Preparation of size-selected fibers and fibrous aerosols for biological experiments

A size-selective procedure was developed for the preparation of fiber fractions of uniform size of chrysotile, crocidolite, amosite, and glass. The raw material was first ground to a suitable fineness, then suspended in liquids by ultrasonic agitation and separated by fiber diameter by means of slow sedimentation. The fractionation by fiber length was done by a vibrating sieve method. Fibrous aerosols of different size distributions could be prepared by using a vibrating bed aerosol generator.     

上海市郊区农业土地流转类型与土地利用变化响应差异性研究

在对农业用地流转机制进行深入分析的基础上，将农业土地流转市场划分为三种类型：政府引导型、集体推动型和农户主导型。进而结合农户调查数据，通过建立农业土地非耕地化流转的驱动力模型。分析不同类型的农业土地流转市场对于耕地利用变化的影响。模型运行结果表明：政府引导的农业土地流转导致耕地面积大幅减少，集体推动的流转有利于提高耕地利用效率。农户主导的农业土地流转促使了粮食作物种植面积的减少。最后以模型运行结果为依据，从保护农民土地权益、维持耕地总量平衡的角度提出相关建议。     

省域旅游扶贫工程研究

旅游扶贫工程是解决贫困问题、促进区域协调发展的重要途径。以广东为代表，在省城范围内开展的立体化协作旅游扶贫工程是一个实践创新，上个月政府主导、区域协调、系统动作、产业扶贫等特点和优势。本文在广东三年多来的实践基础上，首次提出“省域旅游扶贫工程”概念，并对这一新兴的旅游扶贫模式进行了系统研究，探讨了其运行机制，分析了其实施过程中可能面临的挑战和误区，最后提出了基于政策实践的相关建议。     

21世纪三峡库区极端气温指数的情景预估

利用气候模式诊断与比较计划(PCMDI）提供的9个新一代气候系统模式的模拟结果,通过多模式集合方法预估分析了3种排放情景(高排放A2、中等排放A1B和低排放B1）下21世纪三峡库区3种极端气温指数的可能变化。结果表明：21世纪三峡库区气温年较差呈震荡的趋势,主要将以增大为主。暖夜指数和热浪指数都将显著增加。整个21世纪,库区气温年较差将增加04~08℃,暖夜指数将增加133%~174%,热浪指数将增加85~133 d。分阶段来看,21世纪前期,气温年较差将增加02~06℃;暖夜指数将增加51%~73%,热浪指数将增加31~41 d;21世纪中期,气温年较差将增加04~10℃,暖夜指数将增加136%~189%,热浪指数将增加77~121 d;21世纪后期,气温年较差将增加06~14℃,暖夜指数将增加191%~289%,热浪指数将增加143~237 d     

Measurement of semivolatile carbonaceous aerosols and its implications: A review

Measurement of carbonaceous aerosols is complicated by positive and negative artifacts. An organic denuder with high efficiency for removing gaseous organics is an effective approach to eliminate the positive artifact, and it is a precondition for the accurate determination of SVOC by an adsorbent backup filter. Evaluations of different configurations of the organic denuder, and SVOC determined by different denuder-based samplers, both integrated and semi-continuous, are reviewed. A new equation for determination of the denuder efficiency is estimated, considering the efficiency of removing both the gaseous organics that could be adsorbed by the quartz and the gaseous passing through the quartz that could be subsequently adsorbed by the backup adsorbent filter. The origin of OC on the backup quartz filter, behind either quartz or Teflon filter, is quantitatively evaluated by the denuder-based method based on the data published. The backup-OC is shown to be dominated by either gaseous organics passing through the front filter or the evaporated particulate organic carbon depending on the sampling environment.     

