碱金属氧化物对V2O5-WO3/TiO2催化剂脱硝性能的影响

在V2O5-WO3/TiO2催化剂上负载碱金属氧化物（K2O,Na2O）,通过BET,XRD和SEM等方法对微观结构进行表征,研究不同含量碱金属氧化物对催化剂脱硝活性、N2O生成率和SO2氧化率的影响.结果发现,较大含量的碱金属对催化剂微观结构有一定影响.碱金属氧化物与催化剂表面V物种的结合生成部分碱金属盐（如KVO3）,改变了催化剂的表面结构,使催化剂中有效活性位的数量大大降低,从而导致催化剂活性降低.两种碱金属氧化物对催化剂的毒性顺序为K2O〉Na2O.     

金属氧化物MoO3(WO3)和V2O5对烟气脱硝催化性能试验

以纳米级锐钛型TiO2为载体,负载V2O5和WO3(或MoO3)制备催化剂,研究不同催化剂组分对NO和NO2脱除率以及N2O生成量的影响.结果表明,V2O5的加入使得MoO3(WO3)/TiO2催化剂的活性和选择性得到了改善.MoO3(WO3)的加入主要是改善了催化剂表面的活性位数量,从而使得V2O5/TiO2基催化剂表现出更高的活性.     

农田土壤温室气体产生机制及影响因素研究进展

农田土壤通过微生物呼吸、植物根系呼吸和土壤动物呼吸,释放大量温室气体,成为大气中主要温室气体(CO2、CH4和N2O)的重要来源.文章在阐述土壤温室气体产生机制的基础上,着重从土壤生物、土壤理化性质(主要包括温湿度、有机质、pH、Eh、土壤质地等)、水肥管理及耕作措施等角度对农田土壤温室气体释放的影响进行了综述,对土壤温室气体的减排措施进行了总结,并就今后农田土壤温室气体的研究重点和方向进行了展望.     

Effect of biochar addition on short-term N<Subscript>2</Subscript>O and CO<Subscript>2</Subscript> emissions during repeated drying and wetting of an anthropogenic alluvial soil

Agricultural soils are an important source of greenhouse gases (GHG). Biochar application to such soils has the potential of mitigating global anthropogenic GHG emissions. Under irrigation, the topsoils in arid regions experience repeated drying and wetting during the crop growing season. Biochar incorporation into these soils would change the soil microbial environment and hence affect GHG emissions. Little information, however, is available regarding the effect of biochar addition on carbon dioxide (CO₂) and nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions from agricultural soils undergoing repeated drying and wetting. Here, we report the results of a 49-day aerobic incubation experiment, incorporating biochar into an anthropogenic alluvial soil in an arid region of Xinjiang Province, China, and measuring CO₂ and N₂O emissions. Under both drying–wetting and constantly moist conditions, biochar amendment significantly increased cumulative CO₂ emission. At the same time, there was a significant reduction (up to ~20 %) in cumulative N₂O emission, indicating that the addition of biochar to irrigated agricultural soils may effectively slow down global warming in arid regions of China.     

农业管理措施对N2O排放的影响

结合国内外文献资料 ,介绍了目前N2 O排放的研究现状 ,详细分析了种植方式、作物类型、肥料施用、水分管理、耕翻等农业管理措施对土壤N2 O排放的影响 ,并对今后的研究重点进行了讨论。     

土壤中氧化亚氮的产生及减少排放量的措施

氧化亚氮（N2O）是大气中的一种痕量气体,也是一种重要的温室效应气体,还可使臭氧层遭到破坏。大气中N2O浓度呈不断上升趋势,其上升与人类活动关系极大,对环境的潜在破坏性也愈加严重。土壤是N2O的重要产生源,土壤中的硝化作用和反硝化作用是N2O的主要生成过程。过量施用氮肥、含氮有机物燃烧、毁林开荒等人类活动对N2O释放增加的影响不容忽视。人类应采取各项可行的措施来减少N2O的释放量如提高氮肥利用效率,减少生物体燃烧,退耕还林和保护森林资源等。     

Impact of vehicular exhaust on ambient air quality of Rohtak city, India

In the present study, ambient air quality of Rohtak city (Haryana) was monitored by High Volume Sampler. The selected parameters to judge the quality of air were Sulphur dioxide (SO2), Nitrogen dioxide NO), Ozone (O3) and Suspended particulate matters (SPM) which give a fair idea of pollution load carried by the air. The monitoring data were collected from six sites randomly selected in Rohtak city. Sulphur dioxide was found below the permissible limits of National Ambient Avo Quality Standards (NAAQS) at all the sites. Higher concentration of SO2 was observed during winter in comparison to summer and monsoon seasons. Nitrogen dioxide concentration was found to be above the prescribed standards of NAAOS at four sites in winter season. Ozone concentration was found below the prescribed standards (NAAOS), but its concentration was higher in summer season as compared to winter. Suspended particulate matter concentration was observed above the safety limits at all the sites in all three seasons.     

