根据世界现代生物技术发展现状以及国际间生物安全的发展特点,结合我国国情,提出了我国的生物安全对策,包括加强法规建设,重视生物安全基础研究,开展公众生物安全教育。     

Lead exposure: health effects,prevention and treatment

This article focuses on the risk to human health associated with exposure to lead. Various human health effects associated with lead are discussed--based human and experimental data. Another important information provided in the article is regarding recent developments in the area of treatment i.e. chelation therapy against lead poisoning. Emphasis has been given to data, which have become available in the last decade.     

Geographic Analysis of California Condor Sighting Data

Observation and habitat data were compiled and analyzed in conjunction with recovery planning for the endangered California Condor ( Gymnogyps californianus ). A geographic information system (GIS) was used to provide a quantitative inventory of recent historical Condor habitats, to measure the association of Condor activity patterns and mapped habitat variables, and to examine spatio-temporal changes in the range of the species during its decline. Only five percent of the study area within the historic range is now used for urban or cultivated agricultural purposes. Observations of Condor feeding perching, and nesting were nonrandomly associated with mapped land cover, in agreement with life history information for the species. The precipitous decline in numbers of Condors in this century produced only a small reduction in the limits of the observed species' range, as individual birds continued to forage over most of the range. Some critical risk factors such as shooting and lead poisoning are difficult to map and have not been included in the database. Besides the applications demonstrated in this case study, GIS can be a valuable tool for recovery planning, in the design of stratified sampling schemes, or for extrapolation of habitat models over unsurveyed regions. We conclude with recommendations from this case study regarding when to consider using GIS and the importance of pilot studies and sensitivity analysis.     

Use and abuse of Pb-isotope fingerprinting technique and GIS mapping data to assess lead in environmental studies

The danger to health, especially of young children, from lead-bearing particulates in the surface environment is still a valid concern. Given the multifaceted uses of lead today as well as historically, the sources of lead must be investigated to distinguish the etiology of lead contamination on the environment. The lead isotope finger printing technique based on isotopic ratio analyses (IRA) is one of the methods used commonly for provenancing lead sources in environmental studies throughout the world. This technique, however, has some inherited shortcomings. Therefore, caution must be used in the interpretation of the results, as this technique can lead to overestimations as well as underestimations of the true source etiology/apportionment of lead in specific environments. This paper illustrates this with some examples. Data on geographical information systems (GIS) mapping in urban regions are also presented in this paper.     

Demography of the California Condor: Implications for Reestablishment

Abstract: The remnant wild population of California Condors ( Gymnogyps californianus ) of the 1980s exhibited a rapid population decline caused by high mortality rates among adult and immature birds. The most prominent mortality factor was lead poisoning resulting from ingestion of bullet fragments in carcasses. Successful captive breeding has allowed many birds to be released to the wild since 1992, based originally on an assumption that exposure to lead could be prevented by food subsidy. The mortality of released birds, however, has generally exceeded levels needed for population stability calculated from simple population models. Collision with overhead wires was the most frequent cause of death in releases before 1994. Lead poisoning again surfaced as a problem starting in 1997 as older birds began feeding on carcasses outside the subsidy program. Although poisonings have been treated successfully by chelation therapy in recaptured birds, food subsidy is proving an ineffective solution to lead exposure. The best long-term solution appears to be either the creation of large reserves where hunting is prohibited or the restriction of hunting to nontoxic ammunition in release areas. Until sources of lead contamination are effectively countered, releases cannot be expected to result in viable populations. In addition, problems involving human-oriented behavior have resulted in the permanent removal of many released birds from the wild. The most promising reduction in human-oriented behavior has been achieved in one release of aversively conditioned, parent-reared birds. Rigorous evaluation of the factors reducing attraction to humans and human structures has been hampered by confounding of techniques in releases. Behavioral problems could be more quickly overcome by adoption of a comprehensive experimental approach.     

Spatiotemporal Patterns and Risk Factors for Lead Exposure in Endangered California Condors during 15 Years of Reintroduction

Large‐scale poisoning events are common to scavenging bird species that forage communally, many of which are in decline. To reduce the threat of poisoning and compensate for other persistent threats, management, including supplemental feeding, is ongoing for many reintroduced and endangered vulture populations. Through a longitudinal study of lead exposure in California condors (Gymnogyps californianus), we illustrate the conservation challenges inherent in reintroduction of an endangered species to the wild when pervasive threats have not been eliminated. We evaluated population‐wide patterns in blood lead levels from 1997 to 2011 and assessed a broad range of putative demographic, behavioral, and environmental risk factors for elevated lead exposure among reintroduced California condors in California (United States). We also assessed the effectiveness of lead ammunition regulations within the condor's range in California by comparing condor blood lead levels before and after implementation of the regulations. Lead exposure was a pervasive threat to California condors despite recent regulations limiting lead ammunition use. In addition, condor lead levels significantly increased as age and independence from intensive management increased, including increasing time spent away from managed release sites, and decreasing reliance on food provisions. Greater independence among an increasing number of reintroduced condors has therefore elevated the population's risk of lead exposure and limited the effectiveness of lead reduction efforts to date. Our findings highlight the challenges of restoring endangered vulture populations as they mature and become less reliant on management actions necessary to compensate for persistent threats. Patrones Espaciotemporales y Factores de Riesgo por Exposición a Plomo en Cóndores de California Durante 15 Años de Reintroducción     

Identification and apportionment of sources of lead in human tissue

A brief review of the use of stable lead isotope ratio measurements to identify and apportion sources of lead in human tissue is followed by examples of the use of inductively coupled plasma source mass spectrometry for such studies. Inductively coupled plasma source mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) has only recently been used for measurements of coupled ratios in body tissues and fluids and in environmental sources of lead. Generally, the inaccuracy of these measurements is about −0.2% and the imprecision less than 0.5%. This analytical performance is sufficient to detect the much larger changes in²⁰⁶Pb:²⁰⁷Pb ratios of −2% or higher, seen in environmental lead exposure and in childhood lead poisoning. Measurements of lead isotope ratios by ICP-MS have been used to identify specific sources of childhood lead poisoning and to indicate the relative importance of environmental sources, such as drinking water and lead from petrol. Populations in the United Kingdom with low lead uptake usually have²⁰⁶:Pb²⁰⁷Pb ratios in body tissues within the range 1.13 ± 0.01. Significant deviations from this range have been seen in response to increased uptake from lead in: drinking water in parts of Scotland (source ratio ∼1.18 and petrol lead in inner London (source ratio ∼1.07). The dominant source for some Scottish subjects with high concentrations of lead in blood or in teeth was water, which contributed approximately 60% to body lead. Petrol lead was shown to be a significant contributor (30–40%) to the body lead of inner London children.     

珠江三角洲城市环境与社会经济协调发展的分异类型及调控

可持续发展的城市生态环境应当是环境和社会经济效益的高度统一，然而由于自然资源和社会、经济等因素的差异，一定区域内城市的局长必然会呈现出不均衡性，表现为不同城市的环境与社会，经济协调发展的分划分，区域分异并对其发展方向作出描述，对评价城市生态环境的质量及其演变态势，并进一步制定相应的调控措施，都是非常必要的。本文对珠江三角洲城市环境与社会，经济协调发展状况的四种分异类型，并提出了促进城市 社会经济协