低能见度环境中驾驶人危险驾驶行为影响因素分析

为深入研究低能见度下影响驾驶人发生危险驾驶行为的因素,提高道路交通安全性,自编低能见度环境中危险驾驶行为问卷和驾驶能力问卷,用其对314名驾驶人进行调查。采用Pearson相关系数法和结构方程模型(SEM)建模方法,研究低能见度环境中危险驾驶行为与驾驶能力描述性变量间的关系。结果表明,低能见度环境中,驾驶人危险驾驶行为可分为错误行为和失误行为;性别与错误行为显著相关,且对错误行为影响最大的因素是危险感知能力,其次是低能见度事故,驾龄影响最弱;错误行为正向影响失误行为,且危险感知能力对失误行为有间接影响。     

生理因素对驾驶人行为及风险感知影响研究综述

为全面认识驾驶人行为及风险感知并分析行为成因,从驾驶人生理因素着手,从驾驶人视力、阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征和肌肉骨骼疾患3个方面梳理国内外驾驶人行为及风险感知的研究成果与研究不足。研究结果表明:驾驶人的生理疾病对其驾驶能力和危险感知存在显著影响;生理疾病严重程度与异常驾驶行为中的一般性失误、危险性失误行为之间具有显著正相关关系,疾病严重程度越高,出行失误行为的频率越高;之后可从理论和实验两方面着手,针对驾驶人的不同属性进行研究。     

基于隐性危险驾驶人感知特性及判别模型研究*

为研究驾驶人在隐性危险场景中危险感知行为,基于Bayes判别法,将驾驶行为指标作为输入变量,建立驾驶人危险感知能力预测模型。结果表明:驾驶员在显性危险场景的纵向加速度显著低于隐性危险场景;驾驶人在隐性危险场景中TTC值小于显性危险场景;在被试车辆与轿车、行人、非机动车冲突3种交通冲突场景中,驾驶人对行人危险感知能力最弱。研究结果对提高道路交通安全水平以及驾驶人应急避险能力具有一定实际指导意义。     

驾驶人危险辨识进展研究

为促进驾驶人危险辨识研究,系统梳理国内外有关驾驶人危险辨识的研究进展。介绍驾驶风险管理理论以及危险辨识的定义和模型,归纳驾驶人危险辨识能力的评估和提升方法,展望驾驶人危险辨识的研究前景。结果表明,驾驶人危险辨识的模型和训练体系有待进一步完善;为获得更为准确的评估结果,有必要研究融合交通环境、眼动特性、驾驶行为等多源信息的驾驶人危险辨识能力评估方法。为进一步提升我国道路交通系统安全水平,应加快驾驶人危险辨识相关研究成果在我国的市场化应用。     

汽车老年驾驶人特性及行为研究进展

为全面认识老年驾驶人的驾驶特征,分析其驾驶行为,从老年驾驶人交通事故致因和心理、生理等因素,梳理国内外老年驾驶人特性及行为的研究成果,总结主要研究内容和方法,并展望其未来研究趋势。结果表明:造成老年驾驶人交通事故的因素主要包括个人因素和道路环境因素,同时性格态度、自我评价等心理特征和认知功能、视听觉等生理特征也影响驾驶行为。总体上,老年驾驶人的驾驶特征及行为研究,内容精确丰富,方法科学完善;而对老年驾驶人驾驶能力评估的研究,则重点关注在综合统计学和心理学等方法的基础上,构建具体度量模型,用以评价和预测其驾驶能力。     

城市道路驾驶人横向避险特性研究

为提高城市道路驾驶人横向避险能力,利用固定基座驾驶模拟器搭建5种典型城市道路危险交通场景,并借助眼动仪采集35名驾驶人的眼动数据和避险操作数据;分别统计并分析驾驶人的视线分布、感知-制动时间、持续制动时间、最大方向盘转角时间和车辆横向位置变化等参数。结果表明:5种场景下驾驶人水平视线基本上都处于中部偏右区域;除场景3外,驾驶人的感知-制动时间均值均在1 s内;在视线无遮挡场景,驾驶人主要通过制动进行避险,反之则以转向和制动相结合的方式进行避险。     