Atmospheric CO2 and O3 alter the flow of 15N in developing forest ecosystems

Anthropogenic O3 and CO2-induced declines in soil N availability could counteract greater plant growth in a CO2-enriched atmosphere, thereby reducing net primary productivity (NPP) and the potential of terrestrial ecosystems to sequester anthropogenic CO2. Presently, it is uncertain how increasing atmospheric CO2 and O3 will alter plant N demand and the acquisition of soil N by plants as well as the microbial supply of N from soil organic matter. To address this uncertainty, we initiated an ecosystem-level 15N tracer experiment at the Rhinelander (Wisconsin, USA) free air CO2-O3 enrichment (FACE) facility to understand how projected increases in atmospheric CO2 and 03 alter the distribution and flow of N in developing northern temperate forests. Tracer amounts of 15NH4+ were applied to the forest floor of developing Populus tremuloides and P. tremuloides-Betula papyrifera communities that have been exposed to factorial CO2 and O3 treatments for seven years. One year after isotope addition, both forest communities exposed to elevated CO2 obtained greater amounts of 15N (29%) and N (40%) from soil, despite no change in soil N availability or plant N-use efficiency. As such, elevated CO2 increased the ability of plants to exploit soil for N, through the development of a larger root system. Conversely, elevated O3 decreased the amount of 15N (-15%) and N (-29%) in both communities, a response resulting from lower rates of photosynthesis, decreases in growth, and smaller root systems that acquired less soil N. Neither CO2 nor 03 altered the amount of N or 15N recovery in the forest floor, microbial biomass, or soil organic matter. Moreover, we observed no interaction between CO2 and 03 on the amount of N or 15N in any ecosystem pool, suggesting that 03 could exert a negative effect regardless of CO2 concentration. In a CO2-enriched atmosphere, greater belowground growth and a more thorough exploitation of soil for growth-limiting N is an important mechanism sustaining the enhancement of NPP in developing forests (0-8 years following establishment). However, as CO2 accumulates in the Earth's atmosphere, future O3 concentrations threaten to diminish the enhancement of plant growth, decrease plant N acquisition, and lessen the storage of anthropogenic C in temperate forests.     

不同水分管理模式下水稻土氮素形态转化与N2O释放的关系

在实验室培养条件下,对稻田土壤在4种水分管理模式下施用尿素后N素形态转化和N2O的释放情况进行测定。结果表明,N2O的释放峰值与NH4+-N浓度峰值同时出现,即尿素迅速水解为NH4+-N的同时N2O就大量释放。且不同水分管理模式都迅速达到N2O释放的高峰,但不同模式的峰值存在明显差异,其顺序为:干湿交替>临界饱和水>淹水管理>旱作管理。研究结果还表明,NO2--N浓度在第7天达到峰值时并没有出现相应的N2O释放峰,这可能与土壤的较高pH有关。60%WFPS处理以及干湿交替培养的落干期NO3--N浓度会持续增加,并随着NO3--N浓度峰值的出现,N2O的释放也出现一个峰值。     

V2O5/AC催化剂对氨还原NO的研究

考察了V2O5/AC催化剂对NH3选择催化还原NO的影响，结果表明，以浓硝酸预氧化处理的活性焦为载体对催化剂活性有很大提高，这是由于浓硝酸预氧化后，活性焦表面产生了较多的含氧官能团可能吸附更多的NH3,并且提高了活性组分V2O5的含量，反应气氛中加入SO2后，二都活性都增加，但差异消失，这是由于SO2存在时，反应生成的SO4^2-离子的酸性强于浓硝酸预氧化产生的含氧官能团的酸性，催化剂在使用前经过煅烧和氧化对催化剂活性有很大改善。SO2存在时，V2O5含量为1wt%的催化剂活性提高。     

