Integrated Water and CGE Model of the Impacts of Water Policy on the Beijing's Economy and Output

The article used general equilibrium model to analyze the change of gross domestic product and industry output affected by water resources policies in Beijing City by using GEMPACK soft tool.The article researches on rules of water supply and demand,evaluating water resources,building water resources input and output table,establishing water computable general equilibrium model and stimulating water policy.The stimulation gives a scenario that increases water price by 10%.The result shows the following aspects.First,water resources policy infects gross domestic product and industry output in different ways.There are different behaviors in different industries as to the water policy.Agriculture industry has the same tendency as water price change and it has more sensitive to water quantity than to water price.For basic energy industries such as oil and chemistry and gas,they show diversity tendency.As to some high water consumer industry such as paper and textile etc.,water resource economic policy can infect them greatly and can promote them to accomplish more water-saving technology.Waste water and construction and service industries show the same tendency as to water policy.Second,government should pay more attention to water resource policy by macro economic administration.The simulation also shows that the output and supply and consumer price change more than expect as to water policy in a free market economic in water industry.So as to a government policy maker,one should be more carefully and prepare suitable forecast and plan to water policy and its negative impact.     

Development and use of water quality criteria and standards in the United States

Water quality criteria, as a means of distinguishing "good" water from "bad" water, have been employed for over 150 years. During the 1940s and 1950s, the formulation of water quality criteria and their role in water quality management were hotly debated in the United States as each state formulated its own approach to water pollution control. In 1965, when the federal government assumed control of water quality management in the US, a single, national approach to the formulation and use of criteria had to be selected and implemented nationwide. The purpose of this paper is to briefly review the history of criteria as a basis for water quality management in the US; note the different water quality management philosophies used by states prior to 1965; and summarize the relationship of criteria to monitoring over the past 30 years. Standards, as legal instruments, are developed for a specific water body by designating a use of the water (society value) and the criteria necessary to protect the use (a scientific finding). Standard violation, as a concept, tends to remain as a single-sample exercise (i.e., the sample measurement is either above or below the standard). Increasingly, however, there is a demand to classify large bodies of water (e.g., lake, river segment, or aquifer), over a set time period, such as a day, year, or decade, as either in compliance or in violation of water quality standards. No peer-reviewed, standardized method for computing standard "violations" has been widely accepted for this purpose. The paper ends with a call to develop such methods, if water quality managers must produce standard violation information (infer sample results) over time and space. Electronic Publication     

Integrated and adaptive governance of water resources: the case of South Africa

Climate change and its impact on water resources have become a reality in many parts of the world. Uncertainties in water supply as well as the gradual and abrupt change in water availability are increasing. To maintain the sustainability of the water sector, its ability to adapt to unforeseen events needs to increase. Making adaptation an integral part of the governance of water resources will thus be one of the major future challenges for the water sector. This paper focuses on how far Integrated Water Resource Management (IWRM), the guiding concept of water management and governance, is able to address these challenges and which additional features would be required for increasing the adaptability of water governance and management. In the empirical part of the paper, South African water legislation and its adaptability to the challenges of climate change is scrutinised. The paper finds that IWRM offers a number of entry points for increased adaptability. However, the IWRM concept should be complemented with features of adaptive governance such as polycentric, redundant and flexible governance structures to be better prepared for unforeseen events. It is concluded that the features of IWRM and adaptive water governance comprise a number of synergies and trade-offs, which play out differently in different combinations and contexts. The paper outlines the need for further empirical research on these trade-offs as well as on the appropriate degree of features such as participation, flexible institutions and redundancy.     