女性驾驶人特性与行为机制研究现状及展望

为系统地认识女性驾驶人的驾驶特性,分析其驾驶行为,从女性驾驶人交通事故数据统计、致因和心理、生理、“药驾”等因素,梳理国内外女性驾驶人驾驶特性及行为机制的研究成果,总结主流研究角度、方法和内容,并展望其未来研究趋势。对文献的梳理和分析表明:导致女性驾驶人交通事故的因素主要包括人格、认知等心理特征和视觉能力、应激反应等生理特征,同时“药驾”也影响着驾驶特性与行为。剖析了女性驾驶人特性及行为机制研究目前存在的不足之处,对未来的研究提出了建议。并针对女性驾驶人群体在各种道路交通环境中开展有效的模拟驾驶培训和教育,进而全面提升中国女性驾驶人的交通安全水平。     

汽车驾驶愤怒研究进展

为全面认识驾驶人在愤怒情绪影响下的驾驶特征,回顾、分析了国内外学者在驾驶愤怒与攻击性驾驶的关系、驾驶愤怒影响因素、量表开发与应用及驾驶愤怒相关干预措施的实施等4个方面的研究成果。结果表明:驾驶愤怒的诱发受人口学、心理和环境因素的共同影响,驾驶愤怒在某种程度上会导致攻击性驾驶。驾驶愤怒量表(DAS)、驾驶愤怒表达量表(DAX)和驾驶愤怒倾向量表(PADS)被广泛用于驾驶愤怒的测量,用多种心理训练对驾驶人进行愤怒干预,尽管有一定的效果,但干预对象和方法均较为单一。总体上,众多学者使用相关问卷研究了驾驶人从愤怒情绪的诱发到表达的整个过程,并通过驾驶愤怒预测风险驾驶行为特征,研究内容不断丰富和完善,方法不断创新;对于如何有效减少或避免驾驶愤怒对交通安全的影响,未来应从驾驶人文化背景、交通模式、结合生理和心理特性的干预方法等方面重点考虑。     

不同警告方式下驾驶人应激反应能力模拟试验研究

为研究在道路突发危险场景下先进驾驶辅助系统的不同警告方式对驾驶人应激反应能力的影响，利用自主开发的驾驶人应激反应能力测试软件，以计算机模拟与驾驶模拟器为试验平台，以实际驾驶视频为试验场景，选取操作准确率和反应时间为测试指标，分析不同警告方式下驾驶人的应激反应能力。研究结果表明:视觉警告可有效缩短应激反应时间；视听觉组合警告中，视觉警告占主导作用，听觉警告起辅助作用；在真实场景视频试验环境下，驾驶模拟器模拟试验的操作效果优于计算机模拟试验。     

认知分心时驾驶人应激反应特征分析

为预防由认知分心影响驾驶人应激反应能力引发的交通事故,开展试验,在驾驶模拟器平台上模拟城市、乡镇、山区和高速公路等应激场景,测试有无分心任务2种条件下驾驶人的应激反应,采集驾驶人操作数据和车辆行驶数据,并利用Facelab5型眼动仪记录驾驶人眼动数据;选取相关表征指标并分析试验数据。结果表明:相比于正常驾驶,认知分心驾驶导致驾驶人视觉搜索范围变窄;无论正常驾驶还是认知分心驾驶,扫视行为均以中、低幅度为主;认知分心导致驾驶人对加速踏板的控制能力减弱;与正常驾驶相比,认知分心时驾驶人的应激反应时间明显增加。     

