基于Shapley值法的水资源跨区转移利益分配方法研究

水资源跨区转移是优化水资源利用的有效方式。水资源跨区转移带来利用收益如何在不同区域各个参与主体之间进行分配,关系到水资源转移利益的公平共享和水资源的可持续利用。在水资源跨区转移利用中,科学合理地对水资源转移带来的利益进行分配,解决区域间各参与主体之间的利益矛盾,具有重要的现实意义和理论意义。本文采用合作博弈的分析思路,基于Shapley值法构建了一个在各参与方在合作情形下的水资源跨区转移利用利益分配方法,来研究各个利益主体之间应当如何合作对水资源转移利用利益进行分配,并量化各个利益主体参与水资源转移合作应当得到的利益分配及相应的利益补偿。然后,本文利用基于Shapley值法的水资源跨区转移利益分配方法,通过对浙江省诸暨市水资源跨区转移利益分配的实例应用,实证量化了水资源转移中各方在合作博弈下的利益分配和利益补偿结果,验证了该分配方法的可行性和有效性。同时,实例分析表明当前的水资源转移用水利益补偿额度不足,忽视了水资源输出地区的利益。而基于Shapley值法的水资源跨区转移利益分配方法充分考虑了各个参与主体的贡献度,能够使得各方更为科学公平地分享水资源跨区转移所带来的合作收益,并进行合理有针对性的利益补偿。这表明,当前跨区水资源转移利益分配与补偿不仅要考虑协调好区域之间利益关系,还要协调处理好各区域用水主体之间用水利益关系。同时,要尽快建立并完善科学合理的区域间用水利益分享机制,保证各方公平合理地分享水资源转移带来的利益,提高各方参与的积极性,保障水资源转移协调利用的有效可持续进行。     

The influence of heterogeneous environmental regulation on the green development of the mining industry: empirical analysis based on the system GMM and dynamic panel data model

The intensity of environmental regulation (ERI) affects the short-term effect of the level of green mining (GML), and which structure determines the long-term mechanism. Based on the panel data from 2001 to 2015, with the dynamic panel model and system GMM estimation method were employed to test the influence of heterogeneous environmental regulation on green mining and its transmission mechanism. The results show that, there is a “U” type nonlinear relationship between the ERI and GML. The direct effect of command-control-based (CAC) and the market incentive-based (MBI) environmental regulation on green development of mining shows the characteristics of inhibition and promotion. There is a “U” type of indirectly moderating effect between technological innovation and the energy consumption structure on the GML. The technological innovation promotes the green development of the mining industry only after pass the inflection point of MBI, while the CAC plays a significant guiding role in upgrading of the energy consumption structure. There is an inhibition and promotion effect of MBI on the GML in the southeast coastal area, and the CAC is not significantly. Meanwhile, both of the ERI shows no positive effects in the central and western inland region.     

经济新常态下中国矿业供给侧改革发展战略研究

矿业是经济社会发展的基础产业。在当前中国经济进入新常态和矿业长期低迷的形势下,要合理推进矿业供给侧改革,必须理清经济增长、城镇化与矿产资源消费之间的长期关系,需要依次回答:是否存在长期关系,这些关系有什么作用特征,这些作用的变化趋势如何,不同矿产资源是否存在显著的区别,针对这些区别如何提出应对策略。基于上述问题的判断,本文选取9种矿产资源,利用多种方法进行了组合分析。应用脱钩指数刻画了1978—2015年中国经济增长与矿产资源消费的脱钩关系,发现呈现一种周期性的脱钩和复钩过程;选取经济增长、城镇化和任意一种矿产资源消费为变量,建立了VAR模型,揭示各变量间的因果关系,将显著的因果关系分为三种类型,包括循环因果链(三种变量之间存在显著的接替性循环变化的关系,包括煤炭、锌、原铝和钾盐等)、两两互为因果(某两种变量之间存在一种或两种显著的双向交替变化关系,包括原铝、锌、钾盐、石油、精炼铅、精炼镍等)和单向因果(某两种变量之间仅存在一种显著的先后变化关系,包括铁矿石、精炼铜、精炼镍)等;运用脉冲响应函数刻画了上述关系的长期变化趋势,发现矿产资源消费的长期效应的大小及其波动频率有显著差异,大多数矿产可以持续效应10年以上(如煤炭、石油、锌、原铝等消费变动对GDP变动的影响),少数响应仅在5—6年内显著(如铁矿石、钾盐、精炼铅等消费变动对GDP变动的影响),之后效应会逐渐消失。基于此,结合当前实际情况,提出了中国矿业供给侧改革发展战略选择,包括以去产能为抓手、提高资源效率、坚持底线思维、建立政府适当干预下的资源价格形成机制、促进矿业经济创新等政策建议。     