Study of non-revenue water status and enforcement measures to reduce water loss: case study in villages of Kermanshah Province of Iran

In this study, the volume and the cash value of water loss, and reduction of water loss as a result of enforcement action during 2011–2013 in the drinking water network of villages in Kermanshah Province, Iran, have been investigated. Date collected by referring to the different parts of rural water and waste water company of Kermanshah Province and checklist were completed. The study showed the volume of produced water and sold water has increased and the water loss percentage has decreased. High cost of water production compared to revenue of sold water and water loss resulted in significant detriments in terms of the water production costs. Water loss level decreased from 33% to 30% as result of measures taken to reduce water loss but, it is still 15% higher than the world average level. Also the reduction in number of water resources and increase in the number and volume of reservoirs indicates a lack of water and a growing need. As result of high water loss, waste of costs in the contrast of water production cost and also because physical water loss accounts for most of the water loss of villages, necessary measures can be effective in reducing loss and have economic justification.     

基于能值分析的价值型水资源资产负债表编制

水资源在社会经济发展中的重要性逐渐显著,强化水资源综合管理是当今世界各国实现水资源可持续利用的重要途径。目前针对水资源资产负债表的基本表式、相关概念、核算方法还存在一定争议,研制水资源资产负债表,实物核算是基础,价值核算是目标。水资源价值化方法是水资源资产负债表编制的关键和难点,这一问题一直制约水资源的价值认同及其纳入国民经济核算的可行性和准确性。按照水资源负债表核算基本原理,遵循"水资源资产-水资源负债=水资源资产净值"编制思路,构建反映经济社会用水导致的水资源过度消耗、水环境损害以及生态用水挤占的水资源资产负债表。在水资源实物量资产负债表编制的基础上,根据水文循环和水资源自身特性,通过能值分析方法,把水资源多用途转换成同一标准的能值进行定量化价值研究,从而在一定程度上改进或弥补水资源价值测算方法存在的判断标准差异的不足,尝试在一张表中实现水量和水质统一核算,从水资源、水环境、水生态三方面阐明经济体对环境体产生的水资源价值量债权关系。结果表明:成都市2015年水资源耗减量不存在负债,但水环境损害和水生态用水挤占分别存在1.52亿元和1.15亿元负债,这为水资源有偿使用和水生态保护和补偿提供了依据,为真正实现编制价值型水资源资产负债表提供了新的思路和方法。     

中国水资源管理博弈特征分析

随着中国水资源匮乏和水污染态势日益严峻．建立一个面向效率和公平的水资源管理机制的需求日益凸现。本文在比较传统行政模式和市场模式下水权管理不同特征的基础上,分别从静态和动态两个角度．从水量和水质两个维度分析了两种模式下的水用户博弈特征。结果表明：政府管制会出现“政府失灵”。无法实现政府和水用户之间的激励相容;在完全市场机制配置情况下,由于个人和集体理性的不一致,会导致水资源被过度污染、治污的公共产品提供不足等“市场失灵”,基于不同模式下各自的利与弊,无论哪一种单纯的管理模式都不能满足水资源的可持续发展要求。认为中国水资源管理需要把水量和水质、政府管制与市场机制两种配置方式的优势相结合,提出了一种准市场水权交易机制分析框架。     

Intra-annual dynamics of water stress in the central Indian Highlands from 2002 to 2012

India’s continued development depends on the availability of adequate water. This paper applies a data-driven approach to estimate the intra-annual dynamics of water stress across the central Indian Highlands over the period 2002–2012. We investigate the spatial distribution of water demanding sectors including industry, domestic, irrigation, livestock and thermal power generation. We also examine the vulnerability of urban centers within the study area to water stress. We find that 74 % of the area of the central Indian Highlands experienced water stress (defined as demand exceeding supply) for 4 or more months out of the year. The rabi (winter) season irrigation drives the intra-annual water stress across the landscape. The Godavari basin experiences the most surface water stress while the Ganga and Narmada basins experience water stress due to groundwater deficits as a result of rabi irrigation. All urban centers experience water stress at some time during a year. Urban centers in the Godavari basin are considerably water stressed, for example, Achalpur, Nagpur and Chandrapur experience water stress 8 months out of the year. Irrigation dominates water use accounting for 95 % of the total water demand, with substantial increases in irrigated land over the last decade. Managing land use to promote hydrologic functions will become increasingly important as water stress increases.     