太湖典型丘陵水源地水质时空变化及影响因素分析——以平桥河流域为例

基于太湖流域典型丘陵水源地平桥河流域12个采样点的水质监测数据,综合运用聚类分析和主成分分析法对平桥河流域水质时空变化及影响因素进行分析。聚类分析显示,按照水质相似性将平桥河流域水质分为枯水期、平水期、丰水期3个季节时段和中上游丘陵河谷区、下游紧邻平桥镇的平原区、下游暗沟出口区3个典型空间区域。主成分分析显示:(1)枯水期水质以氮污染为主导因素,磷和有机污染次之,受流量减小、流速缓慢导致的营养盐富集的影响加大;平水期水质以氮污染为主导因素,磷污染次之,受茶园等大量施肥导致的农业面源污染的影响;丰水期水质以氮和磷污染为主导因素,受到水稻种植等农业活动和大量降雨径流的影响。(2)中上游丘陵河谷区水质以氮和磷污染为主导因素,有机污染次之,受到茶园种植等农业活动导致的面源污染的影响;下游紧邻平桥镇的平原区水质以氮和磷的污染为主导因素,有机污染次之,受到居民生活污水和农业生产的影响;下游暗沟出口区水质以氮污染为主导因素,有机污染和磷污染次之,受到生活污水、农业生产和畜禽养殖的影响。研究结果可为太湖流域丘陵区水源地保护和管理提供参考。     

A study of mechanisms responsible for incorporation of cesium and radiocesium into fruitbodies of king oyster mushroom (Pleurotus eryngii)

Ex vitro cultures of Pleurotus eryngii were carried out under controlled conditions using sterile medium composed of barley seeds. The influence of alkali and alkaline earth element salts (CsCl, KCl, NaCl, RbCl, and CaCl(2)) and tetraethylammonium chloride on incorporation of cesium, potassium, sodium, rubidium and calcium, and their distribution within fruitbodies, was examined. The results show that incorporation of cesium into fruitbodies was not suppressed by Na(+) and Rb(+) or tetraethylammonium chloride. However, it was inhibited by Ca(2+) and stimulated by high concentrations of K(+). The inhibition of cesium incorporation by Ca(2+), lack of influence of tetraethylammonium chloride and stimulation by high K(+) concentrations suggest that there may exist two pathways of passive transport of cesium in mycelium: (i) uptake mediated by a non-specific potassium channel localised in plasmalemma (similar to voltage-insensitive cation channel, VICC) followed by diffusive transport inside hyphae and (ii) extracellular transport from the medium through inter-hyphal cavities into fruitbodies. The results highlight distinctiveness of mechanisms responsible for the uptake and incorporation of cesium in mushrooms and plants.     

基于权重湿润指数的作物湿渍害监测与检验

以有效降水和潜在蒸散为指标构建权重湿润指数(WMI)作为湿渍害判定指标,结合WMI持续偏湿时间和累积强度,确定了湿渍害过程判别和等级划分方法,利用土壤湿度和作物产量资料从湿渍害发生频率、空间分布特征、典型年和典型过程等方面对其适用性进行了应用检验。结果表明：WMI指数与土壤相对湿度具有较高的相关性,且基于WMI和土壤相对湿度判定的湿渍害过程频次接近、空间分布特征一致,基于WMI指数识别出的典型春季湿渍害年对应的小麦、油菜作物产量均有较大幅度减产,基于WMI指数对典型湿渍害过程的监测与降水和土壤湿度的时间分布具有较好的对应关系。WMI指数以常规气象观测资料为基础且所需率定参数少,可逐日滚动计算和大范围应用,适合作为日常业务监测和预警指标。 关键词： 湿渍害;权重湿润指数;土壤湿度;应用检验     

Presence and behavior of organic pollutants in an aqueous environment surrounded by an industrialized area

Water and sediment samples in a bay surrounded by heavily industrialized areas were analyzed by a combined gas chromatography/mass spectrometry/computer system, and a number of aliphatic hydrocarbons, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), and polar oxygenated compounds were found. Behavior of PAH in the bay and its surroundings was traced by gas chromatographic fingerprint by using a glass capillary column. Water and sediment, dust fall, and airborne particulate samples were used as environmental samples. It was emphatically suggested that the major origin of sedimentary PAH was airborne dust.     

