Integrating Concepts and Models from Development Econoimcs with Land use Change in the Tropics

In this paper I undertake a preliminary assessment for the tropics of the relation of economic development, meaning in general increases in economic activity as measured by e.g. GDP, and its normal biophysical corollaries of increased resource use and land use change. I also examine each in relation to the intellectual concepts that underlie and guide what is commonly called economic development. Because most of the development literature is derived from economics or other social sciences, and focuses almost entirely on lifting people’s standards of living as measured in monetary units, very little examines the per unit biophysical requirements of that development, including energy or other resource use requirements, land use change or other environmental consequences of development plans. In addition there seems to be insufficient connection between those who create economic development plans and those who undertake empirical biophysical assessments to determine whether the development plan has worked or can possibly work. The problem is deeper: there exists a series of models used in the development literature that have been used to encourage and guide development. These models have received very little scrutiny as to either their efficacy or their societal or environmental impacts until quite recently. When this has been done the models have been shown to fail miserably. It is time to develop a new model of development that synthesizes conventional economic, biophysical economic and social aspects, and that is based on the scientific method rather than on perceived wisdom. This model must also take into account population growth, issues of who wins and who looses from economic development, and the implications of the incipient peak in global oil production.     

绿色经济视野下的低碳经济发展新论

在可持续发展经济学的理论框架下,低碳经济应该是经济发展的碳排放量和生态环境代价及社会经济成本最低的经济,是一种能够改善地球生态系统自我调节能力的生态可持续性很强的经济。低碳经济发展理论的形象概括与现实形态就是一种绿色经济发展理论。发展低碳经济是推动我国科学发展的迫切要求和战略任务,其关键所在是进行能源经济的生态革命。发展低碳经济,实现低碳发展,是发展绿色经济的系统工程。我们应该立足于中国国情,把加快低碳经济建设同建设生态文明,加强生态经济与可持续经济建设、发展循环经济和绿色经济紧密结合起来,积极推进低碳经济的健康发展。为此,应提高认识,制定规划;加强绿色能源技术创新,形成低碳与无碳经济技术体系;加强绿色制度创新,形成低碳与无碳发展的体制机制。发展低碳经济必须以政府为主导,公民广泛参与,全体国民都走低碳发展之路。     

Revisiting the environmental Kuznets curve: evidence from Turkey

Environment, Development and Sustainability - This paper uncovers the link between economic development and environmental degradation in Turkey by employing two distinct methods. We test the...     

Pollutant emissions,energy consumption and economic development in China:Evidence from dynamic panel data

This study investigates the relationship among pollutant emissions,energy consumption and economic development in China during the period 1982-2007 by using a one-step GMM-system model under a multivariable panel VAR framework,controlling for capital stock and labor force.Regarding the data for all 28 provinces as a whole,we find that there is a unidirectional positive relationship running from pollutant emission to economic development and a unidirectional negative relationship between pollutant emission and energy consumption.Based on traditional economic planning,the panel data of28 provinces are divided into two cross-province groups.It is discovered that in the eastern coastal region of China,there is only a unidirectional positive causal relationship leading from economic development to pollutant emission;while in the central and western regions,there are the unidirectional Granger causal relationships between pollutant emission and energy consumption,as well as between pollutant emission and economic development.There is also a unique unidirectional causal relationship running from economic development to energy consumption,which does not appear in the eastem coastal region or in China as a whole.     

基于省际数据的环境规制与经济增长关系

经济增长是衡量经济发展水平的重要标准,研究环境规制与经济增长之间关系,将有助于寻求不同经济发展阶段下的最适环境规制强度,从而为经济的可持续发展提供环境保障.本文采用"纵横向"拉开档次法,综合考虑衡量环境规制的投入与产出的各项指标及其数据的可得性因素后,构建并计算出环境规制强度指数,同时运用2004-2008年中国省际面板数据,采用面板数据模型进一步分析环境规制与经济增长之间的关系.实证结果表明:环境规制与经济增长之间并非线性的关系,而是正U型的关系.为此,我们认为,本文结论能够对环境规制与经济增长之间的"遵循成本说"还是"创新补偿说"提供合理的解释.最后,我们根据现阶段中国经济处于迅速发展时期的状况,认为合理的环境规制政策应该是加强环境规制强度.同时认为技术创新对环境规制和经济增长具有巨大的推动作用,企业应该充分利用技术创新的优势,进行创新投资,用以弥补"遵循成本说"的劣势,提升企业的竞争力,进而促进中国经济的持续增长.     