南水北调东线水资源配置中的期权契约研究

针对南水北调东线实际和传统水资源配置方法的局限性。借鉴金融工程的理念。引入水期权契约作为市场机制下水资源配置的一种方式．用以提高干旱年水供给保证率、规避水价波动风脸，从而提高东线水资源使用价值。分析期权契约理论用于南水北调水资源配置的可行性。并根据东线受水区流域水资源供求缺口的影响因素分析．得出水价的均值回复特性。在上述分析基础上引入多次执行期权契约。考虑应用动态规划方法对期权价值进行求解。并通过算例分析验证了该方法的可行性．最后根据南水北调东线实际构建了水期权契约在东线的应用流程。     

The human cycle of water: water management and anthropogenic contaminant pathways in Pótam,Sonora, Mexico’s water cycle

Women are the primary decision makers regarding household water sources in many developing nations, but are often overlooked by researchers and organizations as primary water managers. This study took place in Pótam, Sonora, Mexico, during the summer of 2007, with a follow-up visit in February 2008. The study aimed at understand the human cycle of water by identifying potential exposure pathways for water contamination, as well as to understand the link between cultural beliefs, perceptions, and associated health issues. In total, sixty women were interviewed, as well as community elders and the Water Committee president. Discussions of household water use decisions, perceptions of disease causation, and treatment proved crucial in the discovery of potential pathways by which anthropogenic contaminants come into contact with the water cycle in Pótam. Most of the households (87%) believe their water sources are contaminated with biological and or chemical contaminants. Furthermore, of the sixty informants interviewed, seventy percent reported diarrhea as a common symptom. The majority of informants (76%) made a link between consumption of contaminated water and high rates of diarrhea. The study determined that the community is in need of outreach programs geared toward women as household water managers, independent lab analysis of water quality samples, and an epidemiological study to determine the causes for the most commonly reported illness and symptoms.     

可持续发展环境约束条件下的水资源最优配置及实证研究

在相关理论分析和Weber模型的基础上。拓展建立了面向水资源可持续发展的水资源最优配置模型。引入了基于政府管制的影响作用、沿河流域的水用户的实际消耗水量、实际排放水量、河流中可供使用水量及所排放污水水质水平等5个变量函数．通过政府管制下的水质和水量的河道内流量需求等环境约束条件．确保水资源利用始终满足最小基流水量。通过求量优解，计算得出在环境约束下达到最优配置时各个变量函数与对下游地区外部性之间的相关性。接着。本文对陕北黄土高原沿Y河的35家企业进行了实际调查．收集了2个年度共8个季度的观测值，应用计量经济Pand Data模型。对35个节点、8个季度的共280个数据作为混合样本进行经济计量分析。验证了相关结论。最后。还提出一些制定环境约束条件以及水用户间建立水资源环境生态补偿金机制等政策建议。     

可持续发展下的黄河水资源管理

用可持续发展理论为指导。综合运用经济、环境、哲学、生态、水文等多学科知识。全面分析建国后黄河水资源管理中的制度缺陷。进而提出在可持续发展下的黄河水资源管理制度的新思路。文中在分析黄河水权、水价、水权交易的基础上。认为黄河漉域管理应是一个综合性、多中心、全面的管理模式．强调了漉域管理是一种集体行动。其中制度的作用尤为重要。     

Israeli Water Achievements Today and Enlightenment to China

Despite the endemic drought, arid climate and associated limited freshwater resources, as well as difficult geopolitical realities, Israel can provide a reliable supply of high quality water to a rapidly growing population. The achievements of water supply in Israel can be summarized as water technologies （like water transportation and purification, desalination, wastewater treatment, effluent reuse, storm water catchment, control systems, rain enhancement and drip irrigation, etc.）, water management and legislation as well as water industry. In view of the national concern regarding the quality and quantity of the water, the skills, technologies and know-how that Israel has accumulated in water supply and irrigation can give us enlightenment that is also presented in this paper.     