缓释氮肥对菊芋生长季土壤CH4和N2O排放的影响

设置尿素+硝化抑制剂(U+DCD)、尿素+脲酶抑制剂(U+HQ)、脲甲醛(UF)、钙镁磷肥包膜尿素(CM-CU)、树脂包膜尿素(PCU)、硫包尿素(SCU)6种缓释氮肥处理以及普通尿素(U)处理,在江苏大丰进行小区试验,采用静态箱-气相色谱法同步观测沿海滩涂能源植物——菊芋(Helianthus tuberosus)生长季土壤的CH4和N2O排放通量及其减排潜力。结果表明,在2010年整个菊芋生长季,U、PCU、UF、SCU、CMCU、U+HQ和U+DCD处理土壤CH4排放总量依次为1.25、0.59、0.43、0.27、0.25、0.26和-0.21 kg.hm-2。与普通尿素处理相比,除U+DCD处理外,其余施用缓释氮肥处理可使CH4排放量减少53%～80%。生长季PCU、SCU、CMCU、U、UF、U+HQ和U+DCD处理的N2O排放总量分别为2.94、2.44、2.27、2.24、1.77、1.47和1.34 kg.hm-2。与普通尿素处理相比,施用化学型缓释氮肥(U+DCD、U+HQ和UF处理)使N2O排放量减少21%～40%,而施用物理型缓释氮肥(CM-CU、PCU和SCU处理)则使N2O排放量增加1%～31%。从全球增温潜势看,各化学型缓释氮肥处理均表现出显著的减排效果。     

H2O超声过程中H2O2生成动力学

采用50kHz超声清洗槽式声化学反应器,以纯水为空化液体,研究了超声过程中H2O2生成动力学．分别探讨了空化气体种类(Ar,O2)及组成与流量、空化液体体积与反应器形状对H2O2生成速率及产率的影响．结果表明,超声过程中H2O2的生成可采用零级反应动力学方程来进行描述．在此频率下和考察范围内,采用Ar作为空化气体比O2更有利于H2O2的生成．当混合气体组成为Ar:O2=70：30(V/V)时,H2O2的生成速率最快．随着空化气体流量的增加,H2O2产率增加,随后降低．增加空化液体的体积,H2O2的生成速率降低．与锥形瓶相比,圆底烧瓶中H2O2的产率明显降低．     

N2O emission from a sequencing batch reactor for biological N and P removal from wastewater

Nitrous oxide （N2O） is a greenhouse gas that can be released during biological nitrogen removal from wastewater. N2O emission from a sequencing batch reactor （SBR） for biological nitrogen and phosphorus removal from wastewater was investigated, and the aims were to examine which process, nitrification or denitrification, would contribute more to N2Oemission and to study the effects of heterotrophic activities on N2O emission during nitrification. The results showed that N2O emission was mainly attributed to nitrification rather than to denitrification. N2O emission during denitrification mainly occurred with stored organic carbon as the electron donor. During nitrification, NaO emission was increased with increasing initial ammonium or nitrite concentrations. The ratio of N2O emission to the removed ammonium nitrogen （N2O- N/NH4-N） was 2.5% in the SBR system with high heterotrophic activities, while this ratio was in the range from 0.14% to 1.06% in batch nitrification experiments with limited heterotrophic activities.     

Chemical deactivation of V2O5-WO3/TiO2 SCR catalyst by combined effect of potassium and chloride

V₂O₅-WO₃/TiO₂ catalyst was poisoned by impregnation with NH₄Cl, KOH and KCl solution, respectively. The catalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), inductively coupled plasma (ICP), N₂ physisorption, Raman, UV-vis, NH₃ adsorption, temperature-programmed reduction of hydrogen (H₂-TPR), temperature-programmed oxidation of ammonia (NH₃-TPO) and selective catalytic reduction of NO _x with ammonia (NH₃-SCR). The deactivation effects of poisoning agents follow the sequence of KCl>KOH?NH₄Cl. The addition of ammonia chloride enlarges the pore size of the titania support, and promotes the formation of highly dispersed V = O vanadyl which improves the oxidation of ammonia and the high-temperature SCR activity. K⁺ ions are suggested to interact with vanadium and tungsten species chemically, resulting in a poor redox property of catalyst. More importantly, potassium can reduce the Brønsted acidity of catalysts and decrease the stability of Brønsted acid sites significantly. The more severe deactivation of the KCl-treated catalyst can be mainly ascribed to the higher amount of potassium resided on catalyst.     