中国建设占用耕地与经济增长的退耦研究

采用退耦研究方法，探讨了近年来中国建设占用耕地与经济增长之间的退耦关系。并归纳其空间分异特点，进而对中国最严格耕地保护政策的实施效果进行了评价。研究结果表明，1998—2005年中国及其多数省份建设占用耕地规模已呈现相对于经济增长、城镇化发展以及总人口增长的退耦过程。在空间上，耕地占用相对于经济增长的退耦程度呈现中部大于西部，西部大于东部的特征；相对于城镇化水平增长的退耦程度呈现中部大于西部．西部略大于东部的特征；相对于总人口增长的退耦程度则呈现东部大于中部．中部大于西部的特征。研究表明近年来中国最严格耕地保护政策实施的积极效果已逐渐显现，经济增长、城镇化和人口增长驱动下的耕地占用压力已有所缓解。     

Rural women and agrotourism in the context of sustainable rural development: A case study from Turkey

As in many developing countries also in Turkey, agriculture is on the center of rural development and rural women are on the center of agriculture. Although they are main part as a major labor force at every stage of agricultural activity and undertake responsibilities such as domestic task and childcare, women do not profit from social and economic benefits proportionate to the responsibilities they have undertaken. Agrotourism is an alternative activity in the rural development process, which combines agriculture and tourism, improves natural resources, contributes the rural area socially and economically. The aim of this study is to examine the participation conditions of rural women to the agrotourism activities, which is considered as an option in the context of sustainable rural development, and to identify the possible social and economic implications of agrotourism on the rural women’s life, after determining the situation and importance of rural women in the agricultural activity. This research was carried out in three villages of Kalecik district of Ankara and data gathered from group meetings and surveys.     

长江经济带知识产权空间格局与区域经济发展耦合性研究

区域创新能力差异与协调性的研究对推动长江经济带发展具有重要的现实意义。知识产权资源是创新发展的基础,知识产权区域布局更是与经济发展息息相关。该文构建知识产权发展水平评价指标体系,基于空间自相关、象限法以及耦合协调度等研究方法,研究长江经济带知识产权区域布局及空间演化,并与经济发展进行耦合关系的分析。研究发现:近年来长江经济带的知识产权资源快速发展,具有明显的空间集聚性,表现出东高西低的布局特征;东部的长三角地区是知识产权发展水平较好同时较为均衡的区域;整体上知识产权与经济发展具有较好的耦合关系,但经济发展水平较高的城市,多数城市的知识产权布局仍略为滞后于经济发展,因此创新驱动仍成为制约长江经济带经济发展的关键因素。     

论社会经济发展主导要素的演替

社会发展是人有目的的行为的结果，因此，社会发展的决策者对社会发展趋势与规律的正确认识与把握是至关重要的。基于此，选取社会发展实践活动中最基本、最具决定意义的经济领域，探讨经济发展主导要素的演替规律，并用中国近50多年经济发展的实证研究佐证理性分析的结果。结论是：在经济发展的不同阶段，主导性发展要素不同，要素整合形式也不同，大致表现为“劳动力为主导→资本（自然资源、人造资本、资金）为主导→知识（科技、信息、管理）为主导→环境质量为主导”各个发展阶段的逐步演替。     

多维度城镇化视角下的碳排放影响因素研究——基于中国省域数据的空间杜宾面板模型

城镇化与碳排放是当代中国经济社会发展的两大特征,中国的新型城镇化不仅要求实现人口、土地、经济城镇化的协调统一,还要求在城镇化的进程中注重生态环境的保护,实现绿色低碳发展。因此,从不同维度城镇化视角探讨碳排放的影响因素并对比其差异具有重要的理论与现实意义。本文根据2008—2014年中国30个省份的面板数据测算了各省的碳排放量,运用熵权法对表征土地城镇化、经济城镇化的相关指标进行了整组变量压缩,然后运用ESDA方法分析了省域间碳排放的空间相关性,基于STIRPAT模型分别构建了人口城镇化、土地城镇化、经济城镇化三个维度下的碳排放影响因子空间杜宾面板模型并进行了实证分析。研究结果表明,各省份的碳排放存在正的空间相关性,并且经济因素助长了这种空间相关性。在各城镇化维度下,人口规模、人均可支配收入、碳强度对本省份及相邻省份的碳排放均具有显著的影响,其中:人口规模是最主要的影响因素;人均可支配收入具有显著的正向作用,中国正处于环境库兹涅茨曲线的上升阶段;在经济水平相近的情况下,各省份间的碳排放具有"逐顶竞争"的特征。不同城镇化维度下,各因素对碳排放的影响存在明显的差异:从直接效应来看,经济城镇化维度下各影响因素的弹性系数最大,土地城镇化维度下的人口规模对碳排放的影响最小;从反馈效应来看,在人口城镇化维度下省份间碳排放的"逐顶竞争"特征最为明显;从间接效应来看,经济城镇化维度下的人均可支配收入对相邻省份的碳排放量存在显著的负向影响。     