三峡库区悬移质泥沙对磷污染物的吸附解吸特性

就三峡库区悬移质泥沙对磷污染物的吸附解吸特性从野外同步监测和室内试验研究两个方面展开研究。选取长江干流、嘉陵江和乌江共7个监测断面于2002年和2003进行野外同步监测,测试结果表明：水中的悬移质泥沙对水中各种覆存形态的磷污染物浓度具有显著影响,单位重量泥沙对磷的吸附量与水体总泥沙含量、泥沙粒径有密切关系。采集寸滩断面泥沙对磷酸盐吸附解吸特性进行室内试验研究,并根据Langmuir吸附动力学方程对吸附解吸过程进行了拟合,发现吸附速率常数k随着泥沙粒径的增加而呈递增变化,而磷酸盐初始浓度对k值的影响并不明显,同时,磷酸盐解吸量随着泥沙浓度的增加和粒径的增加呈递减变化,k值随着泥沙粒径的增加而呈递增变化,泥沙浓度对k值的影响不明显。     

Temporal-spatial Characteristics of the Urbanization of Rural Land in Xinjiang

Relying on remote sensor technology, GIS and Land-sat TM digital images, the authors use spatial and statistical analysis to examine the temporal-spatial characteristics of the change caused by urban Construction in Xinjiang＇s rural areas from the end of the 1980s to the end of the 1990s. The primary findings show the following： 1） The urban construction in rural areas has increased drastically. The expansion speed of urban land use has accelerated over the past decade. The sub-land use changes caused by the urbanization of rural are characterized by salient regional differentiation among the three main regions and among the 85 counties of Xinjiang. 2） The shift of land use is mostly characterized by cultivated land and grassland being used for urban and industrial projects. Moreover, this change of land use is characteristic of regional differences. 3） Factors of rural-urban construction land use changes in Xinjiang, are undoubtedly affected by natural environment, social, economic conditions, and to a larger degree by population growth, GDP development and industrial development.     

Is Bat Distribution Dependent on Relief? (A Reply to the Paper by V.Yu. Il'in and D.G. Smirnov)

The data on bat distribution published by Il'in and Smirnov (2000) were reanalyzed in order to test the hypothesis concerning the connection between species occurrence and forms of relief. The pattern revealed by statistical analysis disagrees with the conclusions drawn by these authors; furthermore, because of an obvious sampling bias, the data published by Il'in and Smirnov are hardly suitable for rigorously testing their hypothesis.     

They’ll be dammed: the sustainability implications of the Sarawak Corridor of Renewable Energy (SCORE) in Malaysia

This article examines the Sarawak Corridor of Renewable Energy in Malaysia, or SCORE, a US $105 billion infrastructure development plan in Sarawak on the island of Borneo, from a sustainability standpoint. SCORE aims to build 20,000 megawatts of hydroelectric dams along a 320 km corridor comprising more than 70,000 km² by 2030. The article begins by explaining social science methods utilized for its research interviews and site visits. It then argues that sustainability consists of seven principles articulated in international law: prudence, equity, responsibility, precaution, justice, governance, and compatibility. Next, the paper introduces readers to SCORE before assessing it according to these seven sustainability criteria. The paper finds that SCORE erodes environmental prudence by emitting millions of tons of carbon dioxide and feeding industries that will pollute the land and water. It worsens intergenerational equity by exacerbating poverty and consolidating wealth for corporations and politicians. It degrades responsibility by intensifying tropical deforestation and flaunts precaution by downplaying and ignoring risks to water quality and availability. It is unjust, imposing dams on communities and forcibly relocating thousands of indigenous people, mitigates good governance by condoning bribes and kickbacks along with the violent suppression of dissent, and is incompatible with Malaysia’s own energy policy targets and international standards.     

