两株耐铅镉真菌对土壤中铅镉赋存形态及小白菜吸收积累的影响

通过土培试验,研究接种耐铅镉真菌(产黄头孢霉Cephalosporium chrysogenum和头孢霉Cephalosporium SP.)对灭菌和未灭菌铅镉污染土壤上小白菜生长及铅镉赋存形态的影响.试验结果表明:接种两种耐重金属真菌可以降低或显著降低土壤中交换态铅镉、碳酸盐结合态铅镉和铁锰结合态铅镉,且显著增加土壤中有机结合态铅镉,因此降低了土壤中铅镉的活性;在灭菌和未灭菌铅镉污染土壤上接种两种真菌均能增加或显著增加小白菜的株高和鲜重,其中在未灭土壤中接种产黄头孢霉20 mL小白菜鲜重和株高最大,分别达到6.00 cm和3.22 g·株~(-1),在灭菌土壤上接种产黄头胞霉10 m L小白菜株高和鲜重最大,分别为10.66 cm和11.07 g·株~(-1);接种两种真菌可以显著降低未灭菌土壤上小白菜体内铅镉含量和累积量,在灭菌土壤上接种10 mL产黄头孢霉可以显著降低小白菜铅含量和累积量.     

重金属Cu对两种海洋微藻的毒性效应

研究了重金属Cu对两种海洋微藻中肋骨条藻和三角褐指藻的生长以及藻细胞超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和丙二醛(MDA)含量的影响.结果表明,较高浓度的Cu2 对中肋骨条藻和三角褐指藻的生长都产生了明显的抑制作用,72h EC5o分别约为(0.546±0.068)和(0.531±0.037)mg/L.对两种海洋微藻的SOD和POD活力的影响,均表现为低浓度诱导,高浓度抑制,MDA含量则随着Cu2 浓度的提高逐渐上升.在72hEC50浓度分别对相应藻种的胁迫下,SOD和POD活力表现为前期诱导后期抑制,MDA含量则随着胁迫时间的延长逐渐升高.两种海洋微藻的SOD、POD活力和MDA含量的改变与添加的Cu2 浓度具一定的相关性,因此可以考虑作为监测重金属Cu污染的有价值的生物标志物.     

Study on the response of wheat to lead, cadmium and zinc

Ｓｔｕｄｙｏｎｔｈｅｒｅｓｐｏｎｓｅｏｆｗｈｅａｔｔｏｌｅａｄ，ｃａｄｍｉｕｍａｎｄｚｉｎｃＭｅｎｇＬｉｎｇ，ＴａｎＤｅｙｏｎｇ，ＷａｎｇＨｕａｎｘｉａｏ，ＤｕａｎＣｈａｎｇｑｕｎ，ＤｕａｎＰｅｉｓｈａｎｇ，ＧａｏＳｈａｎｇｙｉＤｅｐａｒ...     

腐殖酸对土壤铅镉吸附、赋存形态及生物可给性的影响

腐殖酸（HAs）对重金属土壤环境行为及其生物有效性的影响与其组分分子量大小关系密切.通过3种in vitro试验方法（PBET、SBRC、IVG）探讨了HAs不同分子量组分（F1：<5kDa、F2：5~10kDa、F3：10~30kDa、F4：>30kDa）对土壤镉（Cd）、铅（Pb）生物可给性的影响,同时结合批量等温吸附实验、化学连续提取形态分级方法,分析了土壤Cd、Pb吸附和形态转化与生物可给性的关系.结果表明：土壤对Cd、Pb吸附能力既受HAs添加量的影响,也受到HAs分子量大小的影响.HAs添加量为0.2% C~1% C条件下,<5kDa分子量组分促进了土壤对Cd、Pb的吸附,且随着HAs添加量的增加,促进作用更强.而>10kDa的其他组分则降低了土壤吸附Cd、Pb的能力.在本试验HAs添加量范围内,不同组分均促进了土壤中酸提取态Cd向残渣态转化,且低分子量组分对其促进作用更强.土壤Pb²⁺主要以可还原态的形式存在,占57%~89%,随着HAs组分分子量的增加,酸交换态Pb占比逐渐下降,HAs的添加促进了活性态Pb向难利用态Pb转化,从而降低了Pb²⁺活性.3种in vitro方法生物可给性测定结果表明,<5k和5~10k组分均提高了胃、肠阶段土壤Cd、Pb生物可给性（BA_Cd、BA_Pb）,而其余组分则使土壤Cd、Pb生物可给性降低.Cd、Pb生物可给性取决于Cd、Pb在土壤中转化平衡后的赋存形态,酸交换态占比高生物可给性相应也越高,土壤对重金属的吸附固定难以反映生物可给性.     