聚丙烯中空纤维膜结构与氨水分离性能的研究

本文研究了聚丙烯中空纤维膜成型的工艺条件与结构性能的关系，并利用聚丙烯中空纤维膜组件进行了氨／水分离和影响分离效果的各种因素的研究。结果表明：在制膜工艺中，聚丙烯分子链在应力场下的结晶过程对后续的轴向拉伸形成微孔结构是非常重要的；伸长率为１６０％时的聚丙烯中空纤维膜，具有最大的孔隙率、平均孔径和透气率；其组件在氨／水分离中具有较好的分离效果，脱氨率可达９９％以上。进一步对氨／水分离的研究表明：分离     

La2O3—ZrO2缺陷萤石型燃烧催化剂的制备

缺陷萤石型Ｌａ２Ｏ３－ＺｒＯ２固溶体的催化燃烧活性受制备条件的影响，本文通过对其共沉淀前体的表面结构和热分解过程的分析，发现共沸蒸馏的办法可以有效地控制前体表面羟基的缩合过程，减少团聚，保持前体中金属离子均匀分散，为生成缺陷有序的烧结石型的Ｌａ２Ｚｒ２Ｏ７复氧化物提供了可能。复合氧化物固溶体的表面阳离子配置情况与样品的催化氧化性能密切相关，软团聚前体的烧结产物对甲烷燃烧反应具有更高的催化活性。     

Substrate catabolism related to reproduction in the bay scallop Argopecten irradians concentricus,as determined by O/N and RQ physiological indexes

Weight specific rates of oxygen consumption carbon dioxide production, and ammonia-N excretion, measured for a Florida population of the bay scallop Argopecten irradians concentricus between May and September, 1982 and October and November, 1983 were significantly correlated (P<0.0005) to environmental factors that co-varied seasonally with metabolic shifts related to reproduction. Mean O/N and CO₂/O₂ (RQ) molar ratios indicates that scallop energy metabolism varied over the course of the reproductive cycle. Resting stage individuals (May-early June) had RQ values close to 0.7, indicative of a predominantly lipid-based metabolism. During the initial stages of gametogenesis (late June-early July) scallops catabolized primarily carbohydrate, as evidenced by maximum O/N (>22) values and RQ values close to 1.0 RQ values >1.0 indicated a possible carbohydrate to lipid conversion during the period of cytoplasmic growth (late July-early September). As gametes matured and spawning commenced (late September-November), metabolism became primarily protein based, as indicated by O/N and RQ values around 9.0 and 0.8, respectively. This pattern of substrate catabolism supports existing data on the storage and utilization of specific energy reserves with respect to reproduction in this species.     

Photocatalytic degradation of phenol in water using TiO2 and ZnO

Photocatalytic degradation of chemical pollutants in water was investigated using semiconductor oxide catalysts, zinc oxide (ZnO) and titanium dioxide (TiO2) and phenol as the substrate. Influence of various parameters such as characteristics of the catalyst, irradiation time, substrate and catalyst concentrations, pH etc. has been studied and optimum conditions for the complete degradation of phenol in water have been identified. In terms of activity and durability TiO2 is far superior to ZnO. Mixing ZnO with TiO2 does not affect its activity significantly. The process is especially relevant in view of its potential for the treatment of wastewater containing pollutants, using solar radiation as the energy source.     

施用石灰对酸性土壤中氧化亚氮形成的影响

对酸性红壤施用石灰和N2O生成之间的关系进行了探讨。结果表明,在好气条件下,石灰的施用与NH4＋氧化过程中N2O的产生量之间的关系不明显。但随着石灰施用量的增加,厌气条件下NO3－还原过程中N2O的积累量明显增加了,这与施用石灰后土壤pH升高而提高了硝酸还原酶活性有关。试验还表明,尽管在厌气条件下土壤pH较高有利于NO3－还原成NO2－,但当缺乏有效碳源时,NO2－向N2O的进一步还原受到限制,易发生NO2－的积累。     

以工业级TiO2为载体负载不同助催化剂V2O5基脱氮催化剂的性能

在工业级TiO2载体上,通过浸渍法负载V2O5,WO3和MoO3等活性物质,制备不同V2O5基的烟气脱氮催化剂．在固定床反应器中测试DeNOx活性,研究不同的助催化剂(WO3和MoO3)对该类型催化剂DeNOx活性的影响,结果表明,在三元催化剂中,V2O5是主活性物质,MoO3和WO3是助催化剂,此外,V2O5-MoO3／TiO2的脱氮效率高于V2O5-WO3／TiO2,但N2O的生成量较大。