向家坝工程扰动区不同修复类型边坡土壤养分及土壤酶活性特征

土壤养分和土壤酶活性是土壤质量评价的重要指标，为明确向家坝工程扰动区不同修复类型边坡土壤养分及土壤酶活性特征，该研究以向家坝工程扰动区4种不同类型的人工恢复边坡：植被混凝土（CBS）、厚层基材（TBS）、客土喷播（OSS）、框格梁（FBS）为研究对象，以天然林（NF）边坡为对照，测定分析土壤养分含量、土壤酶活性及其相关关系。结果表明：（1）4种人工恢复边坡土壤pH均高于NF，且均属碱性；（2）CBS、TBS土壤全量养分和土壤速效磷含量均显著高于OSS、FBS和NF；TBS显示出土壤氮营养的明显优势、CBS显示出土壤磷营养的明显优势；（3）人工恢复样地土壤蔗糖酶、过氧化氢酶和多酚氧化酶酶活整体高于NF；OSS、FBS土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶、纤维素酶和磷酸酶活性差异均不显著；（4）TBS当前状态接近接近NF；OSS、FBS在土壤养分和土壤酶活性两方面均呈现较大的相关性。综上，CBS、TBS两种人工恢复手段对于向家坝工程扰动边坡土壤养分持续性和土壤酶活性影响较好，TBS发展趋近天然林，OSS、FBS对于土壤酶活性影响积极，但养分累积效果稍差。     

珠江上游少数民族县域经济活动的累积环境效应研究--以贵州三都水族自治县为例

为了探索珠江上游少数民族区域经济活动的累积环境效应与生态安全，我们选择三都水族自治县作为定位研究基地．对建国以来区域内经济活动变迁进行历史、现状研究和综合评估，揭示历史时期发展政策、发展模式、重大经济活动等人为扰动因素在区域生态环境系统退化过程中的作用．评估少数民族经济活动的累积环境效应与生态安全。     

Biological diversity of nitrile-metabolizing bacteria in soils of the Perm region affected by human activities

The diversity of bacteria metabolizing nitriles of carbonic acids was studied in soils of the Perm region affected by human activities. Effective methods for selective isolation of cultures possessing the nitrile hydratase and nitrilase activities were developed. Most microorganisms capable of utilizing nitriles were Grampositive Nocardia-like bacteria of the genus Rhodococcus. Isolates with a detectable nitrilase activity were also represented by Gram-negative forms (Gram-negative aerobic/microaerophilic bacilli and cocci of the genera Pseudomonas, Azomonas, Azotobacter, and Acidovorax). Two enzyme systems for nitrile hydrolysis were found in 27% of cultures. The nitrile hydratase and nitrilase activities of the studied strains exceeded these enzymatic activities in bacteria isolated from native soils, which indicates that natural selection of saprophytic microflora occurs in chemically altered soils.     

泥石流与人类经济活动

山地是泥石流与人类共存的环境,泥石流作用于山地环境,强烈地影响人类经济活动：人类经济活动也作用于山地环境,强烈地影响泥石流。泥石流对山地环境的危害,主要为破坏地表、破坏生态系统和淤堵江河;泥石流对人类及其经济活动的危害,主要为破坏城镇,村庄,工矿,交通水利水电工程,农田和人类自身的安全。泥石流危害的结果,能导致山地坡面破碎化、沟口沙石化、河床宽浅化和植被逆向演替化,以及耕地贫瘠化、经济发展滞后化和     

Effect of habitat conditions on proteinase and glycosidase activities in the gut microbiota of crucian carp in a wide range of pH

Significant differences in pH dependence of proteolytic and amylolytic enzyme activities in the gut microbiota between crucian carps from different habitats (the Dniester River and Kuchurgan Reservoir) have been revealed for the first time. The proteolytic activity in fish from these water bodies reaches a peak at pH values varying from 7 to 10, while the peak of amylolytic activity is consistently observed at pH 7.0. Both proteolytic and amylolytic activities are higher in fish from the Kuchurgan Reservoir (characterized by increased trophicity and high abundance of bacterioplankton) than in fish from the Dniester. For comparison, the effect of pH on proteinase and glycosidase activities in the gut mucosa and chyme of the same fish has been studied.     

14C content in vegetation in the vicinities of Brazilian nuclear power reactors

(14)C specific activities were measured in grass samples collected around Brazilian nuclear power reactors. The specific activity values varied between 227 and 299 Bq/kg C. Except for two samples which showed (14)C specific activities 22% above background values, half of the samples showed background specific activities, and the other half had a (14)C excess of 1-18%. The highest specific activities were found close to the nuclear power plants and along the main wind directions (NE and NNE). The activity values were found to decrease with increasing distance from the reactors. The unexpectedly high (14)C excess values found in two samples were related to the local topography, which favors (14)C accumulation and limits the dispersion of the plume. The results indicate a clear (14)C anthropogenic signal within 5 km around the nuclear power plants which is most prominent along northeastwards, the prevailing wind direction.     