驾驶员风险认知能力对交通安全的影响

为辨别不同驾驶员风险认知能力对驾驶安全的影响。通过设置13种存在潜在风险的交通情景,引入惩罚用时机制,利用驾驶模拟器,对熟练驾驶员和非熟练驾驶员在风险认知培训前后的风险认知能力进行比较,找出不同驾驶员对风险认知的差异。试验结果显示,熟练驾驶员的风险认知能力比非熟练驾驶员要高,两者在引起交通风险的因素上是不同的,培训后的风险认知能力较之前有很大提高。培训能够拓宽驾驶员对潜在风险的认知程度,更好地将驾驶员的操作技能、知识体系和外在行为衔接在一起,从而减少交通事故的发生。     

Personality,attitudes and risk perception as predictors of risky driving behaviour among young drivers

Within psychology, different research traditions have attempted to explain individual differences in risky driving behaviour and traffic accident involvement. The present study attempts to integrate two of these research traditions, the personality trait approach and the social cognition approach, in order to understand the mechanisms underlying young drivers' risk-taking behaviour in traffic. The study was based on a self-completion questionnaire survey carried out among 1932 adolescents in Norway. The questionnaire included measures of risk perception, attitudes towards traffic safety and self-reported risk-taking in traffic. Personality measures included aggression, altruism, anxiety and normlessness. The results of a structural equation model suggested that the relation between the personality traits and risky driving behaviour was mediated through attitudes. On this basis it was concluded that personality primarily influences risky driving behaviour indirectly through affecting the attitudinal determinants of the behaviour. Practical implications for traffic safety campaigns are also discussed.     

基于感知失衡的外卖配送交通安全研究*

为降低外卖配送交通事故发生概率,通过有序多分类Logistic回归分析个体属性与交通事故关联性,构建交通安全风险感知与配送效率感知失衡模型,分析外卖配送交通安全影响因素及路径关系。结果表明:配送员年龄、入行渠道对交通事故影响显著;COVID-19健康成本感知对交通安全风险感知和配送效率感知的失衡有显著中介调节作用。要实现交通感知平衡状态,互联网平台企业有必要按配送员年龄段、就业渠道实施差异化管理,树立良好交通安全意识。研究结果可为破解外卖配送“交通文明洼地”提供启示。     

Adaptive response criteria in road hazard detection among older drivers

Objectives: The majority of existing investigations on attention, aging, and driving have focused on the negative impacts of age-related declines in attention on hazard detection and driver performance. However, driving skills and behavioral compensation may accommodate for the negative effects that age-related attentional decline places on driving performance. In this study, we examined an important question that had been largely neglected in the literature linking attention, aging, and driving: can top-down factors such as behavioral compensation, specifically adaptive response criteria, accommodate the negative impacts from age-related attention declines on hazard detection during driving?

Methods: In the experiment, we used the Drive Aware Task, a task combining the driving context with well-controlled laboratory procedures measuring attention. We compared younger (n = 16, age 21–30) and older (n = 21, age 65–79) drivers on their attentional processing of hazards in driving scenes, indexed by percentage of correct responses and reaction time of hazard detection, as well as sensitivity and response criteria using signal detection analysis.

Results: Older drivers, in general, were less accurate and slower on the task than younger drivers. However, results from this experiment revealed that older, but not younger, drivers adapted their response criteria when the traffic condition changed in the driving scenes. When there was more traffic in the driving scene, older drivers became more liberal in their responses, meaning that they were more likely to report that a driving hazard was detected.

Conclusions: Older drivers adopt compensatory strategies for hazard detection during driving. Our findings showed that, in the driving context, even at an older age our attentional functions are still adaptive according to environmental conditions. This leads to considerations on potential training methods to promote adaptive strategies that may help older drivers maintain performance in road hazard detection.     