应用流式细胞仪研究Pb对海洋微藻生长的影响

运用流式细胞仪研究比较了Pb对3种常见海洋单细胞微藻:湛江叉鞭金藻(Dicrateriazhanjiangen sis)、球等鞭金藻(Isochrysisgalbana)、小球藻(Chlorellasp.)的毒害作用。用内插法求得Pb对3种微藻的96h的半有效浓度(96hEC50)分别为9.03、8.83和>20.00mg/L。Pb抑制细胞的生长分裂,使延滞期延长,并影响了叶绿素正常合成,毒性与浓度成正相关。Pb对不同生长期的细胞的作用强度不同,对生长分裂和叶绿素合成的作用程度呈现差异性。     

海藻生物吸附废水中铅、铜和镉的研究

对几种大型海藻作国吸附剂，吸附重金属废水中Ｐｂ＾＠＋、Ｃｕ＾２＋、Ｃｄ＾２＋的吸附容量和吸附速度进行了研究，得出了它们对Ｐｂ＾２＋、Ｃｕ＾２＋、Ｃｄ＾２＝平衡吸附的等温曲线。实验表明，海藻的最大吸附容量在０．８～１．６ｍｍｏｌ／ｇ（干重）之间，吸附容量比其他种类的生物体高得多。吸附速度较快，１０ｍｉｎ内，重金属从溶液中的去除率可达到９０％。实验结果还表明，大型海藻适合于发展成为高效的生物吸附材料用     

重金属镉和铜对发头裸腹溞的慢性毒性

在较低浓度时，镉有提高发头裸腹各胎仔量的趋势，而铜的这种作用不明显；在较高浓度时，镉和铜均能显著地降低各胎仔量。由于几乎在所有的浓度水平，镉和铜均能显著地减少总胎数，因此，发头裸腹整个生命周期中的总仔量在无效应浓度（ＮＯＥＣ）以上的所有浓度水平均显著下降，重金属镉和铜对发头裸腹的生殖有显著影响。对于发头裸腹，生命周期中的总仔量是重金属慢性毒性最合理的指标。镉和铜对发头裸腹总仔量的半效应浓度（ＥＣ５０）分别为２０．３μｇＣｄＣｌ２／Ｌ和１１．０μｇＣｕＣｌ２／Ｌ。     

Influences of phosphate nutritional level on the phytoavailability and speciation distribution of cadmium and lead in soil

IntroductionNorth-east China is one of the most importantindustrial bases and also a main agriculturalproduction area. Land disposal of wastes and irrigatingwith sewage have led to increasing heavy metalcontents in soil (Chen, 1996) and the problemsinduce…     

铜、镉及其交互作用对泡泡草细胞超微结构的影响

为了解铜、镉对泡泡草根、茎、叶细胞亚显微结构的毒害及作用位点 ,以期为进一步研究鸭跖草属植物的耐重金属机理提供理论基础 ,本文通过透射电子显微技术研究了 75 μmol·L-1铜和 5 0 μmol·L-1镉及其交互污染对泡泡草根、茎、叶细胞超微结构的影响和铜、镉在细胞中的分布 .结果表明 :75 μmol·L-1铜和 5 0 μmol·L-1镉均对泡泡草根细胞造成明显损伤 .铜使根细胞产生质壁分离、细胞质浓缩、部分细胞空泡化 ,使线粒体脊突消失、结构模糊、外膜破坏 ;镉使根细胞空泡化 ,并在部分空泡化的细胞里产生大小不等的颗粒状物 ;铜、镉交互污染使根细胞受害程度加深 ,并兼有两者的受害症状特征 :线粒体结构彻底破坏、空泡化细胞里的颗粒物更大电子密度更高、质壁分离现象更普遍、质膜上的颗粒物沉淀更大 .铜、镉及其交互污染使泡泡草茎细胞产生质壁分离 ,对叶细胞无明显伤害 .所以铜、镉及其交互作用在试验浓度下 ,对泡泡草各器官的损伤程度为根 >茎 >叶 .     