A mathematical model to investigate the impact of overgrowing population-induced mining on forest resources

Here, we develop a mathematical model which investigates the impact of growing population and rampant mining on forest resources, present in an urban region. In order to demonstrate the effect imposed by the overgrowing population on the environment, population pressure is incorporated in the model, which augments mining activities in the given region. The obtained model is studied qualitatively using stability theory of differential equations, while it is quantitatively analyzed through numerical simulation. The results of the model reveal that a whopping increase in unchecked mining activities, induced through excessive population growth, leads to declination of forest resources in a region. Therefore, sustainable mining is suggested through control measures imposed by the government on mining activities.     

Changes of Structural and Physicochemical Parameters of Spruce Forest Ecosystem under the Effect of Moose (Alces alces L.)

The role of moose in the dynamics of structural, physical, and chemical parameters of a forest community is considered using an example of a southern taiga wood-sorrel spruce forest. It is shown that the activities of these animals affect the vertical structure of the underbrush and understory layers, the dynamics of phytomass accumulation, and the state of the ground vegetation. Changes in the nitrogen and hydrocarbon flows through the ecosystem under the effects of moose activities are analyzed.     

Phases of a sandwich training programme for environmental workers

Long residential courses which take people away from their jobs for long periods of time are often not compatible with the day to day activities of such officers. An alternative is the sandwich programme, which can give an optimum in acquiring the cognitive knowledge and keep workers in constant touch with their field activities. The proposed model programme for upgrading environmental workers and educators has four short residential courses alternated and integrated fully with three long on-the-job (in-service) training periods.The sandwich programme minimizes interference with the normal work of the individual and there is a permanent interdependence of the activities and of the laternating courses. Its effectiveness as a means of providing deeper eduction by the improved knowledge of one's career and skills recommends it for utilisation in endeavours to make environmental workers more efficient.     

Influences of natural and anthropogenic processes on the nitrogen and phosphorus fluxes of the Yangtze Estuary, China

Nutrient flux to the sea through the estuary is important to the health of the sea. Combining natural processes with anthropogenic activities, we discuss the influence on the nitrogen and phosphorus fluxes to the Yangtze River basin, to the estuary and to the sea. The fluxes of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) and dissolved inorganic phosphorus (DIP) to the estuary through the river/estuary interface are obviously higher than those to the sea through to the estuary/sea interface of the Yangtze estuary. The changes in nutrient fluxes through different interfaces are largely due to the estuarine hydrological and biogeochemical processes. Household, livestock and agricultural runoff are major sources of nitrogen from human activities, and household and livestock contribute to an increase in the anthropogenic phosphorus. The fluxes of DIN and DIP from economic activities account for about one-third of DIN and DIP fluxes to the sea through the Yangtze estuary.     

The role of arsenate reductase and superoxide dismutase in As accumulation in four Pteris species

Using arsenic (As) hyperaccumulators to extract As from contaminated soils is an effective and low-cost technology. Most of the known As hyperaccumulators belong to Pteris species. The present study aims to explore the responses and role of arsenate reductase (AR) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in As hyperaccumulating fern species (Pteris vittata, and P. multifida) and non-As hyperaccumulating species (P. ensiformis, and P. semipinnata) when grown in soils added with 0 (control), 100, and 200 mg/kg (dry weight) of arsenic as Na(2)HAsO(4).7H(2)O. The results show that AR activities of roots, SOD activities and As concentrations in both roots and fronds of the four Pteris plants increased when exposed to As-contaminated soils. AR activities of roots were much higher, but SOD activities and As concentrations of roots were lower than those of fronds. It is concluded that AR of roots and SOD of both roots and fronds may play important roles to accumulate and detoxify As in the four Pteris species.     

Barriers to plantation activities in different agro-ecological zones of Southern India

This paper analyses environmental and socio-economic barriers for plantation activities on local and regional level and investigates the potential for carbon finance to stimulate the increased rates of forest plantation on wasteland, i.e., degraded lands, in southern India. Building on multidisciplinary field work and results from the model GCOMAP, the aim is to (1) identify and characterize the barriers to plantation activities in four agro-ecological zones in the state of Karnataka and (2) investigate what would be required to overcome these barriers and enhance the plantation rate and productivity. The results show that a rehabilitation of the wasteland based on plantation activities is not only possible but also anticipated by the local population and would lead to positive environmental and socio-economic effects at a local level. However, in many cases, the establishment of plantation activities is hindered by a lack of financial resources, low land productivity and water scarcity. Based on the model used and the results from the field work, it can be concluded that certified emission reductions such as carbon credits or other compensatory systems may help to overcome the financial barrier; however, the price needs to be significantly increased if these measures are to have any large-scale impact.     