Assessing agricultural land-use change in the Midlands region of KwaZulu-Natal,South Africa: application of mixed multinomial logit

On-farm tree cultivation is considered an important strategy to mitigate detrimental environmental impacts of agricultural land-use change (ALUC). In South Africa, however, little is known about farm-level incentives and constraints that govern ALUC decisions among small-scale farmers. To address this knowledge gap, this study employs a mixed multinomial logit model by using a combination of revealed and stated preference data. After correcting for endogeneity, the estimated results show that decisions about ALUC are rationally derived and driven by clear but heterogeneous preferences and trade-offs between crop productivity, food security and labour saving. The results further show that the decision to plant sugarcane is constrained by landholding, whilst farmland afforestation is negatively influenced by household size. Decisions to convert land use are also driven by the behaviour of peer groups and agro-ecological conditions. Based on these findings, important policy implications for sustainable land use are outlined.     

经济-生态导向的城市人口空间分布优化——以无锡市区为例

城市人口分布格局不仅受经济就业、生活质量、通勤距离等自组织分布要素的引导,还受到政府管制和调控的制约,不可能完全通过自组织而实现人口分布的优化。因此,除了阐释人口分布的自组织变动机制和影响因素外,还迫切需要研究人口分布对经济社会与资源环境方面的综合影响,进而提出优化的人口空间格局。在大量查阅人口分布相关理论的基础上,研究了城市人口空间分布模式,提出了生态约束、生产挤占、生活集聚、效益综合、顾及现状等人口优化分布原则,并运用随机与目标函数方法,建立人口空间分布优化模型。以无锡市区为例,基于丰富的人口、经济、资源、环境资料,进行城市空间生态保护、生产开发、生活居住价值评价,通过模型运算,提出优化的人口空间分布格局,为无锡市区人口分布调控提供依据。     

Environmental quality of transitional waters: the lagoon of Venice case study

The health status of European aquatic environments, including transitional waters such as coastal lagoons, is regulated by the Water Framework Directive (WFD), which requires the classification of the water bodies' environmental quality and the achievement of a good ecological status by 2015. In the Venice lagoon, a transitional water body located in the northeastern part of Italy, the achievement of a good ecological status is hampered by several anthropogenic and natural pressures, such as sediment and water chemical contamination, and sediment erosion. In order to evaluate the lagoon's environmental quality according to the WFD (i.e. 5 quality classes, from High to Bad), an integrated Weight-of-Evidence methodology was developed and applied to classify the quality of the lagoon water bodies, integrating biological, physico-chemical, chemical, ecotoxicological, and hydromorphological data (i.e. Lines of Evidence, LOE). The quality assessment was carried out in two lagoon habitat typologies (previously defined on the basis of morphological, sediment, and hydrodynamic characteristics) which were selected taking into account the ecological gradient from sea to land, and the differences in anthropogenic pressure and contamination levels. The LOE classification was carried out by using indicators scored by comparing site specific conditions to reference conditions measured in lagoon reference sites, or provided by local, national or European regulations (e.g. Environmental Quality Standards, EQS, for chemicals). Finally, the overall quality status for each water body was calculated by a probabilistic approach, i.e. by reporting the final result as the frequency distribution of quality classes. The developed procedure was applied by using data and information concerning selected LOE and collected from monitoring programs and research studies carried out in the last 15 years in the lagoon of Venice. A set of sampling stations characterized by spatially and temporally coherent information for each LOE was selected, and among these stations, potential reference sites for each water body typology were identified. The quality assessment highlighted that there are specific lagoon areas, especially those located near the industrially developed area, which are highly affected by anthropogenic activities, and that chemical contamination is one of the main pressures affecting ecological status (e.g. macro-benthonic biodiversity) in the Venice lagoon. The integrated quality assessment procedure that was developed provided a new tool supporting decision making, as well as lagoon assessment and management.     