基于环境基尼系数的控制单元水污染负荷分配优化研究

将基尼系数这一福利经济学概念引入松花江流域水污染物负荷分配过程,综合考虑水循环的社会-经济-资源-环境因素,从社会经济发展、科技进步水平、水污染治理水平和资源禀赋差异角度出发,遴选出人均GDP、重污染行业总产值比重、人均水污染物产生强度、工业水污染物去除率、生活水污染物去除率、单位国土面积水资源量、国控劣Ⅴ类断面占比7项指标,以COD及NH_3-N负荷为控制因子,辅以贡献系数这一表征外部不公平性参数,构建了以基尼系数为度量标准的流域水污染负荷优化分配模型,并据此制订了松花江流域33个控制单元基于公平性的水污染负荷分配方案。研究表明,2012年松花江流域基于7项指标的基尼系数值均大于0.4,超过了基尼系数合理警戒线,说明流域控制单元间COD及NH_3-N排放在社会经济和资源环境方面存在不公平现象,其中松花江干流和第二松花江流域是不公平性特征最为突出的两个流域。在Lingo模型优化分配得到的2020年流域各单元COD削减方案中,单元21的年削减量最大,为1.82万t/a,单元10的年均削减率最高,达8%;在相应NH_3-N削减方案中,单元21的年削减量及削减率均为最大,分别达到0.08万t/a及8%。     

水土匹配、空间效应及区域农业经济增长——基于中国2003-2013的经验分析

水资源和土地资源是非常重要的自然资源,是农业经济发展不可或缺的物质要素。水资源与土地资源的合理匹配能够促进区域的资源优势转化为经济增长,从而促进区域农业经济发展。我国是一个人口众多的农业大国,同时也存在水资源与土地资源短缺的问题。本文结合我国农业水土资源自然禀赋与实际利用情况,首先利用中国2003-2013年的分省数据,选取单位耕地面积的广义农业水资源量测度方法和当量系数描述了我国农业水土资源匹配的现实,发现我国农业水资源与土地资源在空间上匹配程度不高,农业生产受到水土资源约束较强,农业水土资源的形成区域与消耗区域在空间上不相匹配;然后,在邻接权重矩阵下采用Moran’s I指数验证我国区域农业经济增长的空间关联性,结果显示我国各省农业经济增长存在显著的空间关系,呈现出高度的集聚性和非均质性。为避免估计结果有偏,本文在此基础上采用空间计量建模及估计方法,加入农业生产人、财、物等控制变量,测度水土匹配度对区域农业经济增长的空间溢出效应。结果显示,水土匹配度对区域农业经济发展的区域内和区域间的溢出效应都显著为正,总体上水土匹配度对区域农业经济发展具有正向的溢出效应,即水土匹配度对本地区农业经济增长具有促进作用;同时,由于相邻区域的水土资源自然禀赋条件类似,而且农业生产中存在"示范效应"和"模仿效应",水土匹配度对相邻地区农业经济增长也具有一定的促进作用。因此,采取相关措施优化农业水土资源匹配关系,对促进我国区域农业经济增长,保障我国粮食安全非常重要。     

基于城市总规的基本农田空间优化调整研究——以乌鲁木齐市高新区(新市区)为例

随着"三化"进程的推进,有限的土地资源供给与日趋上升的用地需求矛盾日益凸现。农地非农化的现象日趋严峻。耕地和基本农田的保护难度加大。城郊作为城市建成区与乡村衔接的特殊经济地理区位,土地利用受城市化进程和农业用地制约的双重影响,基本农田保护面临更为突出的问题。本文以乌鲁木齐市高新区(新市区)为研究靶区,充分利用高新区(新市区)二轮土地调查、土地总体规划、基本农田划定等数据和图库资料,以GIS技术作为分析工具和手段,在综合考虑耕地的质量与立地条件,结合高新区(新市区)社会经济、城市发展方向与定位、产业用地划定及布局等条件因素,对高新区(新市区)已划定的基本农田与产业空间布局结构衔接进行调整提供科学依据和参考,为区域协调耕地保护寻求路径。     