Ecotourism as a development strategy: experiences from Costa Rica

This article reflects on the Costa Rican experiences with ecotourism by assessing the positive and negative environmental, economic and social impacts of ecotourism development at four tourist destinations—Manuel Antonio, Monteverde, Tortuguero and ASCOMAFOR. These destinations represent different stages of tourism development. The assessment shows that the development of ecotourism has a dilemma character. Compared to alternative land-use options, ecotourism remains a promising development strategy. However, it should be embedded in a broader process of capacity building.     

Research from global Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) to sustainability science based on the object-subject-process framework

Since United Nations adopted the global Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) for the next 15 years (2016–2030), sustainable development will further become a core concept and main principle to guide global and national economic and social development. According to this background, strengthening the integrative research on the theories and methodologies of sustainable development has been a strategically important mission. This article provided an analytic framework for sustainability science, named the object-subject-process (OSP) framework for examining the key issues encountered during the theoretical research and policy analysis. This study emphasized that, on the object dimension, sustainable development means to seek for economic and social development within biophysical limits of the earth and the relationship of environment, society, and economy should be containing and complementary rather than parallel and substitute; on the process dimension, sustainable development should adopt both the responsive and proactive strategies for the whole process management which employing pressure-state-response (PRS) model rather than dealing with one part of them; on the subject dimension, sustainable development research should involve the key stakeholders who are kind of collaborate governance rather than separate each other. From the perspective of sustainability science, green economy was utilized as a case study to explore the issues of object, process and subject and also the significance of green economy was discussed in this study.     

Heterogenous impacts of components in urban energy metabolism: evidences from gravity model

Environment, Development and Sustainability - The undergoing rapid urbanization is bringing dramatic economic development and social improvement for cities, but also a series of problems associated...     

“中国发展”影响力的一种解读

通过对中国经济发展、资源环境利用以及软实力的分析,对“中国发展”产生的影响作出了基本判断:“中国发展”在国际社会中的整体影响力被误认,我们看到的依然是“中国因素”在不同领域发挥的作用.在经济全球化过程中,资本主义市场经济体系看到的是“中国低廉的劳动力”、“中国宽松的经济制度环境”、“早期没有限制的资源环境滥用”以及“中国广阔的消费市场与人口红利”;在全球或亚洲金融危机中,其他国家看重的是中国多年积累的“外汇”;在全球治理或危机处理中,国际社会期望的是没有话语权的“中国义务和责任”,等等.这些都是“单一因素”在特定领域中产生的“被”作用.中国对国际社会发挥积极和主动性影响作用还需要时间,需要几代人的继续努力.中国曾经是世界上极有影响的大国,中国的崛起是事物发展的正常过程,过多地谈论其影响反映的也许是其影响力的缺乏.     

An Analysis on the Spatial Distribution of Population Aging Pressure in China

Based on comprehensive analysis of the impact of population aging to social and economic development,a comprehensive evaluation system including 18 indexes was constructed for evaluating regional pressure of population aging on social and economic development.Using statistics data of 31 regions in China from 2004 to 2008,the pressure of population aging on social and economic development,was comprehensively evaluated by using the factor analysis method.The spatial distribution of population aging in China was also analyzed.This study is to provide scientific basis for government to make strategies of coping with population aging according to regional pressure of population aging on social and economic development in China.     

中国城镇建设用地经济密度的区位差异及影响因素——基于273个地级及以上城市的分析

以全国地级及以上城市中的273个样本城市为研究对象,分别从全国、沿海地区、内陆地区三个层次考察了样本城市城镇建设用地经济密度的区位差异。根据柯布-道格拉斯生产函数的理论与分析方法建立模型,分析了资本、劳动力、土地三大投入要素和城市全要素生产率等对城镇建设用地的影响,并在控制以上变量的条件下侧重考察了城市区位差异的影响。发现我国城镇建设用地经济密度的区位差异明显,具有区位优势的城市土地效益平均高于缺乏区位优势的城市;沿海水陆口岸的区位优势十分显著,建设用地经济密度相对较高,而内陆地区水陆口岸的区位优势有待发掘;航空口岸对提高城镇建设用地经济密度未发挥积极作用。分析结果表明,生产要素投入、科技水平、市场环境和城市发展阶段是影响土地效益的主要因素,但不同区位条件下城镇建设用地经济密度的影响因素有所不同,为提高城镇建设用地经济密度,不同区位条件的城市着力点应各有侧重。     