北京市湿地面积动态变化及其驱动因子分析

在研究了北京市湿地面积赋存量与降雨量、上游水资源量、地下水资源量、城建区面积和GDP等因素的基础上,试图找出影响湿地赋存面积的主要因素,以期为湿地的合理规划和管理提供科学依据。结果显示,北京市湿地动态变化存在显著的自然和人为方面的驱动力因素,自然因素如降雨量,上游来水量和地下水资源量为湿地的退化提供了内在动因,而人类的城市化活动如建成区面积和经济开发则加速了湿地的退化和转化;主成份分析结果显示,第一、第二主成份的累积贡献率92.73%,第一主成份与入境水量、地下水量和降雨量有较大的正相关,贡献度高达93.2%以上;第二主成份与建成区面有较大的正相关,贡献度高达96.6%。     

生态工程建设背景下贵州高原的植被变化及影响因素分析

基于MODIS-NDVI和气象数据,运用趋势分析、偏相关分析和残差分析等方法,对生态工程建设背景下贵州高原的植被变化及影响因素进行分析,并定量探讨气候因素与人类活动对植被变化的影响。结果表明：(1)2000~2016年期间,贵州高原植被NDVI在空间上呈东高西低的分布特征,高值分布于野生动植物及自然保护区等,低值分布于湿地保护工程区。NDVI总体呈上升趋势,湿地保护工程区、退耕还林工程区等植被覆盖上升速率较快,野生动植物及自然保护区呈略微的下降趋势。(2)植被改善区域(83.74%)分布于研究区边缘及西北部,退化区域(16.26%)分布于研究区中部和东南部,其中退耕还林还草工程区植被改善最为明显,野生动植物保护及自然保护区和速生丰产工程区改善效果较差。(3)从气侯因素分析来看,气温和降水在总体上与NDVI均呈正相关,气温对贵州高原植被生长的影响大于降水。(4) 从人类活动分析来看,人类活动对植被的建设作用强于破坏作用,人类活动正作用（76.68%）主要分布于西北部,负作用（23.32%）集中分布于东南部。植被覆盖增加是气候因素和人类活动共同作用的结果,人类活动对植被的贡献率为75.53%,气候因素为24.47%。     

Radiological assessment of surface water quality around proposed uranium mining site in India

The gross alpha and gross beta activities were estimated for radiological assessment of surface water quality around the proposed uranium mining site Kylleng Pyndengsohiong Mawthabah (Domiasiat), West Khasi Hills District, Meghalaya situated in a high rainfall area (12,000 mm) in India. 189 Surface water samples were collected over different seasons of the year from nine different locations covering around 100 km². Gross beta activities were found to vary from 144 to 361 mBq/L which is much below the prescribed WHO limit of 1000 mBq/L for drinking water. Gross alpha activities varied from 61 to 127 mBq/L. These values are much below the reported gross alpha values by other countries. In about 7% of the samples the alpha activities remain exceeded the WHO guideline limit of 100 mBq/L. Surface water samples collected during the summer season of the year show higher activity whereas low activity was found from samples collected during monsoon season. Results show that all water sources are acceptable as drinking water for human consumption from the radiological point of view, the higher gross alpha concentrations in a few locations remains so only for short duration during the summer season.     

Integrated measures for preservation, restoration and improvement of the environmental conditions of the Lagoon Olho d'Agua basin

The Lagoon Olho d'Agua in Pernambuco State, Northeast Brazil has received increasing environmental concern due to significant stress from pollution in the catchment. The existing environmental problems are the result of great pressure from a broad range of human activities, especially in the last 10 years. Serious pollution exists mainly from some industrial and urban activities, which increased intensively after the eighties. There is a strong social and economical pressure for housing and construction near the lagoon, due to the available land nearby beaches and estuarine zone, and recently by growing tourism activities. Uncontrolled land use by low-income communities and the pressure for construction by developers have led to landfilling and to deterioration of water quality in the lagoon catchment. Improvement of the environmental conditions in the catchment needs integrated measures. Guidelines and some specific actions involving several institutions have been established and refer to sanitation and urban infrastructure as the main priorities. A main target is the construction of low-cost sewage system with smaller and decentralised treatment plants.     