经济增长和环境规制对雾霾的区际影响差异

为探究不同省级区域雾霾、经济增长和环境规制之间的空间关联效应,本文提出针对雾霾的引力模型空间权重矩阵,并利用该矩阵建立了空间杜宾模型,分别对全国、西部、中部和东部省区的面板数据进行了空间计量检验。实证结果显示:全国雾霾的莫兰指数值显著,且取值介于0.367—0.460之间;雾霾"重心"呈现先向东南再向西北移动的趋势,移动距离为76 557 m;雾霾的莫兰指数值为东部省区最大,西部省区最小,中部省区介于二者之间。全国的雾霾与经济增长之间呈显著的"U"型曲线,而西部、中部和东部省区则呈倒"U"型曲线,其中中部省区的曲线最为陡峭,西部省区次之,东部省区最为平缓。环境规制每增加1%,只有西部和东部的雾霾相应减少,且各自相应下降0.009和0.010个百分点。西部和东部经济增长的溢出效应均显著,而环境规制的溢出效应不显著。研究结果表明:(1)雾霾在空间上表现出集聚的特点,全国和三个区域的雾霾都存在显著的正向空间溢出效应,这种空间依赖性在时间维度上大致呈加强的趋势;雾霾的空间相关性表现为东部省区最强,西部省区紧随其后,中部省区最低。(2)西部和东部省区部分省市还未过拐点,全国意义上的环境库茨涅兹假说是不存在的,或者是至少还未出现。(3)西部和东部环境规制效果较为理想,而中部省区的环境规制效果不佳;从全国总体来看,当前的环境规制整体上对雾霾并未起到有效的抑制作用。(4)东西部省区和中部省区经济增长对雾霾溢出效应分别表现为正向和反向;环境规制对雾霾的溢出效应并不显著。建议加强对雾霾的区域协同治理,重点推进西部和东部省区经济结构的转型升级,调整和完善西部、中部和东部省区的环境规制政策。     

Patterns of the formation of bird population in the lake-river system of the Asian Subarctic mountains based on the example of the Putorana Plateau

This paper analyzes the patterns of the formation of the aquatic and semiaquatic bird species population under the conditions of the altitudinal zonality of the Putorana Plateau. The population density and abundance of a number of background species was ascertained to decrease from the subalpine belt towards the forest and alpine belt. The bird population density in all the considered aquatic and semiaquatic habitats was revealed to change in a rather narrow range of values: the maximal population density indicator in aquatic and semiaquatic habitats is only 1.9 times higher than the minimal indicator. In the mountainous Subarctic region with a radial macrosymmetry, the spatial dynamics of abundance has a concentrically centrifugal nature in many aquatic and semiaquatic bird species.     

The effects of FeCl3 on the distribution of the heavy metals Cd, Cu, Cr, and Zn in a simulated multimetal incineration system

Recognizing that waste-derived chlorine can enhance heavy metal emissions by forming volatile metallic chlorides during municipal solid waste (MSW) combustion, and that in Taiwan, FeCl3-containing sewage sludge may either be landfilled or coincinerated with other MSW, this study thus investigated the effects of FeCl3 on the speciation and partitioning of heavy metals in a multimetal incineration system by using a tubular furnace and FeCl3-spiked simulated wastes. The molar ratio of chlorine content to heavy metal content (referred to as the Cl/ M ratio), ranging from 3 to 200, was used as a parameter to evaluate the effects of chlorine on the movement of heavy metals between the incinerator discharges. Results indicate that speciation and partitioning were related to the affinity between the chlorine and the heavy metals and between chlorine and hydrogen in the combustion system. The effectiveness of increasing the Cl/M ratio to the formation potential of metallic chlorides and on the shift of heavy metals from the bottom ash to the fly ash and/or the flue gases was found to have in increasing order as follows: Zn>Cu>Cr, a phenomenon basically reflecting the volatility of the heavy metals and their chlorides formed during combustion.     

A simple bubbling system for measuring radon (222Rn) gas concentrations in water samples based on the high solubility of radon in olive oil

Based on the different levels of solubility of radon gas in organic solvents and water, a bubbling system has been developed to transfer radon gas, dissolving naturally in water samples, to an organic solvent, i.e. olive oil, which is known to be a good solvent of radon gas. The system features the application of a fixed volume of bubbling air by introducing a fixed volume of water into a flask mounted above the system, to displace an identical volume of air from an air cylinder. Thus a gravitational flow of water is provided without the need for pumping. Then, the flushing air (radon-enriched air) is directed through a vial containing olive oil, to achieve deposition of the radon gas by another bubbling process. Following this, the vial (containing olive oil) is measured by direct use of gamma ray spectrometry, without the need of any chemical or physical processing of the samples. Using a standard solution of 226Ra/222Rn, a lowest measurable concentration (LMC) of radon in water samples of 9.4 Bq L(-1) has been achieved (below the maximum contaminant level of 11 Bq L(-1)).