长江经济带经济发展的时空分异及驱动机理研究

基于"空间—要素"的理论框架,综合运用ESDA空间统计、变异系数、基尼系数等方法研究长江经济带1994～2017年经济发展差异时空演变及经济发展阶段判读,运用全局回归(OLS)与地理加权回归模型(GWR)分析经济发展差异影响因素的空间异质性和驱动机理。研究表明:(1)长江经济带的经济发展差异从强集聚向弱集聚转变,经历了"萌芽—兴起—繁荣—转型"4个经济发展阶段,并呈现自我建设发展、区域大开发、趋同竞争、产业转型的阶段特征,区域经济呈现"均衡—不均衡—逐步均衡"态势。(2)长三角城市群为核心热点区,成渝城市群和滇中城市群为核心和次核心冷点区。经济发展经历集聚效应和涓滴效应交替,区域经济差异先扩大后减小而趋于均衡,符合"不平衡增长理论"规律。(3)地理加权结果表明,人口集聚、产业结构、外商投资、政府调控、交通发展、科技教育、金融状况是区域经济发展时空演化的正向内在动力,发展成本和地形条件是制约因素。产业结构是核心驱动力,科技教育是重要推动力,地形条件是发展基础。制定区域发展政策时,要考虑不同行政区和不同驱动要素的异质性和特殊性。     

An Analysis on the Spatial Distribution of Population Aging Pressure in China

Abstract

Based on comprehensive analysis of the impact of population aging to social and economic development, a comprehensive evaluation system including 18 indexes was constructed for evaluating regional pressure of population aging on social and economic development. Using statistics data of 31 regions in China from 2004 to 2008, the pressure of population aging on social and economic development, was comprehensively evaluated by using the factor analysis method. The spatial distribution of population aging in China was also analyzed. This study is to provide scientific basis for government to make strategies of coping with population aging according to regional pressure of population aging on social and economic development in China.     

安徽省公路交通与经济发展水平测度及协调性研究

在中国经济发展“新常态”和“长江经济带”战略的宏观背景下,对公路交通与经济发展水平的测度及时空格局进行分析,能够为区域协调均衡发展提供较好的理论和实践指导。以安徽省16个地级市为实证,选择2005、2010、2015年3个时间节点,构建综合评价指标体系,运用熵值法、变异系数、协调指数等方法,分析公路交通和经济发展水平的时空格局和协调发展程度。结果表明：（1）安徽省经济发展水平变异系数较大,公路交通变异系数较小,二者区域内部差异明显;（2）安徽省公路交通发展水平逐年提升,在空间上呈现由“Z”型向“V”型转变继而转向“Z”型的分布格局;经济发展水平整体提升,局部波动,在空间上表征出典型的以合芜马为核心的“核心-边缘”分布特征;（3）公路交通与经济发展水平协调程度整体由协调向失调转变,在不同的时间序列上形成了不同的城市发展主导类型,以协同型和交通滞后型为主。 关键词： 公路交通;经济发展;时空格局;协调性;安徽省     

Analysis on the Evolution of Regional Economic Disparity in the West Coast of the Strait

With the implementation of reform and opening-up, the overall economy of China has made brilliant achievements; meanwhile, however, the economic disparity has been enlarging among some regions, and between the city and the countryside. The existence and evolution of this kind of economic disparity is concerned with social stability, sustainable development and the construction of harmonious society, which has gradually become the hotspot in social economic development. The West Coast of the Strait （WCS） located in southeast littoral areas is adjacent to the Pearl and Yangtze River Delta in the south and north and faces Taiwan Province in the east. The stability and development of this region has vital political and economic meaning in the social economic development of our country. It has important theoretical meaning and practical value to research the form, characteristics and evolution of regional economic disparity in the WCS. Based on insightful analysis on existing study results on the WCS, the paper defines the connotation and extension. By a series of absolute and comparative relative evaluation indexes and taking the WCS since 1992 as the study object, the paper makes analysis on different scales including three regions, four regions, 20 cities and 152 counties, quantitatively evaluates the level, characteristics and evolution of the regional economic disparity and compares the regional economic disparity on different scales. The main conclusions are as follows： the variation trend of the absolute disparity of the whole region is obvious and stable, which has presented an inflating trend; the comparative variation trend on a large scale has waved, The comparative disparity of the three regions increased annually from 1992 to around 2000, which had a decreasing trend from around 2000 to 2005; the comparative variation trend on a small scale was not stable, which showed an annual increase of four regions, 20 cities and 152 counties from 1992 to around 2003 and a decrease from around 2003 to 2005; the