三峡建坝断航期运输格局的计算机模拟

ＧＩＳ与运输经济统计结合可进行运量模拟、分析、预测和规划。实验表明三峡建坝断航对全国交通流格局影响是局域性的，但对川，鄂，苏，沪区际交流影响较大，华南三港因接受出川转运物资吞吐量将增加２％￣７％，襄渝货运量增加６００万ｔ，川黔－黔桂线运量将增加１００万ｔ。     

Evaporation of solutes from water

A model is developed to define the evaporation rates of solutes from water. The rate equation, similar in form to the Knudsen equation, takes into consideration the effect of air and subwater turbulences on the evaporation loss. At given system conditions, the factor accounting for the air turbulence appears to be essentially constant and independent of temperature (3.5–25°C) for various organic chemicals and water. These characteristics allow one to study the rate of evaporation from water and the relative enhancement by subwater mixing for different solutes. This report shows that the volatilization loss of pure substances and solutes with low Henry's law constants is enhanced by air turbulence, not by subwater mixing. However, the loss of volatile solutes (high Henry's law constants) may be promoted both by air turbulence and by subwater mixing, in which the extent of enhancement by liquid mixing is determined primarily by the Henry's law constant. The present model provides a theoretical basis to explain these effects and others, which appear to be important for assessment of pollutant evaporative transport in the environment.     

高炉渣资源化生产绿色建材的环境效益评估——基于生命周期的视角

高炉渣是钢铁厂高炉炼铁产生的矿渣,具有较高的资源化价值,可用于生产多种绿色建材产品。熔融高炉渣经水急冷后形成的粒化高炉矿渣,粉磨成矿渣微粉可作为水泥混合材和混凝土掺合料。以高炉渣资源化过程为研究对象,采用生命周期清单分析方法,并基于GaBi 4软件平台,对我国某建材企业综合利用高炉渣生产矿渣硅酸盐水泥和商品混凝土全过程的能源消耗、原材料消耗和温室气体排放进行了分析,进而从节能、降耗和碳减排三方面评估其环境效益。结果表明,与普通硅酸盐水泥相比,矿渣硅酸盐水泥可分别实现节约能源1 911 MJ/t(节能26%),降低原材料消耗1 158 kg/t(降耗27%),减少碳排放236 kg/t(碳减排26%);与复合硅酸盐水泥相比,矿渣硅酸盐水泥可实现节约能源352 MJ/t(节能6%),降低原材料消耗278 kg/t(降耗8%),减少碳排放47 kg/t(碳减排7%)。与不掺加矿粉的普通商品混凝土比较,掺矿粉的商品混凝土可实现节约能源97 MJ/m3(节能5%),降低原材料消耗7 kg/m3(降耗0.3%),减少碳排放12 kg/m3(碳减排5%)。高炉渣资源化生产矿渣硅酸盐水泥和商品混凝土具有明显的环境效益。     

绿色技术进步、农业经济增长与污染空间溢出——来自中国农业水资源利用的证据

基于2002～2016年的省级面板数据,以农业水资源利用过程中的化肥源面源污染、厩肥源面源污染、灌溉过程碳排放及农药流失作为非合意产出,构建了以"蓝水-绿水"为中心的水资源分析框架,借助SBM模型和Malmquist-Luenberger指数,探析我国农业水资源利用过程的绿色技术进步情况,利用空间面板模型重点考察绿色技术进步、农业经济发展水平与农业水资源利用过程的污染排放之间的关系。化肥源面源污染排放量和农药流失量均表现出空间聚集的特性;在其他投入和产出不变的的既定条件下,促进农业水资源利用过程中的绿色技术进步能够缓解农业污染的局面;将农药流失污染作为非合意产出的农业水资源利用绿色技术进步带来的环境污染减排积极影响更强;农业经济发展水平与4类污染排放分别体现为倒N型、倒U型、正N型和倒N型的关系,随着农业经济发展水平的提升,我国绝大多数地区仍处于农药、化肥粗放使用的倒N型的上升阶段,农药流失和化肥施用引起的面源污染情况仍在加剧,农业经济发展水平与厩肥还田造成的面源污染相分离的状态逐渐消失,而农业水资源利用过程中产生的碳排放污染情况则不容乐观,大部分地区农业灌溉所产生的碳排放面临快速上升的趋势。