Simultaneous adsorption of lead and cadmium on MnO2-loaded resin

MnO2-loaded D301 weak basic anion exchange resin has been used as adsorbent to simultaneously remove lead and cadmium ions from aqueous solution. The e ects of adsorbent dosage, solution pH and the coexistent ions on the adsorption were investigated. Experimental results showed that with the adsorbent dosage more than 0.6 g/L, both Pb2+ and Cd2+ were simultaneously removed at pH range 5–6. Except for HPO4 2??, the high concentration coexistent ions such as Na+, K+, Cl??, NO3??, SO4 2?? and HCO3??, showed no significant e ect on the removal e ciency of both Pb2+ and Cd2+ under the experimental conditions. The coexistence of Mg2+, Ca2+ caused the reduction of Cd2+ removal, but not for Pb2+. The adsorption equilibrium for Pb2+ and Cd2+ could be excellently described by the Langmuir isotherm model with R2 > 0.99. The maximum adsorption capacity was calculated as 80.64 mg/g for Pb2+ and 21.45 mg/g for Cd2+. The adsorption processes followed the pseudo first-order kinetics model. MnO2-loaded D301 resin has been shown to have a potential to be used as an e ective adsorbent for simultaneous removal of lead and cadmium ions from aqueous solution.     

土壤微生物活性对石油原油、铅镉及其复合污染的响应

随着工农业生产的迅猛发展、石油原油及重金属等原材料的广泛开采与使用,使石油原油、重金属及其复合污染日趋加重,对环境及人类的危害也越来越大.采用室内培养试验,利用人工模拟污染土壤,研究石油原油、铅镉及其复合污染胁迫对土壤微生物活性的影响.试验设置4个处理:1新鲜土壤(S)作为对照;21000 mg·kg~(-1)石油原油污染土壤(SP);3500 mg·kg~(-1)铅和50 mg·kg~(-1)镉污染土壤(SH);41000mg·kg~(-1)石油原油污染、500 mg·kg~(-1)铅和50 mg·kg~(-1)镉复合污染土壤(SPH).结果表明:与对照相比,SH、SP、SPH处理土壤基础呼吸强度最高分别增加约100.99%、36.61%、25.80%,铅镉污染(SH)对土壤基础呼吸影响最显著,反映出重金属污染对土壤基础呼吸的激活作用最强;石油原油污染(SP)与石油原油及铅镉复合污染(SPH)刺激土壤微生物量碳增加,SP处理最高增加了90.25%,而铅镉污染(SH)则使土壤微生物量碳减少.不同土壤酶对污染处理的响应不同,其中,石油原油污染(SP)对FDA水解酶及脱氢酶活性表现为激活作用;石油原油或石油原油及铅镉复合污染(SP、SPH)对脲酶及过氧化氢酶活性主要表现为激活作用,而铅镉污染(SH)对脲酶及过氧化氢酶活性主要表现为抑制作用.该研究表明,石油原油及铅镉复合污染对土壤微生物活性的影响与石油原油或铅镉污染的影响不同,它们之间存在着明显的交互作用.     

大型海藻对重金属镉、铜的富集动力学研究

以人工培育的龙须菜(Gracilaria lemaneiformis)活体为实验材料,在低浓度Cu2+、Cd2+污染水体中,进行龙须菜对Cu、Cd富集的模拟实验,探索龙须菜对Cu、Cd的污染水体的修复,以及龙须菜食品的安全性.应用两箱动力学模型,对实验结果进行了曲线拟合,对拟合优度进行检验.结果表明,在本实验条件下,龙须菜对重金属Cu、Cd的生物累积符合两箱动力学模型,并获得龙须菜富集Cu、Cd的吸收速率常数(Ku)和排出速率常数(Kc).当Cu2+的浓度￡50mg/L、Cd2+的浓度￡20mg/L时,经过28 d的暴露,随Cu2+、Cd2+的暴露浓度以及暴露时间增大,龙须菜中Cu、Cd的含量升高.龙须菜对Cu、Cd的吸收速率常数分别为15.4~51.1和13.9~55.7,基本随实验水体中元素的暴露浓度升高而降低;排出速率常数分别为0.023~0.070和0.030~0.050,与暴露浓度无明显相关性.理论平衡状态下龙须菜中Cu、Cd含量(质量分数)随水体中暴露浓度升高而增加.龙须菜对Cu、Cd的生物富集因子分别为663~1008和463~1113,Cu、Cd的生物半衰期分别为23.1 d和20.1d.     