中国水资源利用效率区域差异及影响因素研究

科学客观评价我国水资源利用效率的区域差异并探讨影响区域效率的因素是备受关注的问题.本文在全要素生产框架下利用基于投入导向的数据包络分析模型,以水资源、资本和劳动力为投入,以GDP为产出,采用省级数据计算我国1998-2008年水资源利用效率.结果显示,在研究时段内我国水资源利用效率总体上呈现出先下降后上升的趋势,并且从2008年开始水资源利用效率明显下降.在空间上,我国东、中、西部水资源利用效率处于三个明显不同级别,东部省份水资源利用效率最高,平均水平为0.8左右,其次是中部,平均水平为0.6左右,西部水资源利用效率最低,平均水平为0.4左右.进一步的回归分析发现,产业结构、进出口需求以及地区水资源禀赋对水资源利用效率均有显著影响.     

Israeli Water Achievements Today and Enlightenment to China

Abstract

Despite the endemic drought, arid climate and associated limited freshwater resources, as well as difficult geopolitical realities, Israel can provide a reliable supply of high quality water to a rapidly growing population. The achievements of water supply in Israel can be summarized as water technologies (like water transportation and purification, desalination, wastewater treatment, effluent reuse, storm water catchment, control systems, rain enhancement and drip irrigation, etc.), water management and legislation as well as water industry. In view of the national concern regarding the quality and quantity of the water, the skills, technologies and know-how that Israel has accumulated in water supply and irrigation can give us enlightenment that is also presented in this paper.     

重庆市2004年的水足迹分析

把水足迹分析方法作为一个实用的工具,用来分析一个国家或地区的生产结构或消费方式是如何影响水资源的利用,是当前国际水资源领域研究的一个热点。而研究一个国家或地区如何通过客观评价水足迹来减少国内水资源压力、如何通过虚拟水贸易来获得最大的利益则是水足迹分析方法的两个发展方向。首先介绍了水足迹分析法的基本理论和研究方法,接着计算了重庆市2004年的水足迹。结果表明,重庆市2004年的水足迹为37017×108 m3,人均水足迹为1 177 m3／a,水自给率为9869％,过高的水足迹和自给率给重庆市的水资源带来巨大的压力。同时也分析了产生这么高水足迹的原因,并探讨了水足迹对重庆市水资源管理的启示和战略意义。最后对该方法及其应用前景进行了评价。     

近15a江苏省水源涵养功能时空变化与影响因素探析

定量评估生态系统服务功能是合理利用自然资源、促进人地关系与可持续发展的基础。以江苏省为研究区,基于InVEST模型产水模块,定量分析了江苏省2000~2015年产水功能和水源涵养功能的时空变化特征,并采用回归分析和主成分分析法评估了水源涵养功能与社会经济要素之间的关系。结果表明：（1）江苏省多年平均产水量为571×108 m³/a,水源涵养总量78.39×108 m³/a;（2）2000~2010年江苏省水源涵养功能呈下降趋势,2010~2015年有所回升,考虑到降水因素,江苏省实际水源涵养功能持续降低;（3）土地利用变化使15a来水源涵养功能下降15.2×108 m³,降低幅度为16.9%;（4）流域尺度上水源涵养功能与江苏社会经济因素相关关系不显著。研究结果可以为土地利用优化、流域水资源管理提供科学参考和支持。     