Integrated measures for preservation, restoration and improvement of the environmental conditions of the Lagoon Olho d'Água basin

The Lagoon Olho d'Água in Pernambuco State, Northeast Brazil has received increasing environmental concern due to significant stress from pollution in the catchment. The existing environmental problems are the result of great pressure from a broad range of human activities, especially in the last 10 years. Serious pollution exists mainly from some industrial and urban activities, which increased intensively after the eighties. There is a strong social and economical pressure for housing and construction near the lagoon, due to the available land nearby beaches and estuarine zone, and recently by growing tourism activities. Uncontrolled land use by low-income communities and the pressure for construction by developers have led to landfilling and to deterioration of water quality in the lagoon catchment. Improvement of the environmental conditions in the catchment needs integrated measures. Guidelines and some specific actions involving several institutions have been established and refer to sanitation and urban infrastructure as the main priorities. A main target is the construction of low-cost sewage system with smaller and decentralised treatment plants.     

农户生计多样性发展阶段研究——基于脆弱性与适应性维度

为了观察农户生计活动复杂化过程,分析弹性在可持续生计中发挥的作用,推动扶贫开发战略从识别贫困人口向防御贫困转变,本文采用曲线拟合、核密度函数非参数估计算法等实证研究方法,利用陕西省安康农户生计与环境调查数据,基于脆弱性、适应性维度对农户生计多样性发展阶段进行了识别、划分,系统分析了弹性在农户、社区不同尺度上、阶段上对于农户生计脆弱性与适应性的作用过程。研究发现:生计多样性发展阶段随尺度有所不同,随着适应性提高,在社区尺度上,生计活动多样性指数先增加后减小,在农户尺度上,则是先减小后增加;农户生计活动存在高脆弱性、低适应性的尝试阶段,在经历了这个阶段之后,伴随着农户适应性的提高,脆弱性会同时增加;在社区尺度上,弹性作用下伴随着收入提高,脆弱性会逐步降低,在农户尺度上,弹性作用下伴随着收入提高,生计活动脆弱性会提高,形成"高风险、高收益"的情况。研究发现说明农户、社区存在着"多样性尝试"发展阶段,在一定尺度上保持适度脆弱性有利于社区、地域的可持续发展,作为联系不同尺度生计活动脆弱性、适应性的关键,农户在这个阶段完成生计多样性水平专业化过程,社区在这个阶段形成地区特色的生计活动。扶贫开发工作应把握好这一时机,提高工作措施效果和绩效。在扶贫开发工作实践中,在目标制定上不仅需要考虑收入因素,还需要考虑生计活动复杂性因素,政策措施充分利用"多样性尝试"发展时机,同时主动开展替代生计研究、落实工作,提高贫困防御能力,推动农户、社区可持续发展。     

Source of radium in a well-water-augmented Florida lake

A study of the lake waters of Saddleback Lake, Florida was undertaken with the goal of determining the source of elevated radium activities in the lake. Four radium isotopes, (226)Ra, (228)Ra, (223)Ra and (224)Ra, were measured and activities of all the four radium isotopes were substantially greater in the well water used to augment the lake as compared to the lake waters. In the surface water, radium activities were highest close to the well used for augmentation in the initial sampling. Activities initially decreased with time after augmentation from the well ceased. The (223)Ra/(226)Ra activity ratio decreased during the first month of sampling and closely followed an exponential decay curve based on the (223)Ra decay constant. Trends in the activities and the (223)Ra/(226)Ra activity ratios support the conclusion that the well used to augment the lake was the dominant source of (223)Ra and (226)Ra to Saddleback Lake during this study. The (224)Ra/(226)Ra activity ratio did not follow the expected trend of exponential decay based on the (224)Ra decay constant. While the augmentation well supplied some (224)Ra, these results suggest that there must be an additional source of (224)Ra to the lake. The most likely additional source of (224)Ra appears to be the ingrowth of (224)Ra on the sediment within the lake from (228)Ra (via (228)Th).     

基于拓展敏感性方法和ABCD模型的流域枯季径流归因分析

提出一种拓展径流敏感性分析方法,进行季尺度气候变化和人类活动对径流变化影响的定量评价。以径流变化二阶泰勒展开式中的混合偏导项作为气候变化与人类活动耦合作用的度量,从而分离出气候变化、人类活动及两者间耦合作用对径流影响的程度,并采用包含融雪模块的ABCD模型,计算土壤蓄水量和地下水储量变化量。以拉萨河为研究实例,结果表明:近60年来,气候变化是导致拉萨河枯季径流增加的主导因素,其次是人类活动和耦合作用项;气候变化导致枯季径流增加,人类活动及耦合作用项引起枯季径流不同程度的减少。