TCDD和汞、镉、铅、砷联合毒性效应及机理研究进展

化学污染物通常以混合物的形式存在,其中重金属和有机化学物质是环境中常见的两大类污染物,它们的毒性效应长期受到关注。由于化学污染物混合物毒性效应的复杂性和研究方法的限制,现有研究大多关注污染物单一毒性效应和同一类化学污染物联合毒性效应,而对不同类型化学污染物联合毒性效应研究甚少。在系统分析、总结2,3,7,8-四氯代二苯并二英(TCDD)和汞、镉、铅、砷的环境来源、环境浓度、单一及联合毒性效应和分子机理研究的基础上,结合对单一和混合物诱导表达基因的转录组分析,基因表达水平的定量研究以及代谢组学、暴露组学等技术在联合毒性效应与机理研究中的应用前景,提出基于特异性基因表达水平来研究、评价联合毒性效应的方法。     

Speciation and bioaccessibility of lead and cadmium in soil treated with metal-enriched Indian mustard leaves

Indian mustard (Brassica juncea (L.) Czern.) has shown good potential for the phytoremediation of soil contaminated with heavy metals. However, there is little information about the speciation and bioaccessibility of heavy metals in soil during the decomposition of metal-rich Indian mustard leaves. Incubation experiments (1-, 3-, and 6-month) were carried out in Beijing and Hunan soil with metal-rich Indian mustard leaves addition (1% and 3%) and the e ects of mustard leaves addition on the speciation and bioaccessibility of heavy metals were studied. The results showed that the addition of mustard leaves led to significant increases in pH and DOC in the Hunan soil. Both 1% and 3% of mustard leaf amendment caused the percentage of the exchangeable (F1), precipitated with carbonates (F2), bound to Fe/Mn oxides (F3) and bound to organic matter (F4) fractions of Pb and Cd to increase dramatically, while the percentage of the residual fraction (F5) of Cd and Pb significantly dropped in both Beijing and Hunan soils. Mustard leaf addition caused the bioaccessibility of Pb to decrease in the gastric phase, whereas the values increased in the small intestinal phase. The Cd bioaccessibility increased with mustard leaf addition in both the gastric and small intestinal phases. In conclusion, the metal-enriched mustard leaves addition induces Pb and Cd concentrations and their mobility increasing in the Beijing and Hunan soils. Therefore, heavy metal risk in metal-enriched plant leaves should be considered in phytoremediation system in which heavy metal might be brought back to soil and changed over time.     

Influences of petroleum on accumulation of copper and cadmium in the polychaete Nereis diversicolor

Using the exposure simulation experiment, the action of petroleum affecting the accumulation of the trace metals including copper （Cu） and cadmium （Cd） in littoral polychaete Nereis diversicolor collected from the Shuangtaizi Estuary in Liaoning Province, China was examined. The results showed that there was a markedly non-linear relationship between the accumulation of Cu in worms and the experimental concentration of Cu in exposure solutions when the concentration of petroleum remained at 0, 100, and 220 μl/L, respectively. However, significantly non-linear relationship for worms exposed to Cd was observed only when the concentration of added petroleum was 0 and 220 μl/L. The accumulation of Cu in worms did not differ significantly among the three different levels of petroleum concentrations combined with various concentrations of Cu. So was the accumulation of Cd in worms （p〉0.05）. However, the addition of petroleum in exposure solutions brought about an increase in the accumulation of Cu in Nereis diversicolor, in comparison with single Cu pollution. On the other hand, when the concentration of added petroleum remained at 100 μl/L, the accumulation of Cd in worms was lower than that in worms exposed to various concentrations of only cadmium. However, the worms exposed to Cd and petroleum 220 μl/L did not show obvious and identical increase in the accumulation of Cd, compared with single Cd exposure. The accumulation of both Cu and Cd in worms did not increase significantly with the increases in concentrations of Cu or Cd in exposure solutions combined with petroleum （0, 100, and 220μl/L） under the experimental conditions. Although Nereis diversicolor is exposed to very high Cu and Cd in exposure solutions, accumulation and detoxification mechanisms are sufficient to cope with the extra metal influx in order to survive.     

大气中CO2体积分数升高对污染土壤中Cu、Cd形态分布及其生物活性的影响

采用OTC-1型开顶式培养箱,模拟研究了CO2体积分数升高对2种小麦的生长以及根际、非根际中Cu和Cd形态分布的影响.结果表明,CO2体积分数的升高显著提高了小麦地上部和地下部生物量,降低了小麦根际和非根际的pH值.临麦2号和宁麦8号小麦地上部干重分别增加了36.9%和25.2%,地下部干重则分别增加了55.1%和59.7%.此外,CO2体积分数升高对不同重金属形态分布的影响随小麦品种和重金属种类的不同而异.在高CO2体积分数条件下,可交换态(F1)Cu和Cd含量显著提高,其中临麦2号根际土壤可交换态Cu和Cd含量分别较对照增加10.6%和29.6%,宁麦8号根际土壤可交换态Cu和Cd分别较对照增加11.0%和20.3%;碳酸盐结合态(F2)Cu和Cd均有所降低,其中宁麦8号和临麦2号根际Cu降低均达极显著(分别降低73.6%和50.0%);铁锰氧化物结合态(F3),有机结合态(F4)和残渣态(F5)Cu和Cd在CO2体积分数升高情况下变化较小.同时CO2体积分数升高还显著增加了2种小麦地上部和地下部铜累积量,增加了临麦2号地上部和地下部镉累积量和宁麦8号地上部镉累积量,但对宁麦8号地下部镉累积量无显著影响.     