农业节水和南水北调对华北平原可持续水管理的影响

针对华北平原可持续水管理中存在的问题,采用MIKE SHE模型和SD模型耦合的方式,设定现状保持、农业节水和南水北调等3种情景,模拟2014~2028年农业节水和南水北调对华北平原可持续水管理的影响。结果表明：（1）农业节水的实施对华北平原可持续水管理有一定影响,模拟期末的缺水指数下降15.8%,非充分灌溉和减少灌溉量分别使得地下水储量恢复约0.06和0.12 m;（2）南水北调显著降低缺水指数（下降50.7%）,地下水水位和含水层储量出现较大的恢复（含水层储量恢复1.12 m）;（3）华北平原短期内无法解决缺水问题,但通过多种途径结合,倡导节约用水,提高用水效率,引入区域外的水,可以有效地缓解华北平原的缺水问题,保证水资源的可持续利用和发展。     

The political ecology of water metabolism: the case of the Cobre las Cruces copper mine,southern Spain

Access to extractive resources relies as much on technology and prices as it does on the power to designate ecological and economic meanings to water and other environmental goods. This paper examines the ways in which the mining industry uses scientific models to create meanings for water that in turn legitimizes their access to and control over it. To do so, this paper explores the relevance of combining biophysical analyses—in this case water metabolism—with an examination of those power relations and social constructions that coexist with and affect the flows of water. Based on empirical research, this paper analyzes the evolution of water management in the process of copper production at the Cobre las Cruces mine in southern Spain to identify present contradictions in the strategies adopted by the mining company to avoid water degradation. These contradictions are revealed by examining how water has been framed as a resource not susceptible to being used for purposes other than mining processes. We argue that those framing this environmental explanation—the regional government and the mining industry—are promoting net subtractions of water from an aquifer against current regulations.     

Assessing the Eutrophication of Shengzhong Reservoir Based on Grey Clustering Method

Reservoir water environment is a grey system. The grey clustering method is applied to assessing the reservoir water enviromnent to establish a relatively complete model suitable for the reservoir eutrophication evaluation and appropriately evaluate the quality of reservoir water, providing evidence for reservoir management. According to China＇s lakes and reservoir eutrophication criteria and the characteristics of China＇s eutrophication, as well as certain evaluation indices, the degree of eutrophication is classified into six categories with the utilization of grey classified whitening weight function to represent the boundaries of classification, to determine the clustering weight and clustering coefficient of each index in grey classifications, and the classification of each clustering object. The comprehensive evaluation of reservoir eutrophication is established on such a foundation, with Sichuan Shengzhong Reservoir as the survey object and the analysis of the data attained by several typical monitoring points there in 2006. It is found that eutrophication of Tiebian Power Generation Station, Guoyuanchang and Dashiqiao Bridge is the heaviest, Tielusi and Qinggangya the second, and Lijiaba the least. The eutrophication of this reservoir is closely relevant to the irrational exploitation in its surrounding areas, especially to the aggravation of the non-point source pollution and the increase of net-culture fishing. Therefore, it is feasible to use grey clustering in environment quality evaluation, and the point lies in the correct division of grey whitening function     

Reversion of mutant strains of Salmonella Typhimurium by raw and finished waters from southeastern Louisiana

Samples of raw and finished water were collected from water treatment plants in southeastern Louisiana between January 1975 and May 1976. The water source for each plant is the Mississippi River. Finished water samples also were obtained at water treatment plants at St. Francisville, LA. and Baton rouge, LA. where deep wells serve as sources of water. All samples were assayed for mutagens using histidine dependent mutant strains of Salmonella typhimurium. Almost twice as many of the finished water samples collected at Luling, Jefferson and New Orleans induced reversions than did the corresponding raw water samples. Often reversion of finished water samples occurred only with metabolic activation. When samples from Belle Chasse and Port Sulphur were assayed, the number of finished water samples inducing reversion were comparable or less than comparable to those with raw water. Nearly equal numbers of finished water samples from St. Francisville and from Baton Rouge induced genetic change. However, the majority of the samples from Baton Rouge which caused reversion, did so only with liver enzyme activation. Discussed is the significance of these findings, as well as the possible role of chlorination procedures in halogenating hydrocarbons into compounds which are mutagenic and/or carcinogenic.