Risky driving and the perception of motorcycle accident causes among chinese motorcyclists in Hong Kong

Objective: The primary purposes of this study were to explore the relationship between risk-taking acts while driving motorcycles and perceived causes of motorcycle accidents, as well as their contribution to active involvement in traffic accidents among Chinese motorcyclists in Hong Kong. Active involvement means the riders was likely at fault for the crash. Methods: A total of 774 motorcyclists were recruited, of whom 292 had been involved in active motorcycle accident in the previous 3?years. All were asked to fill in a questionnaire, which was developed to assess their risk-taking acts while driving a motorcycle and perception of motorcycle accident causes. Results: The results of the study revealed 3 dimensions of accident causes, namely, driving-related, environment-related, and belief-related causes. These motorcycle accident causes were correlated with risk-taking acts while driving a motorcycle. A multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that risk-taking acts while driving motorcycles (adjusted odds ratio [OR]: 1.036, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.020-1.052), perception of driving-related cause (adjusted OR: 0.941, 95% CI: 0.916-0.967), and belief-related cause (adjusted OR: 1.134, 95% CI: 1.088-1.182) were significant factors contributing to involvement in active traffic accidents by motorcycle riders after controlling for concurrent demographic variables. Conclusions: The study highlights that perceived causes of motorcycle accidents are multidimensional, including those areas related to driving, the environment, and beliefs. It substantiates previous studies that a higher degree of driving-related risk perception is related to a lower degree of risk-taking acts while driving. Further research is needed to understand why belief-related causes, sometimes called superstitions, lead riders to believe that it is beyond their ability to affect accident causation and prevention.     

疲劳驾驶交通事故的严重程度影响因素分析

为探究和定量分析疲劳驾驶交通事故严重程度的影响因素,以广东省1370条疲劳驾驶事故数据为基础,对比分析不同年份、时间段以及年龄段的疲劳驾驶交通事故特征;以交通事故严重程度为因变量,将其分为严重事故和非严重事故,从驾驶员年龄、驾龄、车辆类型等17个初步选择的自变量中筛选对疲劳驾驶交通事故严重程度具有显著影响的因素;采用二...     

Hazard and Risk Perception among Young Novice Drivers

Young novice drivers are overrepresented in road accidents. Although they quickly acquire the skills needed to control a motor vehicle, it takes much longer for novice drivers to develop the higher-order perceptual and cognitive skills necessary to safely interact with the driving environment. The aim of this paper is to propose a model of the processes mediating behavior around traffic hazards and to critically review the literature on novice drivers within the framework provided by the model. Compared to experienced drivers, novice drivers detect hazards less quickly and efficiently and perceived them less holistically. The detection of hazards is proposed to provide the requisite information for risk perception, the process which includes assessing both the level of risk posed by a hazard and one's ability to deal with the hazard effectively. Research indicates that young drivers underestimate the risk of an accident in a variety of hazardous situations. At the same time, they overestimate their own driving skill. Young drivers are also more willing to accept risk while driving than experienced drivers. These factors are likely to contribute to young novice drivers overrepresentation in accidents. Opportunities for further research are discussed.     

Risk perception and driving behaviour among adolescents in two Norwegian counties before and after a traffic safety campaign

A campaign to promote safe driving behaviour has been carried out among adolescents in two Norwegian counties since 1998. It focused on traffic accident risk perception. The aims of the present paper are to present the results of the evaluation of the effect of the campaign and to examine the association between risk perception and traffic behaviour. A representative sample of adolescents aged 18–24 years old in the two Norwegian counties participating in the campaign (experimental group), as well as a control group of adolescents in two other counties not participating in the campaign were used. Data were collected before it started in October 1998 and also after the campaign (n=4376). The pre-and post-samples consisted of independent groups of respondents. The response rate was 93%. The respondents perceived the risk to be higher after the campaign than before. The respondents of the post-sample of the experimental group also reported less risk behaviour in traffic. The number of speeding accidents was also reduced. Perceived risk was not changed among adolescents in the control group. Neither were there any changes in self-report risk behaviour. The questionnaire measured cognition-based as well as emotion-based risk perception. Model tests showed that assessments of the probability of traffic accidents and concern were non-significant predictors for self-report risk behaviour. Worry and other emotional reactions related to traffic hazards significantly predicted behaviour. Sensation seeking, normlessness (i.e. a state where social norms no longer regulate behaviour), and indifference with regard to traffic safety affected emotion-based risk perception.