汞、镉、铅、砷单一和混合暴露的毒性效应及机理研究进展

汞、镉、铅和砷是自然界中毒性较强的金属,镉和砷已确定为致癌物,汞和铅为可能致癌物。人类活动过程的排放是汞、镉、铅和砷的主要污染来源,由这些金属污染物暴露导致的人类疾病已经引起了公众的广泛关注。研究汞、镉、铅和砷在环境中实际暴露水平,尤其是汞、镉、铅和砷复合暴露对人体健康和生态环境影响及毒性效应的机理极为重要。根据暴露途径、暴露剂量和暴露时间,汞、镉、铅和砷具有不同的代谢途径,产生不同的毒性效应,具有不同的毒性效应机理。在总结现有汞、镉、铅、砷单一和混合暴露的健康损害及毒性效应的基础上,回顾、归纳汞、镉、铅和砷诱导产生毒性效应的机理,讨论基因组、转录组、蛋白质组和代谢组学等技术在汞、镉、铅和砷单一、混合毒性效应及机理研究中的应用并探讨 来的研究方向。     

铜、铅在车前草中的亚细胞分配

通过盆栽试验研究了四川荥经县宝贝凼(BBD)和泸县(LX)车前草在铜(Cu)、铅(Pb)单元素污染处理下叶片中Cu和Pb的亚细胞分布特征.结果表明,BBD车前草生物量和富集Cu、Pb的能力均明显高于LX.不同处理下,BBD车前草各亚细胞组分中Cu和Pb含量变化特征为细胞器最高,细胞壁次之,胞液最低;;LX车前草各亚细胞组分中Cu和Pb含量变化特征为细胞壁最高,细胞器次之,胞液最低.BBD和LX车前草亚细胞各组分Pb含量均高于Cu.细胞器是细胞最重要的光合作用和呼吸作用的场所,结合Cu、Pb的能力较强,细胞壁对进入植物体内的Cu和Pb有极强的束缚作用,这可能是车前草能够解毒的重要原因.     

Interactions of copper,cadmium and molybdenum in buffalo calves:the levels of trace element in blood,urine and tissues

Ten male buffalo calves were randomly allotted into five groups of two each. Four groups were fed with cadmium, molybdenum, cadmium-molybdenum, and copper-cadmium-molybdenum respectively for 130 days to determine the elements' metabolic interactions in calves. These results indicated that cadmium and molybdenum could increase the accumulation of molybdenum and cadmium in liver and kidneys in buffalo calves, but copper could not. reduce to normal the levels of molybdenum and cadmium in liver and kidneys caused by cadmium-molybdenum. In addition, we found the copper concentrations in liver and kindeys was significantly greater in treatment calves than in controls.     

一株铅镉抗性菌株WS34的生物学特性及其对植物修复铅镉污染土壤的强化作用

从土壤样品中筛选出一株对碳酸铅、碳酸镉活化能力最强的铅镉抗性细菌WS34,并研究其生物学特性.经生理生化特征及16S rDNA序列分析,菌株WS34被鉴定为伯克霍尔德氏菌属(Burkholderia sp.WS34).菌株WS34对多种重金属和抗生素具有抗性,具有溶磷、分泌吲哚乙酸、产生铁载体和ACC脱氨酶的能力,并对温度、pH、盐浓度具有一定耐受性.利用盆栽试验研究了菌株WS34、EDTA及EDTA和WS34复合3种处理下对印度芥菜和油菜生长及富集铅镉能力的影响.结果表明,菌株WS34能促进供试植物生长,使印度芥菜和油菜的干重分别比对照增加21.4%～76.3%和18.0%～236%,铅镉积累量比对照增加9.0%～46.4%和13.9%～329%,且油菜中的增加量大于印度芥菜.EDTA能使印度芥菜和油菜的铅镉积累量比对照分别增加25.1%～475%和10.1%～84.5%.0.5mmol·kg-1EDTA 菌株WS34的复合处理下,植物的重金属吸收量与EDTA处理相当甚至高于EDTA处理.